Flow Characteristics in Compact Thermal Spray Coating Systems with Minimum Length Nozzle

In this study, numerical analysis is performed to adopt the equivalence ratio on the high velocity oxygen fuel （HVOF） thermal spray coating systems equipped with a minimum length nozzle. The analysis is applied to investigate the axisymmetric, steady-state, turbulent, and chemically combusting flow both within the torch and in a free jet region between the torch and the substrate to be coated. The combustion is modeled using a single-step and eddy-dissipation model which assumes that the reaction rate is limited by the turbulent mixing rate of the fuel and oxidant. As the diameter of the nozzle throat is increased, the location of the Mach shock disc moves backward from the nozzle exit. As the throat diameter and the divergent portion are 6 mm and 8 mm, respectively, the pressure in the HVOF system is the lowest at the chamber and the expanding gas is steadily maintained with both high velocity and high temperature for different equivalence ratios. Thus, relatively minor amendments of the equivalence ratio and the geometry of HVOF can lead to improved control over coating characteristics.

Estimation on principal component of multi-collinearity Gauss-Markov model based on minimum description length

Gauss-Markov model is frequently used in data analysis; the analysis and estimation of its parameters is always a hot issue. Based on the information theory and from the viewpoint of optimal information on description—minimum description length, this paper discusses a case: where there is multi-collinearity in the coefficient matrix, principal component estimation is used to estimate and select the original parameters, so as to reduce its multi-collinearity and improve its credibility. From the viewpoint of minimum description length, this paper discusses the approach of selecting principal components and uses this approach to solve a practical problem.

Gaussian mixture model clustering with completed likelihood minimum message length criterion

An improved Gaussian mixture model （GMM）- based clustering method is proposed for the difficult case where the true distribution of data is against the assumed GMM. First, an improved model selection criterion, the completed likelihood minimum message length criterion, is derived. It can measure both the goodness-of-fit of the candidate GMM to the data and the goodness-of-partition of the data. Secondly, by utilizing the proposed criterion as the clustering objective function, an improved expectation- maximization （EM） algorithm is developed, which can avoid poor local optimal solutions compared to the standard EM algorithm for estimating the model parameters. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method can rectify the over-fitting tendency of representative GMM-based clustering approaches and can robustly provide more accurate clustering results.

Supersonic Two-Dimensional Minimum Length Nozzle Design at High Temperature. Application for Air

When the stagnation temperature of a perfect gas increases, the specific heat ratio does not remain constant any more, and start to vary with this temperature. The gas remains perfect, its state equation remains always valid, except it will name in more calorically imperfect gas or gas at High Temperature. The goal of this work is to trace the profiles of the supersonic Minimum Length Nozzle with centered expansion when the stagnation temperature is taken into account, lower than the threshold of dissociation of the molecules and to have for each exit Mach number several nozzles shapes by changing the value of the temperature. The method of characteristics is used with a new form of the Prandtl Meyer function at high temperature. The resolution of the obtained equations is done by the second order of fmite differences method by using the predictor corrector algorithm. A study on the error given by the perfect gas model compared to our model is presented. The comparison is made with a calorically perfect gas for goal to give a limit of application of this model. The application is for the air.

Genetic Data Clustering Based on Minimum Coding Length

[Objective] This paper aimed to provide a new method for genetic data clustering by analyzing the clustering effect of genetic data clustering algorithm based on the minimum coding length. [Method] The genetic data clustering was regarded as high dimensional mixed data clustering. After preprocessing genetic data, the dimensions of the genetic data were reduced by principal component analysis, when genetic data presented Gaussian-like distribution. This distribution of genetic data could be clustered effectively through lossy data compression, which clustered the genes based on a simple clustering algorithm. This algorithm could achieve its best clustering result when the length of the codes of encoding clustered genes reached its minimum value. This algorithm and the traditional clustering algorithms were used to do the genetic data clustering of yeast and Arabidopsis, and the effectiveness of the algorithm was verified through genetic clustering internal evaluation and function evaluation. [Result] The clustering effect of the new algorithm in this study was superior to traditional clustering algorithms, and it also avoided the problems of subjective determination of clustering data and sensitiveness to initial clustering center. [Conclusion] This study provides a new clustering method for the genetic data clustering.

Roundness error evaluation by minimum zone circle via microscope inspection

Utilizing the convex hull theory, a novel minimum zone circle （MZC） method, named im- proved minimum zone circle （IMZC） was developed in this paper. There were three steps for IMZC to evaluate the roundness error. Firstly, with the convex hull algorithm, data points on the circle contour were categorized into two sets to determine two concentric circles which contained all points of the contour. Secondly, vertexes of the minimum circumscribed circle and the maximum inscribed circle were found out from the previously determined two sets, and then four tangent points for de- termining the two concentric circles were also found out. Lastly, according to the evaluation using the MZC method, the roundness error was figured out. In this paper l IMZC was used to evaluate roundness errors of some micro parts. The evaluation results showed that the measurement precision using the IMZC method was higher than the least squared circle （LSC） method for the same set of data points, and IMZC had the same accuracy as the traditional MZC but dramatically shortened com- putation time. The computation time of IMZC was 6. 89% of the traditional MZC.

Minimum Description Length Methods in Bayesian Model Selection: Some Applications

Computations involved in Bayesian approach to practical model selection problems are usually very difficult. Computational simplifications are sometimes possible, but are not generally applicable. There is a large literature available on a methodology based on information theory called Minimum Description Length (MDL). It is described here how many of these techniques are either directly Bayesian in nature, or are very good objective approximations to Bayesian solutions. First, connections between the Bayesian approach and MDL are theoretically explored;thereafter a few illustrations are provided to describe how MDL can give useful computational simplifications.

基于改进乌鸦搜索算法评定圆度误差

针对传统启发式智能优化算法评定圆度误差计算效率低且容易陷入局部最优解的问题,提出采用改进乌鸦搜索算法评定圆度误差。根据最小区域拟合准则建立乌鸦搜索算法评定圆度误差数学模型,并引入权重系数,提高算法全局搜索能力,同时设定最小二乘圆心附近为乌鸦搜索初始位置,提高算法搜索效率。最后通过模拟和实验验证了所提算法的准确性和高效性,并通过多组数据对比发现改进乌鸦搜索算法的全局搜索能力较遗传算法(GA)、粒子群算法(PSO)和传统乌鸦搜索算法(CSA)得到明显提升。

极坐标系下九心迭代法评定圆度误差

圆度误差是零部件的基础误差,直接决定轴类零件的加工是否合格。为提高圆度误差的计算效率,给出了极坐标系下直接计算圆度误差的具体方案。基于极坐标系构建了圆度误差最小区域拟合准则的数学模型,针对此数学模型提出九心迭代法(NCI)精确计算圆度误差。实验部分验证了极坐标系下圆度误差数学模型的准确性,同时与传统GA、PSO和ABC算法对比发现NCI算法计算结果更精确,计算效率更高。此方案的实施可避免传统圆度误差计算需要转换到笛卡尔坐标系而影响计算精度和效率,推广于精密零件的实践检测将提高检测效率和精度。

基于双阵元天线的ADS-B解交织投影算法

随着广播式自动相关监视(Automatic Dependent Surveil lance-Broadcast,ADS-B)技术的普及,交通密集区域内多条ADS-B信号的交织问题难以避免。为了降低设备成本并提高系统在低成本条件下的可用性,针对双阵元天线三条ADS-B信号交织问题,提出了双阵元天线投影算法。首先,上述方法基于频域插值理论与最小描述长度准则进行信源数估计;然后,采用功率倒置算法进行空域滤波,在未知信号波达方向的条件下抑制非期望信号,从而将双天线三信号的解交织问题转化为单天线双信号的解交织问题;最后,由虚拟多通道法扩维后,基于改进的投影算法分离交织信号。仿真验证了以上算法的有效性。

基于组合基元法的非理想模型装配偏差预测算法研究

基于模型定义(model-based definition,MBD)体系的装配偏差算法适用于赛博空间中理想数模的装配场景,但不适用于物理空间中非理想状态的装配场景,导致现场产生大量修配工作。针对这一问题,文章模拟真实的装配场景,基于零件的非理想状态,并将配合特征之间的拓扑关系考虑在内,对装配偏差的传递与累积过程展开研究,给出一种装配偏差预测算法。首先,针对孔轴配合与槽轴配合,将装配约束转化为定位点约束,依据最大实体原则,构造柱面点云的最小包围圆,确定接触状态,给出串行装配偏差算法,并将以上两种配合定义为两种基元,对应的装配偏差算法定义为两种独立基元算法。其次,基于平面贴合、孔轴配合与槽轴配合给出并行装配偏差算法,并将其定义为组合基元算法。最后,基于非理想模拟数据进行实例验证,达到了准确预测装配偏差的目标,为后续在赛博空间基于实测数据的装配偏差计算提供理论依据,以促进高精度装配。

基于局部区域搜索的颗粒最小外接圆与最大内切圆优化算法

颗粒轮廓通常像素点数多、形状复杂,使得现有最小外接圆(minimum circumscribing circle,MCC)和最大内切圆(maximum inscribed circle,MIC)算法常因搜索点选择不当而导致算法无法收敛或者陷入局部最优。针对此问题提出了基于局部区域搜索(partial area search,PAS)的MCC与MIC优化算法。算法采用欧几里得距离变换(Euclidean distance transformation,EDT)获得中心点,根据此中心点划分不同的局部搜索区域,然后在局部区域中分别搜索MCC和MIC所需的候选点,最后通过计算分别得到需要的圆。在MCC计算中详细说明了通过两点直接确定MCC的方式,并在局部区域中优先选择最外围的点作为构建初始圆的依据。通过这种方式,部分颗粒无需迭代即可获得MCC,消除了由于搜索点选择不合适而导致的出错问题,同时减少了后续的迭代计算需求。MIC计算首先在局部区域中搜索候选点,然后利用Voronoi图计算MIC,免去了迭代步骤,提高了计算精度和效率。计算出MCC与MIC后,即可计算出颗粒的不规则度。通过对已有数据集的对比分析和实际颗粒的实验数据,证明了优化算法的稳定性和精确性,并具有较高的计算效率,同时适用于低分辨率的颗粒图像。研究结果为颗粒形态的分析提供了一种有效的优化算法。

泸州地区深层页岩气水平井套变成因机理探讨

四川盆地南部泸州地区深层页岩气储量丰富,是继长宁、威远等中浅层页岩气之后重要的天然气资源接替领域。但在泸州地区深层页岩气开发过程中水平井套管变形(以下简称套变)频发,对水平井压裂施工产生明显影响,制约了该区深层页岩气的规模建产。业内普遍认为套管变形是地层中的断裂发生滑移并对水平井产生剪切和挤压作用引起的,但基于该理论的套变模型与诸多实测数据不相吻合。为了进一步明确套管变形机理,提高套变的防控效果,以泸203井区18口套管变形水平井为对象,基于多臂井径成像测井,逐个对比套变形态、套变层位以及平面断裂发育情况,建立了断裂滑移和层理面滑移2种地质模型,并分析了2种地质模型下的不同套管变形特征。研究结果表明:(1)断裂滑移诱发的套变具有以下规律,即平面上套变仅出现在水平井与断裂带的交会处;套管的变形长度理论上应在10 m以内;套管的变形程度应呈近似对称关系,中部变形强,向两侧逐渐减弱。(2)该区多数套变不在预测的断裂带内,且部分套变段变形长度与形态不符合断裂滑移的特征。(3)层理面滑移可诱发多个相似的套变,在该机制下套管变形长度等于井筒与滑移面相交的距离,且层理面滑移的垂向分布与地层的页理发育程度一致。(4)层理面滑移与断裂滑移具有相似的力学机理,通过三维莫尔圆可以分析钻井和压裂过程中诱发断裂/层理面滑移的关键参数变化。结论认为,除断裂滑移外,层理面滑移是诱发页岩气水平井套管变形的另一重要机理,该研究成果可为深层页岩气规模效益开发的套变防控提供理论指导。

基于机器视觉的小型零件圆度测量

针对小型零件圆度误差测量效率低、精度不稳定等问题,提出了一种基于机器视觉的小型零件圆度测量方法。通过建立机器视觉检测平台,获得零件图像。经过预处理后,通过Canny算子结合8领域扩张算法划定感兴趣区域,采用多项式插值亚像素边缘检测算法获得边缘坐标;然后,利用改进区域搜索算法确定准圆心,并通过最小区域法的几何结构找出最小区域圆心,从而计算圆度误差。实验结果表明,圆度误差的测量重复精度为8.1μm,能够实现小型零件的非接触测量。

基于语义分割和融合算法的草坪杂草定位

【目的】探究基于多算法融合的草坪杂草精准定位算法,为草坪杂草的自动识别和清除机器人的除草作业提供技术支撑与理论依据。【方法】提出了一种基于语义分割的多算法融合的草坪定位算法。首先,通过PSPNet网络分割草坪和非草坪轮廓。其次,针对分割出来的非草坪轮廓提取感兴趣的区域,去除非杂草轮廓,保留杂草轮廓。然后,利用Zhang-Suen细化算法提取杂草轮廓骨架线,并获取骨架交叉点数量和坐标位置。最后,利用融合算法依据交叉点数量选择不同的定位策略,实现杂草根部的精准定位。【结果】融合算法定位的杂草坐标与真实杂草根部中心坐标的均方根误差为83.17像素,相比平均质心法减少了14%,相比最小外接圆减少了22%。换算到实际场景之下,融合算法定位的杂草坐标与真实杂草根部中心坐标的均方根误差为12.48 mm,误差在可接受的误差范围内。融合算法提高了杂草根部中心的定位精度,降低了杂草定位的误差。【结论】基于语义分割和融合算法的草坪杂草定位方法提高了杂草根部中心的定位精度,降低了单一方法的定位误差,可以为草坪杂草自动识别和除草作业提供技术支持。

考虑最小尺寸控制的压力驱动柔顺机构拓扑优化设计

拓扑优化设计的压力驱动柔顺机构拓扑构型容易出现类铰链结构,导致难以制造加工。为了满足制造工艺要求,提出一种考虑最小尺寸控制的压力驱动柔顺机构拓扑优化设计方法。采用改进的固体各向同性材料惩罚模型,利用达西定律结合排水项计算流体压力载荷,以机构的互应变能最大化和应变能最小化为优化目标,采用Otsu算法和拓扑细化算法提取柔顺机构的骨架特征,从而构建最小特征尺寸控制,以结构体积和最小特征尺寸作为约束,建立考虑最小尺寸控制的压力驱动柔顺机构拓扑优化模型,采用移动渐近线算法进行压力驱动柔顺机构拓扑优化问题求解。数值算例结果表明,所提设计方法获得的压力驱动柔顺机构最小特征尺寸满足约束,能够有效地抑制类铰链结构,并且分析不同最小控制尺寸对柔顺机构拓扑优化结果影响规律。

基于机器视觉水果分拣系统研究

为解决市面上水果分拣设备体积庞大、效率低等问题,文中给出的水果分拣系统以苹果为测试样本,将相机拍摄的RGB图像转换为HSV图像,并根据H分量分布情况计算苹果表面的色泽度,同时用Canny边缘检测算法提取苹果边缘的轮廓,用最小外接圆法计算苹果果径的大小,结合苹果色泽度和果径大小对苹果进行等级分级。系统试验表明,样本颜色与大小均与苹果的特征相符,分拣设备和人工分拣果径大小误差在±1.35 mm以内。该系统可实现精确分拣、自动化运行等目标,提高了分拣精度及效率。

双目视觉拍摄角度对管长测量精度的影响研究

管件长度的测量是管件加工和检测的一项重要过程,传统的接触式测量方法,存在效率低,精度差,成本高等问题;非接触式测量作为一种智能、实时的测量方式具有精度高、成本低、测量速度快等优点,其中双目视觉测量是中小型零件测量常用的方式。但对大型零件的测量还存在一些问题,比如,船舶管件尺寸普遍较大,采集数据难度较大,影响测量精度。经实验发现,其测量精度对拍摄角度较敏感,主要原因在于拍摄角度影响着管件内壁产生噪点的数目,进而影响圆心位置拟合精度和尺寸测量精度。本研究针对此问题,开展了测量精度与拍摄角度关系的研究,发现同一半径下,当相机光轴与管件轴线方向一致时,内壁反射产生的噪点较少,拟合圆心位置较准确,测量结果精度较高;不同半径时,半径越大对拍摄角度越敏感。并将实验测量结果与三坐标测量结果对比,发现在当拍摄角度在[87°,93°]时,测量精度最高,测量精度可达到(±0.230)mm,较之传统皮尺测量,精度提升了77%。

山区高速(特)长隧道及隧道群段换道方案探讨

为解决山区高速公路(特)长隧道及隧道群路段长时间跟车影响安全性、运行效率的发挥,同时为提高驾驶舒适性与驾乘体验,对云南省高速公路隧道数量和典型隧道可换道位置分布情况进行统计,重点针对已运营的保泸高速老营特长隧道、大丽高速花椒箐特长隧道及楚大高速九顶山特长隧道进行调研分析。根据交通流状况、线形指标条件、事故分布、驾驶需求等情况,结合实车驾驶试验观测与驾驶模拟仿真,开展隧道内可变道最小长度,隧道出入口段禁止变道白色实线长度及隧道群路段可变道路段布设等研究,得出隧道内允许换道的条件:特长隧道车道间,宜设置白色虚线允许变道;长隧道车道间,可设置白色虚线允许变道;中隧道车道间,宜设置白色实线禁止变道;短隧道车道间,应设置白色实线禁止变道;螺旋隧道,宜设置白色实线禁止变道。隧道内白色虚线的长度应不小于249 m,宜不小于399 m;2座隧道间距≥400 m时,隧道间可设置白色虚线允许变道。

基于模拟退火算法的空间直线度误差评定

针对空间直线度误差评定问题,采用模拟退火算法对深孔中线的计算、坐标转换与投影、最小覆盖圆等进行研究。模拟退火算法是基于金属退火机理而建立起来的优化算法,能够以随机搜索技术从概率意义上找出目标函数的全局最值点,得到目标函数取到全局最值点的相关参数,根据得到的相关参数对测点坐标进行坐标转换,并进行最小圆覆盖得到直线度误差。利用MATLAB软件编写程序,对空间直线度误差进行实例计算,并将其结果与其他方法的计算结果进行分析比较,验证了模拟退火算法的可行性及优越性。