Geochemical characteristics and origins of natural gases in the eastern Cote d’Ivoire Basin,West Africa

The gas sources in the eastern Cote d’Ivoire Basin(Tano Basin)are seldom reported and remain controversial due to multiple sets of potential source rocks and poorly documented geochemical characteristics of natural gases.The marine source rock potential from the Upper Albian to Turonian as well as the molecular composition and the stable carbon isotope composition of natural gases in the eastern Cote d’Ivoire Basin were studied in detail to investigate the origins of natural gases.The total organic carbon(TOC),hydrogen index(HI),and generation potential(S_(1)+S_(2))of source rocks indicate that both sapropelic source rocks and humic source rocks developed during the late Albian,whereas sapropelic source rocks developed during the Cenomanian and the Turonian.The normal order ofδ^(13)CH_(4)<δ^(13)C_(2)H6<δ^(13)C_(3)H_(8)(δ^(13)C_(1)<δ^(13)C_(2)<δ^(13)C_(3)),the relationship between C_(2)/C_(3)molar ratio andδ^(13)C_(2)-δ^(13)C_(3),and the plot ofδ^(13)C_(1)versus C_(1)/(C_(2)+C_(3))collectively show that the natural gases are thermogenic due to the primary cracking of kerogen,including the typical oil-associated gases from Well D-1,the mixed oil-associated gases and coal-derived gases from Well G-1 and Well L-1.Based on the plot ofδ^(13)C_(1)versusδ^(13)C_(2)and the established relationship betweenδ^(13)C_(1)and equivalent vitrinite reflectance(Ro),we proposed that the natural gases are in a mature stage(Ro generally varies from 1.0%to 1.3%).Combined with results of basin modelling and oil-to-source correlation,the transitional to marine source rocks during the late Albian were thought to have made a great contribution to the natural gases.Our study will make a better understanding on petroleum system in the eastern Cote d’Ivoire Basin.

Effect of the Molecular Structure of Polymer Dispersants on Limestone Suspension Properties in Fine Grinding

Polymer dispersants are widely used as grinding aids to reduce the viscosity of mineral particle suspensions and to improve energy efficiency during fine grinding. The authors studied here the effects of polymer dispersants of different molecular structure on limestone suspension properties in wet stirred media milling. The polymers differed in their molecular weight and PDI （polydispersity index）. Two traditionally fractionated polymer dispersants having a high PDI （over 2） and one made by controlled radical polymerization having a low PDI （1.2） were tested. It was noticed that these dispersants worked as electrosteric stabilizers and prevented the agglomeration of ground limestone particles. Their addition allowed increased solids concentrations to be used in the grinding experiments and at the same time lowered the particle size and specific energy consumption. The particle sizes obtained were about 1 μm regardless of the dispersant or its dose. The dispersant with a low PDI reduced the viscosity more than did the high PDI dispersants. The results indicate that higher solids concentrations can be used at the same dispersant dose when a low PDI dispersant is used, leading to energy savings via increased throughput. Alternatively, a lower dose of low PDI polymer dispersant than of a high PDI polymer dispersant can be used at the same solids concentration.

Correlating Fe source with Fe-N-C active site construction： Guidancefor rational design of high-performance ORR catalyst

Pyrolyzed Fe-Nx/C materials derived from Fe-doped ZIF-8 are recently emerged as promising alternativesto noble metal platinum-based catalysts towards oxygen reduction reaction （ORR） and elucidating the de-pendacne of Fe source on the active site structure and final ORR performance is highly desirbale for fur-ther development of these materials. Here, we designed and synthesized a series of Fe-N-C catalysts usingZIF-8 and various iron salts （Fe（acac）3, FeCI3, Fe（NO3）3） as precusors. We found that the iron precursors,mainly the molecular size, hydrolysis extent, do play a major role in determining the final morphology ofFe, namely forming the Fe-Nx coordination or Fe3C nanoparticles, as well as the site density, therefore,significantly affecting the ORR activity. Among the three iron sources, Fe（acac）3 is most advantageous tothe preferential formation of single-atom Fe-Nx active sites and the derived catalyst demonstrated bestORR performance.

Variations in Stable Carbon Isotopic Composition of n-Alkanes from Ordovician- and Triassic-Derived Oils in Lunnan Oilfield, Tarim Basin, NW China: Global Paleoenvironmental Constraints

Molecular stable carbon isotope technique was employed to study well-sourced crude oils collected from a single drilling well and from the entire Lunnan oilfield, Tarim Basin, NW China. The stable carbon isotopic composition of n-alkanes from crude oils showed that Ordovician-derived oils are enriched in {}+{13}C and Triassic-derived oils are depleted in {}+{13}C. This is consistent with the distribution and evolution trend of stable carbon isotope ratios in crude oils/organic matter from all over the world in geological history (Stahl, 1977; Andrusevich et al., 1998). An extensive survey of literature indicates that, except for thermal maturity, organic matter input and depositional environment, paleoenvironmental background is another key factor that affects the stable carbon isotopic composition of Ordovician- and Triassic-derived crude oils. The results showed that gas chromatographic-isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC-C-IRMS), combining with biogeochemical evolution of organic matter in geological history, may be a powerful tool in refining oil/oil, oil/source correlations in multi-age, multi-source petroliferous basins like Tarim.

INVESTIGATIONS ON VINYLENE CARBONATE Ⅰ. PREPARATION AND PROPERTIES OF POLY-(VINYLENEC ARBONATE)

Bulk polymerization of vinylene carbonate using t-butylperoxypivalate at 40℃gave colourless, high molecular weight poly(vinylene carbonate) (PVCA). Solutions of PVCA in acetone and DMF are not stable at 25℃and this degradation was studied. From measurements in DMF with unfractionated PVCA a Mark-Houwink equation was obtained:

Fluorescence characteristics of water soluble organic carbon in eastern China

Fluorescence excitation and average molecular weight of 46 water soluble organic matter (WSOC) samples extracted from 20 soil types in eastern China were determined. It was found all samples shared similar spectroscopy. A good linear relationship existed between total organic carbon and excitation in the range of 350 to 450 nm though the content of organic carbon and pH of the samples vary in a wide range. No significant correlation between relative excitation intensity and average molecular weight of WSOC and FA was found, but the partial correlation became significant with pH as the controlling factor for WSOC samples. The relative excitation intensity showed a general trend of increasing from south to north in the study area. The pH value might play an important role in regulating the fluorescent spatial variation of WSOC. S153 A

Dissolving of Ultra‑high Molecular Weight Polyethylene Assisted Through Supercritical Carbon Dioxide to Enhance the Mechanical Properties of Fibers

The molecular weight of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene(UHMWPE)fbers is severely decreased compared with raw materials due to high temperature and strong shearing in the dissolving process.In this study,we reported a novel method to assist the dissolving of UHMWPE in parafn oil without severe degradation in order to improve the tensile strength of resultant fbers.UHMWPE fbers with relatively high molecular weight and more excellent disentanglement efect were prepared by gel-spinning with UHMWPE suspension treated with supercritical carbon dioxide(SC-CO_(2)).The dynamic thermomechanical,mechanical and crystalline properties of UHMWPE extracted fbers and drawn fbers were researched comprehensively.UHMWPE extracted fbers obtained after SC-CO_(2) treatment display a higher molecular weight.More importantly,it is clear that the disentanglement of UHMWPE gel fbers gained by processing SC-CO_(2) has been signifcantly promoted compared with that without SC-CO_(2) treatment from dynamic thermomechanical and rheological results,which could also be demonstrated from the cross-sectional morphology of UHMWPE extracted fbers.Furthermore,the tensile strength of UHMWPE fbers prepared through SC-CO_(2) treating is able to attain 30.11 cN/dtex,increased by 10.3%in comparison to UHMWPE fbers gained without assistance of SC-CO_(2).Beyond that,the thermal behavior and crystallization performance of UHMWPE extracted fbers and drawn fbers acquired by way of SC-CO_(2) treatment have also been enhanced.

Effect of different molecular weight organic components on the increase of microbial growth potential of secondary effluent by ozonation

Ozonation has been widely applied in advanced wastewater treatment. In this study, the effect of ozonation on assimilable organic carbon （AOC） levels in secondary effluents was investigated, and AOC variation of different molecular weight （MW） organic components was analyzed. Although the removal efflciencies were 47%-76% and 94%-100% for UV2s4 and color at ozone dosage of 10 mg/L, dissolved organic carbon （DOC） in secondary effluents was hardly removed by ozonation. The AOC levels increased by 70%-780% at an ozone dosage range of 1-10 mg/L. AOC increased significantly in the instantaneous ozone demand phase, and the increase in AOC was correlated to the decrease in UV254 during ozonation. The results of MW distribution showed that, ozonation led to the transformation of larger molecules into smaller ones, but the increase in low MW （〈1 kDa） fraction did not contribute much to AOC production. The change of high MW （〉100 kDa and 10-100 kDa） fractions itself during ozonation was the main reason for the increase of AOC levels. Furthermore, the oxidation of organic matters with high MWs （〉 100 kDa and 10-100 kDa） resulted in more AOC production than those with low MWs （1-10 kDa and 〈1 kDa）. The results indicated that removing large molecules in secondary effluents could limit the increase of AOC during ozonation.

Effect of bombarding energy on ion beam assisted deposited DLC film on UHMWPE

Diamond-like carbon (DLC) films on ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene substrates were prepared at CHn+ ion bombarding energies of 200-1000eV at room temperature using ion beam assisted deposition technique. The wear tests exhibited a high wear resistance for all DLC films. X-ray photoelectron spectfoscopy and Raman spectroscopy analysis indicated that DLC film was amorphous with a characteristic high fracdion of sp3 bonds in the structure of mixed sp:2+ sp3 bonding at an optimal bombardingenergy of 600eV.

活性炭/超高分子量聚乙烯耐热性研究

为了提高超高分子量聚乙烯(UHMWPE)的耐热性,采用超级电容活性炭(微米级)对UHMWPE进行填充改性,制备活性炭/UHMWPE复合材料。通过热重(TG/DTG)测试和维卡软化点温度测试分析了复合体系的热性能;同时研究了活性炭含量对UHMWPE的电学性能、冲击性能、表面及摩擦系数的影响。结果表明:活性炭填充可使UHMWPE材料失重5%时的分解温度提高17.44℃,维卡软化点提高了约18℃;且活性炭对UHMWPE复合体系的抗静电性、冲击性能、表面均有比较明显的改善。

飞行保护头盔用复合材料结构吸收碰撞能量性能研究

针对碳纤维头盔和超高分子量聚乙烯(PE)头盔,采用坠落式冲击试验台和基于冲击加速度及头部损伤指数(HIC)评价方法,系统研究了材料种类、缓冲垫密度和服役环境温度对头盔吸收碰撞能量的影响。结果表明:随着缓冲垫密度的增加,两种头盔在低温(-20℃)条件下的冲击加速度幅值均表现出增加趋势,在常温(20℃)及高温(50℃)下,碳纤维和PE头盔壳体的冲击加速度幅值均表现出明显的降低趋势。升高温度有利于降低头盔的加速度幅值,对于80g/L和90g/L的缓冲垫,两种头盔的冲击加速度幅值随温度升高都表现出降低趋势。缓冲垫密度和温度显著影响头部损伤指数,随着温度从-20℃升高至50℃,PE头盔的头部损伤指数均表现出增加趋势,然而,碳纤维头盔在50℃表现出与常温和低温相反的趋势,即随着缓冲垫密度增加,其头部损伤指数逐渐降低,但PE头盔的头部损伤指数数值低于碳纤维头盔。两种材料在冲击载荷下的损伤形貌不同:PE头盔有明显的基体凹陷形变特征但均无裂纹形成,而碳纤维头盔均表现出明显的基体开裂及纤维断裂。碳纤维由于其高刚度,在冲击力大于破坏强度后容易产生裂纹,无法通过结构系统塑性形变吸收冲击能量,是导致其在不同缓冲垫密度和不同温度条件下,头部损伤指数以及加速度幅值均高于PE的主要原因。PE具有较高的缓冲作用和吸收冲击能量能力,因此,虽然均表现出较大基体凹陷,但均无裂纹形成,采用PE头盔,头部损伤指数和加速度幅值都低于同等条件下的碳纤维头盔。

Compression Molded Ultra High Molecular Weight Polyethylene-Hydroxyapatite-Aluminum Oxide-Carbon Nanotube Hybrid Composites for Hard Tissue Replacement

Ultra high molecular weight polyethylene （UHMWPE） is widely used for articulating surfaces in total hip and knee replacements. In the present work, UHMWPE based polymer composites were synthesized by synergistic reinforcing of bioactive hydroxyapatite （HA）, bioinert aluminum oxide （Al2O3）, and carbon nanotubes （CNTs） using compression molding. Phase and microstructural analysis suggests retention of UHMWPE and reinforcing phases in the compression molded composites. Microstructural analysis elicited variation in densification due to the size effect of the reinforcing particles. The hybrid composites exhibited hardness, elastic modulus and toughness comparable to that of UHMWPE. The interfacial effect of reinforcement phases has evinced the effectiveness of Al2O3 over HA and CNT reinforcements, depicting synergistic enhancement in hardness and elastic modulus. Weak interfacial bonding of polymer matrix with HA and CNT requires utilization of coupling agents to achieve enhanced mechanical properties without deteriorating cytocompatible properties.

济南市区黑碳污染变化特征及来源解析

黑碳(BC)作为细颗粒物(PM2.5)的重要来源之一,探究其变化特征及来源对PM2.5管控具有指导意义。为了研究济南市区大气黑碳颗粒物污染变化特征及来源,于2020年1月-2021年12月在济南市区选择市中心站(1#)利用Magee公司AE33型黑碳仪对黑碳浓度展开了在线连续观测,还开展了PM2.5、氮氧化物(NOx)、一氧化碳(CO)质量浓度的同步在线观测,获得了市区黑碳浓度变化特征,探究了BC与主要大气污染物的关系,并结合省中心站(2#)BC监测,定量解析了济南市区BC排放来源的日变化特征,同时选取典型污染过程研究不同排放源黑碳的传输影响。结果表明,整个观测时段1#BC平均质量浓度为(1.86±1.21)μg·m^(-3),BC与PM2.5和CO呈正相关关系。BC质量浓度呈现明显的年、季节、周和日变化特征,2021年BC较2020年下降约0.28μg·m^(-3),下降比例为14%,BC质量浓度春(1.47±0.51)μg·m^(-3)<夏(1.60±0.43)μg·m^(-3)<秋(1.99±0.77)μg·m^(-3)<冬(2.48±1.17)μg·m^(-3);BC受交通早晚高峰的影响呈现双峰型日变化特征,春夏季周末浓度高于工作日,具有比较明显的“周末效应”。源解析结果表明,交通排放为BC主要来源,2020年和2021年BC交通源贡献均值占比(BCtraffic/BC)夏(0.81)>秋(0.79)>春(0.76)>冬(0.67),不同季节BCtraffic日变化特征也证实了交通源对BC贡献占主导作用,2#省中心站与1#市中心站变化相似,但受交通流量与工业源影响BC浓度通常高于1#市中心站,典型PM2.5污染期间BC除受近距离局地排放源影响外,还有济南北部、德州市和河北衡水市传输影响。风场对BCtraffic和BCnontraffic浓度的影响显示该站点以周边源排放为主,BCtraffic受西南方向的旅游路隧道及东北方向舜华路等交通繁忙路段排放影响明显。

Tribological evaluation of thermoplastic polyurethane-based bearing materials under water lubrication:Effect of load,sliding speed,and temperature

Polymers are widely used in bearing applications.In the case of water-lubricated stern tube bearings,thermoplastic polyurethane(TPU)-based composites are used due to their excellent wear resistance,corrosion resistance,and tunable mechanical properties.Their tribological performance,however,depends on operating conditions.In this work,TPU was blended with carbon fiber,graphene platelet,and ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene(UHMWPE).Friction tests of TPU based-composites against copper countersurface were carried out in water to mimic the actual operating conditions of the bearing.Most of the resulting contacts were in the boundary lubrication regime,in which friction was attributed to both contact mechanics of asperities as well as water lubrication.Our results show that the viscoelasticity of TPU has a considerable impact on its tribological performance.Water lubrication at 50°C promotes the softening of polymer surface material during sliding,resulting in higher fluctuation in the coefficient of friction and wear loss.This is attributed to the reduced thermomechanical properties.In addition,Schallamach waviness is observed on worn surface.The tribological properties of TPU are significantly improved by the inclusion of carbon fiber,graphene platelet,and UHMWPE.The formation of graphene transfer-layers and UHMWPE transfer film reduces friction and wear loss,while the inclusion of carbon fiber enhances wear resistance due to improved mechanical properties and load bearing capacity.

The specific carbon isotopic compositions of branched and cyclic hydrocarbons from Fushun oil shale

Various branched and cyclic hydrocarbons are isolated from the Fushun oil shale and their carbon isotopes are determined. The analytical results show that the branched and cyclic hydrocarbons are fully separated from n-alkanes by 5 molecular-sieve adduction using long time and cold solvent. The branched and cyclic hydrocarbon frac-tion obtained by this method is able to satisfy the analytic requests of GC-IRMS. The carbon isotopic compositions of these branched and cyclic hydrocarbons obtained from the sample indicate that they are derived from photoautotrophic algae, chemoautotrophic bacteria (-33.4—-39.0) and methanotrophic bacteria (-38.4—-46.3). However the long-chain 2-methyl-branched alkanes indicate that their carbon isotopic compositions reflect biological origin from higher plants. The carbon isotopic composition of C30 4-methyl sterane (-22.1? is the heaviest in all studied ste- ranes, showing that the carbon source or growth condition for its precursor, dinoflagellate, may be different from that of regular steranes. The variation trend of d 13C values between isomers of hopanes shows that 13C-enriched precursors take precedence in process of their epimerization. Methanotro-phic hopanes presented reveal the processes of strong trans-formation of organic matter and cycling of organic carbon in the water column and early diagenesis of oil shale.

珠江口盆地超深水区LW21-A井烃源岩分子地球化学特征与油气成因

珠江口盆地超深水区勘探程度低,珠四坳陷仅LW21-A井有油气发现,通过对其进行系统地特征分子地球化学测试与分析,揭示了所钻遇烃源岩的类型和发现油气的成因。该钻井揭示,文昌组和恩平组发育海相(海侵)泥岩和微咸水浅湖相(近海湖盆)泥岩;LW21构造气藏中存在海相(海侵)和湖相2类凝析油;LW21构造气藏中天然气主要成分为CO_(2),属于CO_(2)气藏,含一定量烷烃气;CO_(2)主要是无机幔源型成因气,烷烃气主要是油型气与海相生物气的混合型干气。这一认识对珠江口盆地超深水区珠四坳陷带的进一步评价和勘探决策具有重要意义。

臭氧多相催化氧化技术在水厂深度处理中的应用

通过生产性对比试验考察了臭氧催化氧化技术用于给水深度处理时对有机物的去除效能。结果表明,相对于单纯的臭氧氧化,臭氧催化氧化明显地提高了对TOC及微量有机物的去除率,并使水中的剩余臭氧浓度降低了0.2mg/L,有效地抑制了溴酸盐的生成。该技术可明显降低后续处理工艺的污染物负荷,并使有机物在活性炭上的吸附性能提高了近一倍,与生物活性炭联用后,对有机物的综合去除能力提高了14%～24%。臭氧催化氧化及其联用技术在兼顾有机物去除与臭氧化副产物控制方面具有明显的优势。

全烃地球化学方法在复杂烃源研究中的应用

利用天然气组成与碳同位素(C1-4)、轻烃(C4-8)、中分子量烃(C8-20)以及油岩生物标志化合物(>C15)全烃地球化学方法,按照油气分段捕获原理,确定了泸州古隆起嘉陵江组烃源,并建立了相应的烃源模式。研究表明该区嘉陵江组油气与自身烃源无关,主要来源于下伏烃源层,存在多期多源烃类注入,而且不同区域烃源贡献大小不同,其中古隆起核部和核部边缘以志留系烃源为主。

上浆剂分子量对碳纤维表观性能及其界面性能影响研究

研究了不同分子量的上浆剂对碳纤维表观状态及其界面性能的影响,并采用了AFM,SEM等表面分析技术研究了上浆后碳纤维表面形貌.AFM,SEM证实了S-1表面没有小颗粒存在,沟槽较均匀,而S-2表面的沟槽较深,S-3表面的沟槽较浅,且表面都有小的颗粒.XPS证实了S-1表面含有O元素含量最高,表面极性官能团较多.上浆剂分子量对制备的复合材料的界面性能和耐湿热老化性能有较大的影响,分子量适中的上浆剂HIT-7上浆处理后的碳纤维及其复合材料的性能最优.

高分子量聚苯胺/碳纳米管复合材料的合成与表征

Composites of high molecular weight polyaniline with various weight percentages of multi-walled carbon nanotubes(MWNTs) were synthesized in the presence of selected dissolved neutral salt by in situ polymerization.The composites were characterized by means of SEM,FTIR and XRD,four-point probe conductivity measurements.The results indicate that the composites possess very different morphologies,high electrical conductivities and good crystallization compared with high molecular weight polyaniline.