Effects of tissue absorption on calculation of mean photon path length using modified Beer-Lambert law

The mean path length(MPL)of photons is a critical parameter to calculate tissue absorption coefficient as well as blood oxygenation using modified Beer-Lambert law,where in the differential path factor(DPF)is often assumed as constant over range of tissue absorption.By utilizing the Monte Carlo(MC)simulation of photon migrations in the leg,this study used four approaches to estimate MPL,and compared them with that determined by the MPL definition.The simulation results indicate that the DPF is remarkably affected by tissue absorption,at approximate 10% variation.A linear model is suggested to calculate MPL for measurements of tissue absorption as well as blood oxygenation using modified Beer-Lambert law.

Adapted Metrics for a Modified Coulomb/Newton’s Potential

Modified Theories of Gravity include spin dependence in General Relativity, to account for additional sources of gravity instead of dark matter/energy approach. The spin-spin interaction is already included in the effective nuclear force potential, and theoretical considerations and experimental evidence hint to the hypothesis that Gravity originates from such an interaction, under an averaging process over spin directions. This invites to continue the line of theory initiated by Einstein and Cartan, based on tetrads and spin effects modeled by connections with torsion. As a first step in this direction, the article considers a new modified Coulomb/Newton Law accounting for the spin-spin interaction. The physical potential is geometrized through specific affine connections and specific semi-Riemannian metrics, canonically associated to it, acting on a manifold or at the level of its tangent bundle. Freely falling particles in these “toy Universes” are determined, showing an interesting behavior and unexpected patterns.

Modified attitude pursuit guidance law for low-cost missiles using strap-down seekers

Attitude pursuit guidance law is suitable for low cost missiles.A strap-down seeker is used to achieve this guidance law.The additional angles of attack or sideslip caused by wind and by control system are considered as two disturbing factors which make attitude pursuit law impossible.Therefore,general attitude pursuit guidance law did not account for this two disturbing factors,because with those disturbing factors,it is difficult to apply.To solve the problem,the principle of strap-down seeker detecting target is investigated,the mathematical control model is established,then a modified attitude pursuit guidance law which employs the angular correction for those two disturbing factors is presented.It is proved that the modified attitude pursuit guidance law is appropriated to both in the presence of the additional angle of attack or sideslip via the simulations with the mathematical control model and Monte-Carlo method.

The application of extended modified Lambert Beer model for measurement of blood carboxyhemoglobin and oxyhemoglobin saturation

This work presents the use of extended Modified Lambert Beer(MLB)model for accurate andcontinuous monitoring of percent blood carboxyhemoglobin(COHb)(SCO)and oxyhemoglobin(OxyHb)saturation(SO,)via a fitting procedure.This quantification technique is based on theabsorption characteristics of hemoglobin derivatives in the wavelength range of 520-600 nm togive the best estimates of the required parameters.A comparison of the performance of the developed model and MILB law is made using attenuation data from Monte Carlo simulations for a two-layered skin model.The results revealed a lower mean absolute error of 0.4%in the valuesestimated by the developed model as compared to 10%that is given by the MILB law.This studyshowed that the discussed approach is able to provide consistent and accurate measurement ofblood SO,and SCO across diferent skin pigmen tations suggesting that it may potentially be usedas an alternative means for clinical diagnosis of carbon monoxide(CO)poisoning.

Corneal collagen cross-linking in patients with keratoconus from the Dresden protocol to customized solutions:theoretical basis

Keratoconus is an ectatic condition characterized by gradual corneal thinning,corneal protrusion,progressive irregular astigmatism,corneal fibrosis,and visual impairment.The therapeutic options regarding improvement of visual function include glasses or soft contact lenses correction for initial stages,gas-permeable rigid contact lenses,scleral lenses,implantation of intrastromal corneal ring or corneal transplants for most advanced stages.In keratoconus cases showing disease progression corneal collagen crosslinking(CXL)has been proven to be an effective,minimally invasive and safe procedure.CXL consists of a photochemical reaction of corneal collagen by riboflavin stimulation with ultraviolet A radiation,resulting in stromal crosslinks formation.The aim of this review is to carry out an examination of CXL methods based on theoretical basis and mathematical models,from the original Dresden protocol to the most recent developments in the technique,reporting the changes proposed in the last 15y and examining the advantages and disadvantages of the various treatment protocols.Finally,the limits of non-standardized methods and the perspectives offered by a customization of the treatment are highlighted.

干湿循环作用下高压实膨胀土及改性土裂隙演化规律及机理研究

干湿循环作用下膨胀土裂隙发育是影响南水北调工程渠坡安全的主要因素之一。为研究不同干湿循环作用下高压实膨胀土及水泥改性土的裂隙演化规律及机理,分别对为20 mm和40 mm高度的渠坡膨胀土及水泥改性土的环刀试样进行了7次室内干湿循环试验。试验结果表明:(1)随着干湿循环次数的增加,高压实膨胀土试样的最终裂隙率和分形维数不断增大并趋于稳定,达到一定的循环次数后,试样高度对裂隙率的影响减弱,而对分形维数的影响增大。(2)高压实水泥改性土在经历7次干湿循环后,试样表面没有出现裂隙,表明水泥可以有效的抑制膨胀土裂隙的发育。(3)在第2~3次干湿循环过程中,试样表面裂隙出现了自愈合现象。随着干湿循环次数的增加,膨胀土试样裂隙起裂时间提前,试样出现了不可逆转的损伤,自愈合现象消失。试样高度越高,试样裂隙的起裂时间越长。(4)由于高压实膨胀土团聚体失水收缩使得其空隙空间增加,加速了水分子的逃逸,导致高压实膨胀土和改性土的失水速率可分为3个阶段:加速率阶段、常速率阶段、减速率阶段。(5)在加速率和常速率阶段,试样高度对失水速率几乎没有影响。在减速率阶段,与40 mm高度试样相比,20 mm高度试样的失水速率降低的更快,进入减速率阶段的时间更早。随着干湿循环次数的增加,试样失水速率明显降低。

基于近红外漫射光谱的离体血氧测量技术研究

基于近红外漫射光谱技术(Near-Infrared Diffuse Optical Spectroscopy,NIRS)和修正的比尔朗伯定律(Modified Beer-LambertLaw,MBLL)提出了一种适用于离体血液的新型氧含量测量方法,同时开发了血氧实时监测系统以实现体外循环血氧参数的连续监测。NIRS利用脱氧血红蛋白和氧合血红蛋白对两种波长近红外光吸收率的差异来计算组织的吸收和散射系数,朗伯-比尔定律是表征光强衰减与光子传输路径关系的数学表达式,将二者结合可估算血红蛋白的吸收系数;与传统的测量方式不同,本文所提出的透射式测量方法,通过双波长(660~904 nm)光源探头交替切换可获取多参数的光学信号,信号实时上传至采集界面(LabVIEW),经过对数化处理,并结合创新的血氧算法得到血液吸收系数、血氧饱和度与光信号的线性模型。为了验证本文研究方案的可行性,开展了液态仿体实验和离体血溶液实验,以滴入溶液墨水体积(仿体实验)和酵母溶液体积(血溶液实验)为变量,通过调控溶液浓度改变光密度变化幅度,证实二者均与光密度(DO)具有良好的线性关系(r^(2)>0.95,p<0.01)。本研究所提出的新型血氧测量方法和血氧实时监测系统适合于离体血液的血氧测量,数据准确可靠、重复稳定性好。

求解耦合非线性Schrodinger-Boussinesq方程的三角标量辅助变量方法

采用三角标量辅助变量(TSAV)方法,构造求解耦合非线性Schrodinger-Boussinesq方程初边值问题的高效数值格式。基于方程非线性势能的三角函数形式,提出求解方程的TSAV格式;对方程在时间和空间上分别采用二阶Crank-Nicolson格式和傅里叶谱方法进行离散,并证明时间半离散格式的修正能量守恒律。最后,通过数值算例对文中格式进行验证。结果表明:文中格式具有有效性,修正能量具有守恒性。

不同含水率条件下含瓦斯煤改进邓肯-张模型

为建立能够合理反映含瓦斯煤在不同含水率和围压工况下的力学特性模型,首先基于已有的含瓦斯煤常规三轴试验,分析其在不同围压和含水率条件下应力-应变特性;其次结合邓肯-张模型与Janbu公式得到相关的邓肯-张模型参数;然后建立初始弹性模量、破坏应力与各影响因素的拟合公式,构建能表征不同应力水平下含瓦斯煤变形规律的改进邓肯-张模型;最后对修正后的模型进行验证,对模型精度进行评价。结果表明:含水率的增加是引起含瓦斯煤模型参数动态变化的重要原因;提出的改进模型预测曲线与实际的试验曲线具有良好的吻合度,该修正模型可以准确反应不同围压和含水率下含瓦斯煤的应力应变特性。

基于STESO的PMSM非奇异快速终端滑模控制

为了提高永磁同步电机驱动系统速度控制器的跟踪性能和鲁棒性,提出了一种基于超螺旋扩张状态观测器的非奇异快速终端滑模复合控制器。首先,采用一种基于新型变指数趋近律的非奇异快速终端滑模控制算法设计速度控制器,该趋近律在常规指数趋近律中引入系统状态变量,加快系统收敛到滑模面的速度,同时保持较小的抖振;其次,提出了一种超螺旋扩张状态观测器来观测系统的扰动,并补偿给速度控制器,提高了速度控制系统的鲁棒性;最后,通过仿真和实验证明所提方法的有效性。

A Mode of Electromagnetic Wave Propagation Based on the Inter-induction of Scalar Electric Field and Vortex Magnetic Field

Drawing upon the electromagnetic conversion formulas in a continuous conductive medium,an extensive examination for total current law and Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction(Faraday’s law)is undertaken to expound on the laws of electromagnetic induction and conversion.The longitudinal wave term of Faraday’s law is reinstated to render it suitable for theoretical derivation of the LEM(Longitudinal Electromagnetic Wave)equation.Subsequently,we formulate the wave and energy equations for electric P-wave based on reevaluated total current law and modified Faraday’s law;meanwhile proposing a propagation mode that reveals its mechanisms absorbing free energy for LEM waves in a conductor predicated on interaction between scalar electric field and vortex magnetic field.Furthermore,through theoretical derivations based on LEM waves,insights into concealed relationships between electric P-wave and electromagnetism scalar potential are disclosed alongside the constraint equation between the wave velocities of LEM wave and TEM(Transverse Electromagnetic)waves,unveiling the significance of LEM wave.

求解双曲守恒律的修正模板近似的五阶WENO格式

针对经典的五阶加权本质无振荡(WENO)格式在间断附近耗散过大以及临界点不能保精度的问题,本文提出了一种新的修正模板近似方法。改进了经典五阶WENO-JS格式中各候选子模板上数值通量的二阶多项式逼近,通过加入三次修正项使模板逼近达到四阶精度,并且通过引入可调函数φ使得新的格式具有ENO性质,理论分析新的格式具有保精度特性,通过一系列数值算例说明了新格式的高效性。

The Magnetic Longitudinal (P-) Wave’s Propagation and Energy Models Underlying the Mechanisms of Its Capacity to Absorb Free Energy

The longitudinal wave term within Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction (Faraday’s law) underwent recovery to ensure its suitability for theoretical derivation of the equation governing longitudinal electromagnetic (LEM) waves. The revised Maxwell’s equations include the crucial parameters being the attenuation time constants of magnetic vortex potential and electric vortex potential generated by external electromagnetic field within the propagation medium. Specific expressions for them are obtained through theoretical analysis. Subsequently, a model for propagating magnetic P-wave generated by the superposition of a left-handed photo and a right-handed photon in a vacuum is formulated based on reevaluated total current law and revised Faraday’s law, covering wave equations, energy equation, as well as propagation mode involving mutual induction and conversion between scalar magnetic field and vortex electric field. Furthermore, through theoretical derivations centered around magnetic P-wave, evidence was presented regarding its ability to absorb huge free energy through the entangled interaction between zero-point vacuum energy field and the torsion field produced by the vortex electric field.

异种器官移植亚临床研究专家共识(2024版)

异种器官移植亚临床研究是利用脑死亡受者进行的异种器官移植试验,是异种器官移植从基础研究和动物实验,逐步走向临床应用的重要中间环节,为异种移植的安全性和有效性提供了必要的数据支撑。为推进异种器官移植亚临床研究安全有序、科学规范地开展,根据相关法律和规范,中华医学会器官移植学分会异种移植学组从供体猪的选择、受者的选择标准、法律法规及伦理要求、试验终止时间的确定、家属知情同意制度、脑死亡判定标准等方面,制定了《异种器官移植亚临床研究专家共识(2024版)》。

Q-Theory: A Connection between Newton’s Law and Coulomb’s Law?

Assuming a Winterberg model for space where the vacuum consists of a very stiff two-component superfluid made up of positive and negative mass planckions, Q theory is the hypothesis, that Planck charge, qpl, was created at the same time as Planck mass. Moreover, the repulsive force that like-mass planckions experience is, in reality, due to the electrostatic force of repulsion between like charges. These forces also give rise to what appears to be a gravitational force of attraction between two like planckions, but this is an illusion. In reality, gravity is electrostatic in origin if our model is correct. We determine the spring constant associated with planckion masses, and find that, , where ζ(3) equals Apery’s constant, 1.202 …, and, n+(0)=n_(0), is the relaxed, i.e., , number density of the positive and negative mass planckions. In the present epoch, we estimate that, n+(0) equals, 7.848E54 m-3, and the relaxed distance of separation between nearest neighbor positive, or negative, planckion pairs is, l+(0)=l_(0)=5.032E-19 meters. These values were determined using box quantization for the positive and negative mass planckions, and considering transitions between energy states, much like as in the hydrogen atom. For the cosmos as a whole, given a net smeared macroscopic gravitational field of, , due to all the ordinary, and bound, matter contained within the observable universe, an average displacement from equilibrium for the planckion masses is a mere 7.566E-48 meters, within the vacuum made up of these particles. On the surface of the earth, where, g=9.81m/s2, the displacement amounts to, 7.824E-38 meters. All of these displacements are due to increased gravitational pressure within the vacuum, which in turn is caused by applied gravitational fields. The gravitational potential is also derived and directly related to gravitational pressure.

Establishmen and vertification of an improved similitude law for dynamic ice force model test

To study the similitude laws for dynamic ice force model test which is a hot problem in ice mechanics.In this paper,a new modified similitude law for dynamic ice force model test is proposed based on ice-induced virbration theory and two reasonable assumptions.And the new law is vertified with an ice-induced pier virbration example.The numerical calculation results show that,firstly,the error of frequency factor between test value and theory value is small as well as that of displacement and velocity;Secondly,the time scale completely meet the similitude relation,the waveforms anastomotic well,and the phenomenon of offset and omit do not occur;Thirdly,as the damping ratio between prototype and model is nearly equal,the improved similitude law will still be applied.Therefore,the new modified similitude law is feasible to study dynamic ice force model test and can provide reference for the ice mechanics.

国务院地方性法规审查活动探究——基于“组织关系势能原理”的国家组织法规范分析

国务院作为地方性法规、自治条例和单行条例的备案机关,展开着重要的审查活动,但并不对此具有改变或者撤销权限。宪法、立法法等设定的备案分工结构和改变或者撤销权限结构之间形成交叠错位样态,国务院对地方性法规的备案审查,正处于只备案而无审查权的区域。这是因为国务院同地方性法规制定主体之间,既非领导关系又非监督关系,而仅仅具有上位法制定主体的松散关联,不足以支撑授予审查权。不具有宪法规定的组织基础,使得立法也不宜赋予国务院地方性法规审查权。但国务院的审查活动却具有完善备案审查制度体系的结构性意义,比如,移送审查、衔接联动机制由此而生。

Non-Newtonian Power-Law Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer over a Non-Linearly Stretching Surface

The problem of magneto-hydrodynamic flow and heat transfer of an electrically conducting non-Newtonian power-law fluid past a non-linearly stretching surface in the presence of a transverse magnetic field is considered. The stretching velocity, the temperature and the transverse magnetic field are assumed to vary in a power-law with the distance from the origin. The flow is induced due to an infinite elastic sheet which is stretched in its own plane. The governing equations are reduced to non-linear ordinary differential equations by means of similarity transformations. These equations are then solved numerically by an implicit finite-difference scheme known as Keller-Box method. The numerical solution is found to be dependent on several governing parameters, including the magnetic field parameter, power-law index, velocity exponent parameter, temperature exponent parameter, Modified Prandtl number and heat source/sink parameter. A systematic study is carried out to illustrate the effects of these parameters on the fluid velocity and the temperature distribution in the boundary layer. The results for the local skin-friction coefficient and the local Nusselt number are tabulated and discussed. The results obtained reveal many interesting behaviors that warrant further study on the equations related to non-Newtonian fluid phenomena.

生物安全原则下基因编辑野生动物之法律因应

将基因编辑应用于野生动物,基因编辑同时呈现双重身份:一是濒危野生动物个体或者物种的拯救者,二是人类保护野生动物所遵循伦理准则的变革者。在此背景下,基因编辑野生动物与我国现行法律之间存在冲突,呈现出基因编辑对《野生动物保护法》四个方面的冲击:改变目标次序、改变分级依据、增加分类难度、挑战治理机制。为落实生物安全原则,我国《野生动物保护法》应做如下调整:以维护生物多样性和自然生态系统为首要目标,将基因编辑过的野生动物单独归类,在生态环境部监管下推进野生动物遗传资源利用。

钢桥面改性沥青SMA10抗滑性能及衰变规律研究

为研究钢桥面改性沥青SMA10铺装抗滑性能及衰变规律,选用集料/沥青混合料摩擦特性测试仪,对不同温度条件与荷载水平条件下的试件进行加速加载磨耗试验,采集试验过程中的动态摩擦系数D_μ,同时采用摆式摩擦仪、铺砂法及激光扫描仪对加速磨耗试件的摆值BPN、构造深度MTD及断面平均构造深度MPD进行周期性采集,获取多因素条件下SMA10抗滑性能指标变化数据,并基于Asymptotic模型,采用归一法及导数极值法进行数据处理,建立抗滑性能评价指标与磨耗次数之间的相关性。结果表明:1)随着磨耗次数的增加,SMA10的抗滑性能衰减速率呈“先快后慢”规律,且各项指标均具有良好的一致性,相关性系数达到0.95以上;2)不同磨耗阶段,抗滑性能指标及衰变速率存在较大差异,相对于温度条件,荷载水平对加速抗滑性能影响更大。