Comparison of the Development Model of DTP Pharmacy between China and the United States and Its Enlightenment

Objective To systematically analyze the development status of DTP pharmacy in the United States and China,and to find out the problems in China’s DTP pharmacy and put forward some countermeasures and suggestions.Methods Relevant literature was searched and reviewed to study the history,market scale and development trend of DTP pharmacy in the United States and China.Then,the problems in China’s DTP pharmacy were found out.Results and Conclusion DTP pharmacy model in the U.S.has taken shape and is maturing.The high degree of industry concentration is an important feature of the U.S.pharmacy.In contrast,China’s DTP pharmacy started late,and the industry pattern has not yet been finalized.There are still some problems in the DTP pharmacy certification and quality management.It is recommended to promote the rapid development of DTP pharmacies in China by encouraging the outflow of prescription drugs,establishing a third-party pharmacy accreditation organization and strengthening the team of licensed pharmacists and other personnel.

The generation and properties of human cortical organoids as a disease model for malformations of cortical development

As three-dimensional“organ-like”aggregates,human cortical organoids have emerged as powerful models for studying human brain evolution and brain disorders with unique advantages of humanspecificity,fidelity and manipulation.Human cortical organoids derived from human pluripotent stem cells can elaborately replicate many of the key properties of human cortical development at the molecular,cellular,structural,and functional levels,including the anatomy,functional neural network,and interaction among different brain regions,thus facilitating the discovery of brain development and evolution.In addition to studying the neuro-electrophysiological features of brain cortex development,human cortical organoids have been widely used to mimic the pathophysiological features of cortical-related disease,especially in mimicking malformations of cortical development,thus revealing pathological mechanism and identifying effective drugs.In this review,we provide an overview of the generation of human cortical organoids and the properties of recapitulated cortical development and further outline their applications in modeling malformations of cortical development including pathological phenotype,underlying mechanisms and rescue strategies.

Rapid Prototype Development Approach for Genetic Programming

Genetic Programming (GP) is an important approach to deal with complex problem analysis and modeling, and has been applied in a wide range of areas. The development of GP involves various aspects, including design of genetic operators, evolutionary controls and implementations of heuristic strategy, evaluations and other mechanisms. When designing genetic operators, it is necessary to consider the possible limitations of encoding methods of individuals. And when selecting evolutionary control strategies, it is also necessary to balance search efficiency and diversity based on representation characteristics as well as the problem itself. More importantly, all of these matters, among others, have to be implemented through tedious coding work. Therefore, GP development is both complex and time-consuming. To overcome some of these difficulties that hinder the enhancement of GP development efficiency, we explore the feasibility of mutual assistance among GP variants, and then propose a rapid GP prototyping development method based on πGrammatical Evolution (πGE). It is demonstrated through regression analysis experiments that not only is this method beneficial for the GP developers to get rid of some tedious implementations, but also enables them to concentrate on the essence of the referred problem, such as individual representation, decoding means and evaluation. Additionally, it provides new insights into the roles of individual delineations in phenotypes and semantic research of individuals.

An Approach to Detect Structural Development Defects in Object-Oriented Programs

Structural development defects essentially refer to code structure that violates object-oriented design principles. They make program maintenance challenging and deteriorate software quality over time. Various detection approaches, ranging from traditional heuristic algorithms to machine learning methods, are used to identify these defects. Ensemble learning methods have strengthened the detection of these defects. However, existing approaches do not simultaneously exploit the capabilities of extracting relevant features from pre-trained models and the performance of neural networks for the classification task. Therefore, our goal has been to design a model that combines a pre-trained model to extract relevant features from code excerpts through transfer learning and a bagging method with a base estimator, a dense neural network, for defect classification. To achieve this, we composed multiple samples of the same size with replacements from the imbalanced dataset MLCQ1. For all the samples, we used the CodeT5-small variant to extract features and trained a bagging method with the neural network Roberta Classification Head to classify defects based on these features. We then compared this model to RandomForest, one of the ensemble methods that yields good results. Our experiments showed that the number of base estimators to use for bagging depends on the defect to be detected. Next, we observed that it was not necessary to use a data balancing technique with our model when the imbalance rate was 23%. Finally, for blob detection, RandomForest had a median MCC value of 0.36 compared to 0.12 for our method. However, our method was predominant in Long Method detection with a median MCC value of 0.53 compared to 0.42 for RandomForest. These results suggest that the performance of ensemble methods in detecting structural development defects is dependent on specific defects.

Evaluation of Green Development Efficiency in Chongqing Municipality Based on Super-SBM and Malmquist Models

The green development of Chongqing municipality is crucial in establishing a major ecological shield in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River.By developing a Super-SBM model and using the Malmquist index to analyze and calculate the green development efficiency and its influencing factors in Chongqing from 2011 to 2021,this study reveals an accelerating trend in the overall green development efficiency in Chongqing.The significant enhancement of green development efficiency in Chongqing is primarily attributed to changes in returns to scale.Pure technical efficiency and technological advancements have a considerable potential impact on improving green development efficiency in Chongqing.Furthermore,there are discernible disparities in green development efficiency among districts and counties in Chongqing,with different factors influencing these variations.Chongqing is suggested to promote clean and efficient energy utilization,bolster the application and commercialization of scientific and technological advancements,consistently advance ecological restoration and management,and elevate the quality of green development to a higher level.

Prediction models of hepatocellular carcinoma development in chronic hepatitis B patients

Chronic hepatitis B virus(HBV) infection is a major cause of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC). Applying the same strategies for antiviral therapy and HCC surveillance to all chronic hepatitis B(CHB) patients would be a burden worldwide. To properly manage CHB patients, it is necessary to identify and classify the risk for HCC development in such patients. Several HCC risk scores based on risk factors such as cirrhosis, age, male gender, and high viral load have been used, and have negative predictive values of ≥ 95%. Most of these have been derived from, and internally validated in, treatment-na?ve Asian CHB patients. Herein, we summarized various HCC prediction models, including IPM(Individual Prediction Model), CU-HCC(Chinese University-HCC), GAG-HCC(Guide with Age, Gender, HBV DNA, Core Promoter Mutations and Cirrhosis-HCC), NGM-HCC(NomogramHCC), REACH-B(Risk Estimation for Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Chronic Hepatitis B), and Page-B score. To develop a noninvasive test of liver fibrosis, we also introduced a new scoring system that uses liver stiffness values from transient elastography, including an LSM(Liver Stiffness Measurement)-based model, LSM-HCC, and mR EACH-B(modified REACH-B).

An overview of efficient development practices at low permeability sandstone reservoirs in China

Low permeability sandstone reservoirs in China typically have more complicated geological conditions, pore structures, and flow characteristics as compared to medium-to-high-permeability sandstone reservoirs. Traditional geological and seepage theories, and engineering methods are not applicable to the development of these low permeability reservoirs, and wells drilled into them often produce oil and gas at very low rates. Recent breakthroughs in reservoir exploitation technology have greatly improved the productivity of low permeability reservoirs, making them the primary target for oil exploration and extraction in China. The development theories and practices applied to low permeability reservoirs in China are reviewed in this study— based on relevant geological and engineering practices, including drilling, fracturing, recovery, and surface engineering. A unique series of technological advances that aid the development of low permeability reservoirs in China are summarized here. This study may serve as a meaningful guide in achieving scale efficiency for the development of low permeability reservoirs.

Development and Validation of a Model for Predicting Diabetic Nephropathy in Chinese People

Objective To develop a risk model for predicting later development of diabetic nephropathy （DN） in Chinese people with type 2 diabetes mellitus （T2DM） and evaluate its performance with independent validation. Methods We used data collected from the project ＇Comprehensive Research on the Prevention and Control of Diabetes＇, which was a community-based study conducted by the Jiangsu Center for Disease Control and Prevention in 2013. A total of 11,771 eligible participants were included in our study. The endpoint was a clear diagnosis of DN. Data was divided into two components： a training set for model development and a test set for validation. The Cox proportional hazard regression was used for survival analysis in men and women. The model＇s performance was evaluated by discrimination and calibration. Results The incidence （cases per 10,000 person-years） of DN was 9.95 （95% CI; 8.66-11.43） in women and 11.28 （95% CI; 9.77-13.03） in men. Factors including diagnosis age, location, body mass index, high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol, creatinine, hypertension, dyslipidemia, retinopathy, diet control, and physical activity were significant in the final model. The model showed high discrimination and good calibration. Conclusion The risk model for predicting DN in people with T2DM can be used in clinical practice for improving the quality of risk management and intervention.

A Process-Based Model for Simulating Phasic Developmentand Phenology in Rice

A simulation model for phasic and phenological development of rice was developed using the scale of physiological development time, based on the ecophysiological development processes. The interaction of daily thermal effectiveness, photoperiod effectiveness and intrinsic earliness(before heading), and basic filling duration factor(after heading)determined the daily physiological effectiveness, which accumulated to get physiological development time. The Beta and quadratic functions were used to describe daily thermal and photoperiod effectiveness, respectively. Five specific genetic parameters were added to adjust the genotypic differences in rice development so that all different varieties could reach the same physiological development time at a given development stage. The stages of seedling emergence, panicle initiation, heading, and maturity were validated using sowing dates under different ecological environments, with the RMSE of 1. 47, 5. 10, 4.58 and 3.37 days, respectively. The results showed that the model was not only explanatory and systematic but also accurate and applicable.

Modeled response of talik development under thermokarst lakes to permafrost thickness on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

Permafrost thickness under identical climates in cold regions can vary significantly because it is severely affected by climate change, topography, soil physical and thermal properties, and geothermal conditions. This study numerically in- vestigates the response of ground thermal regime and talik development processes to permafrost with different thicknesses under a thermokarst lake on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. On the basis of observed data and information from a representative monitored lake in the Beiluhe Basin, we used a heat transfer model with phase change under a cylindrical coordinate system to conduct three simulation cases with permafrost thicknesses of 45 m, 60 m, and 75 m, respectively. The simulated results indicate that increases in permafrost thickness not only strongly retarded the open talik formation time, but also delayed the permafrost lateral thaw process after the formation of open talik. Increasing the permafrost thickness by 33.3% and 66.7% led to open talik formation time increases of 83.66% and 207.43%, respectively, and resulted in increases in the lateral thaw duration of permafrost under the modeled thermokarst lake by 28.86% and 46.54%, respectively, after the formation of the open taliks.

Development of the Transitional Care Model for nursing care in China's Mainland:A literature review

Background:The Transitional Care Model(TCM)for nursing care has yet to be implemented in China despite its success in Western countries.However,rapid social changes have demanded an upgrade in the quality of nursing care;in 2010,the Chinese government has acknowledged the need to implement the TCM in China.Objective:This study has the following objectives:(1)perform a thorough review of the literature regarding the development and implementation of the TCM in China's Mainland within the past 5 years;(2)provide a comprehensive discussion of the current status,problems,and strategies related to the implementation of the TCM in China's Mainland;and(3)suggest strategies pertaining to the future of the TCM in China.Design:The current pertinent literature is systematically reviewed.Data sources:Systematic and manual searches in computerized databases for relevant studies regarding the TCM led to the inclusion of 26 papers in this review.Review methods:Abstracts that satisfied the inclusion criteria were reviewed independently by the two authors of this manuscript,and discrepancies were resolved through discussion.The same reviewers independently assessed the paper in its entirety for selected abstracts.Results:The present English literature reviewrevealed a paucity of updated information about the development and implementation of the TCM in China's Mainland.Nevertheless,the dramatic growth of the TCM in the past 5 years has had a vital impact within the society and in nursing development.This review also revealed numerous issues regarding the focus of the TCM.Overall implications for practiceandrecommendations for future researchare discussed.Conclusion:Despite the potential of this nursing model to have a successful and beneficial impact in China's Mainland,it remains an under-researched topic.Further research on education and training as well as premium policies for nurses under the TCM are needed.

Coupling of a Regional Climate Model with a Crop Development Model and Evaluation of the Coupled Model across China

In this study, the CERES(Crop Estimation through Resource and Environment Synthesis) crop model was coupled with CLM3.5, the land module of the regional climate model RegCM4. The new coupled model was named RegCM4_CERES; and in this model, crop type was further divided into winter wheat, spring wheat, spring maize, summer maize, early rice, late rice,single rice, and other crop types based on each distribution fraction. The development of each crop sub-type was simulated by the corresponding crop model separately, with each planting and harvesting date. A simulation test using RegCM4_CERES was conducted across China from 1999 to 2008; a control test was also performed using the original RegCM4. Data on crop LAI(leaf area index), soil moisture at 10 cm depth, precipitation, and 2 m air temperature were collected to evaluate the performance of RegCM4_CERES. The evaluation provided comparison of single-station time series, regional distributions,seasonal variations, and statistical indices for RegCM4_CERES. The results revealed that the coupled model had an excellent ability to simulate the phonological changes and spatial variations in crops. The consideration of dynamic crop development in RegCM4_CERES corrected the wet bias of the original RegCM4 over North China and the cold bias over South China.However, the degree of improvement was minimal and the statistical indices for RegCM4_CERES were roughly the same as the original RegCM4.

Improved ecological development model for lower Yellow River floodplain,China

In this study,a model for the development of the wide floodplain in the lower Yellow River Basin,in China was developed.This model includes flood control schemes using grading criteria,enables sediment deposition in partitioned zones,and allows free exchange between channel runoff and sediment.The wide floodplain located between the main channel and levees is divided into three typical regions:the tender,low,and high floodplains.Different ecological models should be applied when these floodplains are constructed.This paper describes the associated research ideas and methodology,and clarifies several key issues,including sediment prediction and regulation,land planning,land use,and a multi-dimensional framework of safeguard measures for industries on the lower Yellow River floodplain.A refined ecological development model is proposed for the lower Yellow River floodplain,and future work on ecological and sustainable development of the lower floodplain is suggested.To establish a comprehensive system integrating runoff and sediment resource regulation in the Yellow River Basin,future work should focus on runoff and sediment exchange mechanisms in the wandering lower reaches.Furthermore,it is necessary to improve theories on floodplain planning and ecological construction,and these theories should be integrated with the research findings on land development across the lower Yellow River floodplain.©2020 Hohai University.Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V.This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Building Information Modeling-Based Secondary Development System for 3D Modeling of Underground Pipelines

Underground pipeline networks constitute a major component of urban infrastructure,and thus,it is imperative to have an efficient mechanism to manage them.This study introduces a secondary development system to efficiently model underground pipeline networks,using the building information modeling(BIM)-based software Revit.The system comprises separate pipe point and tubulation models.Using a Revit application programming interface(API),the spatial position and attribute data of the pipe points are extracted from a pipeline database,and the corresponding tubulation data are extracted from a tubulation database.Using the Family class in Revit API,the cluster in the self-built library of pipe point is inserted into the spatial location and the attribute data is added;in the same way,all pipeline instances in the pipeline system are created.The extension and localization of the model accelerated the modeling speed.The system was then used in a real construction project.The expansion of the model database and rapid modeling made the application of BIM technology in three-dimensional visualization of underground pipeline networks more convenient.Furthermore,it has applications in pipeline engineering construction and management.

Machine learning inspired workflow to revise field development plan under uncertainty

We present an efficient and risk-informed closed-loop field development (CLFD) workflow for recurrently revising the field development plan (FDP) using the accrued information. To make the process practical, we integrated multiple concepts of machine learning, an intelligent selection process to discard the worst FDP options and a growing set of representative reservoir models. These concepts were combined and used with a cluster-based learning and evolution optimizer to efficiently explore the search space of decision variables. Unlike previous studies, we also added the execution time of the CLFD workflow and worked with more realistic timelines to confirm the utility of a CLFD workflow. To appreciate the importance of data assimilation and new well-logs in a CLFD workflow, we carried out researches at rigorous conditions without a reduction in uncertainty attributes. The proposed CLFD workflow was implemented on a benchmark analogous to a giant field with extensively time-consuming simulation models. The results underscore that an ensemble with as few as 100 scenarios was sufficient to gauge the geological uncertainty, despite working with a giant field with highly heterogeneous characteristics. It is demonstrated that the CLFD workflow can improve the efficiency by over 85% compared to the previously validated workflow. Finally, we present some acute insights and problems related to data assimilation for the practical application of a CLFD workflow.

Development of Mathematical Model on Preparation of Functionally Graded Material by Co-sedimentation

From the process of sedimentation the mathematical relationships among deposition volume and powder properties as well as sedimentation parameters were deduced. Based on the formula a mathematical model was set up and simulated through the computer. At last the validity of mathematical model was supported by the representative experiment on Ti-Mo system FGM prepared by co-sedimentation.

A global view of transcriptome dynamics during flower development in Capsicum annuum L.

An analysis of genome-wide gene expression profiles during floral organ development can provide important clues about the molecular basis of gene functions and developmental processes.In this study,we analyzed the transcriptome data of 36 samples obtained during floral organ development from pepper‘6421’and detected 30016 genes that were expressed in at least one sample.K-means clustering analysis was used to classify the data into 16 clusters based on the similarities between the dynamic expression profiles of genes.Of these,15 clusters exhibited notable up-regulation or down-regulation trends in different developmental stages or tissues of floral organs.We identified transcription factors expressed at the early,medium,and late stages of bud development(F1,F5,F9).Transcription factor families such as AP2-ERF,MADS-box,MYB,bHLH,and NAC showed significant levels of enrichment.In comparison with genes expressed in vegetative tissues at different stages,certain genes were specifically up-regulated during flower development;among these,the number of genes specifically up-regulated during the stamen(Sta10)and bud tetrad development(F4)stages was the highest.Through extensive studies of the ABCDE model of flower development in Arabidopsis,we identified 17 ABCDE model candidate genes in pepper,most of which were up-regulated at specific stages of flower bud development.The expression data provided in this study is the most comprehensive dataset available for pepper to date and will serve as a resource for identifying the functions of many specific genes involved in flower development in pepper and other Solanaceae plants.

The Development Model of Agricultural Insurance in Anhui Province

The agricultural economy in Anhui Province is developing so fast,but farmers are severely affected by the frequent occurrence of natural disasters. The current agricultural insurance mode is not suitable,therefore,the research on agricultural insurance modes of Anhui Province helps to promote the steady development of the agricultural production. Starting from situation of agricultural insurance in Anhui Province,learning from both experience of foreign country and the latest successful domestic modes,we try to put forward agricultural insurance mode framework which is suitable for Anhui Province. Based on the actual situation of Anhui Province,it is necessary to adopt the mode of government leading combined with agricultural mutual aid rather than copy the existing mode.

Evaluation of Tourism Status in Sustainable Rural Development by Reynard Model (Case Study: Pa Ghaleh Village, Mamasani County, Iran)

The greatest service industry and income gainer throughout the world occupies a special role and position in developing geographical areas. This study attempts to use “Reynard” model to investigate the role of tourism and its effects on the development of rural settlements with emphasis on Pa Ggaleh Village, which is one of the environs in Mamasani, Iran. Due to its historical and religious attractions and natural and cultural landscapes, this village is highly significant and has the potential to become a tourism hub and attract tourists. The methodology applied in this research is cross-sectional. Tourism potentials of Pa Ghaleh village are identified and evaluated in this study. Geological maps, topographies and field data are used to evaluate the district attractions. Their tourism potentials are also evaluated and rated using Reynard model. According to the sub-criteria of rarity and historical geography, the research results indicate that scientific value has the highest rank. In other words, tourism places in Pa Ghaleh village include 72% of scientific value, 0.59% of added value and 0.57% of compound value.