Correction:The escape mechanisms of the proto-atmosphere on terrestrial planets:“boil-off”escape,hydrodynamic escape and impact erosion

In the original publication of the article,the affiliation“College of Earth and Planetary Sciences,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing,People’s Republic of China”for author Ziqi Wang was missing and included in this correction article.

Interrelationships between Length of the Day, Moon Distance, Phanerozoic Geodynamic Cycles, Tidal Dissipation and Earth’s Core: Review and Analysis

The rotation of the Earth and the related length of the day (LOD) are predominantly affected by tidal dissipation through the Moon and the growth of the Earth’s core. Due to the increased concentration of mass around the rotation axis of the spinning Earth during the growth of the core the rotation should have been accelerated. Controversially the tidal dissipation by the Moon, which is mainly dependent on the availability of open shallow seas and the kind of Moon escape from a nearby position, acts towards a deceleration of the rotating Earth. Measurements of LOD for Phanerozoic and Precambrian times open ways to solve questions concerning the geodynamical history of the Earth. These measurements encompass investigations of growth patterns in fossils and depositional patterns in sediments (Cyclostratigraphy, Tidalites, Stromatolites, Rhythmites). These patterns contain information on the LOD and on the changing distance between Earth and Moon and can be used as well for a discussion about the growth of the Earth’s core. By updating an older paper with its simple approach as well as incorporating newly published results provided by the geoscientific community, a moderate to fast growth of the core in a hot early Earth will be favored controversially to the assumption of a delayed development of the core in an originally cold Earth. Core development with acceleration of Earth’s rotation and the contemporaneous slowing down due to tidal dissipation during the filling of the ocean may significantly interrelate.

Stagnant lid tectonics:Perspectives from silicate planets,dwarf planets, large moons,and large asteroids

To better understand Earth's present tectonic style-plate tectonics—and how it may have evolved from single plate(stagnant lid) tectonics, it is instructive to consider how common it is among similar bodies in the Solar System. Plate tectonics is a style of convection for an active planetoid where lid fragment(plate) motions reflect sinking of dense lithosphere in subduction zones, causing upwelling of asthenosphere at divergent plate boundaries and accompanied by focused upwellings, or mantle plumes;any other tectonic style is usefully called "stagnant lid" or "fragmented lid". In 2015 humanity completed a 50+ year effort to survey the 30 largest planets, asteroids, satellites, and inner Kuiper Belt objects,which we informally call "planetoids" and use especially images of these bodies to infer their tectonic activity. The four largest planetoids are enveloped in gas and ice(Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune)and are not considered. The other 26 planetoids range in mass over 5 orders of magnitude and in diameter over 2 orders of magnitude, from massive Earth down to tiny Proteus; these bodies also range widely in density, from 1000 to 5500 kg/m^3. A gap separates 8 silicate planetoids with ρ = 3000 kg/m^3 or greater from 20 icy planetoids(including the gaseous and icy giant planets) with ρ = 2200 kg/m^3 or less. We define the "Tectonic Activity Index"(TAI), scoring each body from 0 to 3 based on evidence for recent volcanism, deformation, and resurfacing(inferred from impact crater density). Nine planetoids with TAI = 2 or greater are interpreted to be tectonically and convectively active whereas 17 with TAI <2 are inferred to be tectonically dead. We further infer that active planetoids have lithospheres or icy shells overlying asthenosphere or water/weak ice. TAI of silicate(rocky) planetoids positively correlates with their inferred Rayleigh number. We conclude that some type of stagnant lid tectonics is the dominant mode of heat loss and that plate tectonics is unusual. To make progress understanding Earth's tectonic history and the tectonic style of active exoplanets, we need to better understand the range and controls of active stagnant lid tectonics.

Lunar cratering asymmetries with high lunar orbital obliquity and inclination of the Moon

Accurate estimation of cratering asymmetry on the Moon is crucial for understanding Moon evolution history.Early studies of cratering asymmetry have omitted the contributions of high lunar obliquity and inclination.Here,we include lunar obliquity and inclination as new controlling variables to derive the cratering rate spatial variation as a function of longitude and latitude.With examining the influence of lunar obliquity and inclination on the asteroids population encountered by the Moon,we then have derived general formulas of the cratering rate spatial variation based on the crater scaling law.Our formulas with addition of lunar obliquity and inclination can reproduce the lunar cratering rate asymmetry at the current Earth-Moon distance and predict the apex/ant-apex ratio and the pole/equator ratio of this lunar cratering rate to be 1.36 and 0.87,respectively.The apex/ant-apex ratio is decreasing as the obliquity and inclination increasing.Combining with the evolution of lunar obliquity and inclination,our model shows that the apex/ant-apex ratio does not monotonically decrease with Earth-Moon distance and hence the influences of obliquity and inclination are not negligible on evolution of apex/ant-apex ratio.This model is generalizable to other planets and moons,especially for different spin-orbit resonances.

Morphological variation of star dune and implications for dune management: a case study at the Crescent Moon Spring scenic spot of Dunhuang, China

Aerial photographs and 3-D laser scans of a 90-m high star dune at the Crescent Moon Spring scenic spot in Dunhuang,China,are used to investigate the changes in dune morphology on timescales from months to decades.The result revealed that relative-equilibrium airflow strength in three wind directions of northeast,west and south was an important condition for the stability of star dunes with limited migration.Transverse and longitudinal airflows exerted a crucial impact on variation processes of star dune morphology.Controlled by transverse airflows,the easterly winds,the east side was dominated by wind erosion;and strong deposition occurred on the south-south-east arm with a maximum deposition rate of 0.44 m/a in the 46-a monitoring period,causing the east side becoming steep and high.Controlled by longitudinal airflows,the westerly winds,the west-north-west side was mainly eroded and the north arm migrated from west to east with a rate of 0.30 m/a,causing the dune slope becoming gentle and elongate.The local air circulation(southerly winds)exerted a significant impact on the development process of the star dune.Due to the influence of human activities,the south side present surface processes from a concave profile to a convex profile in 46 a,which is a potential threat to the Crescent Moon Spring.The results indicate that rehabilitating the airflow field at most is a crucial strategy to the protection of Crescent Moon Spring from burial.Opening up the passage of easterly,westerly and southerly winds through intermediately cutting the protection forest,demolishing the enclosed wall and changing the pavilion into a porous pattern have been suggested to protect the Crescent Moon Spring from burial.

The First Ground-based White Light Lunar Polarization Imaging:A New Kind of FeO Observation on the Near Side of the Moon

Lunar optical polarization is a fascinating phenomenon that occurs when sunlight reflects off the surface of the Moon and becomes polarized.This study employs a novel split-focus plane polarimetric camera to conduct the initial white light polarimetric observations on the near side of the Moon.We obtained the linear degree of polarization(DOP)parameters of white light by observation from the eastern and western hemispheres of the Moon.The findings indicate that the white light polarization is lower in the lunar highland than in the lunar maria overall.Combining the analysis of lunar soil samples,we noticed and determined that the DOP parameters of white light demonstrate high consistency with iron oxide on the Moon.This study may serve as a new diagnostic tool for the Moon.

Artificial intelligence and evidence-based research will promote the development of traditional medicine

Traditional medicine(TM)has progressively achieved international recognition.The recent first-ever World Health Organization(WHO)Traditional Medicine Global Summit 2023 has undoubtedly highlighted the significance of TM^([1]).This conference was held in India during August 17–18,2023^([2]),aiming to mobilize political commitment and evidence-based action supporting TM and integrating it to advance the health and well-being of the people and planet.

The snowline in the protoplanetary disk and extrasolar planets

We investigate the behavior of the snowline in a protoplanetary disk and the relationship between the radius of the snowline and properties of molecular cloud cores.In our disk model,we consider mass influx from the gravitational collapse of a molecular cloud core,irradiation from the central star,and thermal radiation from the ambient molecular cloud gas.As the protoplanetary disk evolves,the radius of the snowline increases first to a maximum value Rmax,and then decreases in the late stage of evolution of the protoplanetary disk.The value of Rmaxis dependent on the properties of molecular cloud cores(mass M;,angular velocity ω and temperature T;).Many previous works found that solid material tends to accumulate at the location of the snowline,which suggests that the snowline is the preferred location for giant planet formation.With these conclusions,we compare the values of R;with semimajor axes of giant planets in extrasolar systems,and find that Rmaxmay provide an upper limit for the locations of the formation of giant planets which are formed by the core accretion model.

A Novel Ephemeris Model for Martian Moons Incorporating Their Free Rotation

High-precision ephemerides not only support space missions,but can also be used to study the origin and future of celestial bodies.In this paper,a coupled orbit-rotation dynamics model that fully takes into account the rotation of the Martian moons is developed.Phobos and Deimos’rotations are first described by Eulerian rotational equations,and integrated simultaneously with the orbital motion equations.Orbital and orientational parameters of Mars satellites were simultaneously obtained by numerical integration for the first time.In order to compare the differences between our newly developed model and the one now used in the ephemerides,we first reproduced and simulated the current model using our own parameters,and then fit it to the Institut de Mécanique Céleste et de Calcul deséphémérides ephemerides using least-square procedures.The adjustment test simulations show Phobos and Deimos’orbital differences between the refined model and the current model are no more than 300 m and125 m,respectively.The orientation parameters are confirmed and the results are in good agreement with the International Astronomical Union results.Moreover,we simulated two perturbations(main asteroids and mutual torques)which were not included in our refined model,and find that their effects on the orbits are completely negligible.As for the effect on rotation,we propose to take care of the role of mutual attraction in future models.

Dynamic Problems of the Planets and Asteroids, and Their Discussion

The problems of dynamics of celestial bodies are considered which in the literature are explained by instability and randomness of movements. The dynamics of planets orbits on an interval 100 million years was investigated by new numerical method and its stability is established. The same method is used for computing movements of two asteroids Apophis and 1950DA. The evolution of their movement on an interval of 1000 is investigated. The moments of their closest passages at the Earth are defined. The different ways of transformation of asteroids trajectories into orbits of the Earth’s satellites are considered. The problems of interest are discussed from the different points of view.

Preface: The Chang'e-3 lander and rover mission to the Moon

The Chang＇e-3 （CE-3） lander and rover mission to the Moon was an in- termediate step in China＇s lunar exploration program, which will be followed by a sample return mission. The lander was equipped with a number of remote-sensing instruments including a pair of cameras （Landing Camera and Terrain Camera） for recording the landing process and surveying terrain, an extreme ultraviolet camera for monitoring activities in the Earth＇s plasmasphere, and a first-ever Moon-based ultravi- olet telescope for astronomical observations. The Yutu rover successfully carried out close-up observations with the Panoramic Camera, mineralogical investigations with the VIS-NIR Imaging Spectrometer, study of elemental abundances with the Active Particle-induced X-ray Spectrometer, and pioneering measurements of the lunar sub- surface with Lunar Penetrating Radar. This special issue provides a collection of key information on the instrumental designs, calibration methods and data processing pro- cedures used by these experiments with a perspective of facilitating further analyses of scientific data from CE-3 in preparation for future missions.

The Expanding Earth, Climate Engineering and Earthquake Processes

This article examines the issue of future directions of climate engineering in the light of the consequences of the Earth’s expansion process. One of the directions of climate engineering should be the study of seismic problems, because the state of the geosphere affects not only the atmosphere, but also the processes taking place in the bowels of the planet. If we accept the hypothesis of an expanding Earth [1], then rapid changes in meteorological conditions on the planet will become clear, and the secrets of earthquake processes will come out of the shadow of existing misconceptions among most geophysicists of the world and scientists will understand the mechanisms of energy formation of seismic processes. But, there are multiple arguments of world geophysicists testifying against the hypothesis of an expanding Earth, and in their opinion, scientists supporting this hypothesis allegedly did not provide mechanisms for the expansion of the planet [2]. In turn, the development of the theory of plate tectonics and the alleged discovery of the processes of formation of subduction zones led to the recognition of the hypothesis of plate tectonics by the world scientific community as the main theory of geophysics and sent science straight into a dead end of false conclusions, from which modern geophysics has not found a way out. And it was enough just to listen to A. Einstein and a march into the jungle of unfounded fantasies could be very easily avoided. Everything is extremely simple, but this makes it obvious and incomprehensible to most geophysicists that energy is matter, and matter is energy. For example, only the total amount of solar energy that our planet absorbs, including the atmosphere, land surface, and mirrors of the seas and oceans, is ~3,850,000 EJ per year [3]. And this is without taking into account the energy supply from space in the form of highly energetic particles. This scientific fact, which cannot be denied, must inevitably lead to the formation of matter and, consequently, to the expansion of the planet, because any high school student knows the physical concept of the equivalence of mass and energy arising from the theory of relativity A. Einstein [4], according to which the energy of a body at rest is equivalent to its mass multiplied by the square of the speed of light in a vacuum: E = mc2. That is, whether we like it or not, but the energy of the Sun and Space, as it has been transformed for billions of years into matter familiar to us: rocks, gases, minerals, fluids, will be transformed, in accordance with the laws of science. Otherwise, all the proponents of the expanding Earth hypothesis will have to declare that Mr. Einstein’s formula E = mc2 does not correspond to reality, and recognize the great scientist as a falsifier. Therefore, no matter what far-fetched arguments in the form of mythical subduction zones geophysicists give, no matter what “exotic laws of local significance” they invent, no matter how cynically they mock the fundamental laws of science—all energy entering the planet is necessarily processed and will be processed into matter with an increase in the volume of the planet. Without any exceptions! Only one biochemical process of photosynthesis continuously occurring in algae in one year brings ~3.6 × 1011 tons of oxygen into the Earth’s atmosphere [5], which significantly exceeds the amount of hydrogen and helium “immigrating” into space. Even if we take a geological epoch of one hundred million years, the evidence of an increase in the volume of the Earth only due to oxygen (3.6 × 1011 × 107 tons) becomes quite convincing. the surface area of the Earth is constantly increasing, then the processes of expansion of the planet increase exponentially, which inevitably leads to an increase in seismic activity and volcanic activity, and the increase in the volume of the planet itself serves as a lever for changing the meteorological conditions of the planet’s existence and one of the sources of seismic energy formation. In this article, we will consider seismic processes in the light of the expanding Earth hypothesis.

WHY CAN THE MAJOR PLANETS HAVE THEIR SATELLITES MOVING IN DIRECT AND RETROGRADE ORBITS AS WELL?

Now we use the Jacobian integral of circular restricted three-body problem to establish a testing function of the stability of satellites. This method of criterion may be applied to the stability problem of satellites when the six elements of the instantaneous orbit of the satellite with respect to its parent planet are known. By means of an electronic computer, we can find the stable region of a satellite with a quasi-circular orbit. The boundary surface of this region is a nearly oblate ellipsoid. The volume of this enclosed space is much smaller than that of binding by Hill surface and that of 'sphere of action'. As the expressions of relative kinetic energy of a satellite with respect to its parent planet have the same form for the direct as well as the retrograde orbits, they can coexist in the same region at the same time.

A Study on Defamiliarization in the Translation of The Last Quarter of the Moon

The Last Quarter of the Moon is a novel written by Chi Zijian,which describes the life of the Ewenki ethnic minority in northeast China.The novel has received wide attention for its profound theme and unique narrative style.Defamiliarization is a technique commonly used in literary creation.By breaking the conventional expression mode and changing the conventional view,readers can have new feelings and understandings.The original text of The Last Quarter of the Moon describes the life of the Ewenki minority in China,which has a strong defamiliarization effect.In the English version,the translator adopts various methods to reproduce this defamiliarization.Through the analysis of its English translation,this paper discusses the defamiliarization embodied in it and the two translation methods used by the translator to reproduce the defamiliarization of the original text:alienizing translation and hybridization.It is found that the translation successfully retains the unique charm of the original text by means of language and cultural defamiliarization,enabling English readers to obtain a new reading experience,and revealing the important reasons why the English translation of The Last Quarter of the Moon can be successfully translated and spread in the Western world.

The Mooncake Gambling

Mooncake gambling is a valuable Chinese tradition with its origins in the Ming Dynasty,reportedly planned by the legendary explorer Zheng He.Initially crafted to entertain sailors during their extended sea voyages,the game also aimed to ease the homesickness experienced by Zheng He’s troops.Over time,this pastime has transformed into a beloved custom in the Mid-Autumn Festival.

Influence of the layered Moon and Earth’s orientation on lunar rotation

One of the most efficient ways to probe the lunar inner structure at present is through the study of its rotation.Range and range rate(Doppler) data between the Chang’E-3 lander and station on the Earth were collected from the beginning of the Chang’E-3 lunar mission in 2013.These observation data,taken together with the existing lunar laser ranging data,provide a new approach to extend research on the Earth-Moon system.The high precision of current observation data imposes exacting demands,making it necessary to include previously neglected factors.In this paper,motivated by progress of the Chinese lunar exploration project and to use its data in the near future,two lunar models:a one-layer model and a two-layer model with a fluid core,were applied to the rotational equations based on our implemented algorithm of the Moon’s motion.There was a difference of about 0.5′′in φ and ψ,but 0.2′′in θ between the two models.This result confirms that stratification of the inner structure of the Moon can be inferred from rotation data.We also added precise Earth rotation parameters in our model;the results show that this factor is negligible at present,due to the limited precision of the existing data.These results will help us understand the rotational process clearly and build a more realistic Earth-Moon model when we combine Lunar Laser Ranging data with high precision radio data to fit lunar motion in the near future.

Relation between Mass and Radius of Exoplanets Distinguished by their Density

The formation of the solar system has been studied since the 18th century and received a boost in 1995 with the discovery of the first exoplanet,51 Pegasi b.The investigations increased the number of confirmed planets to about5400 to date.The possible internal structure and composition of these planets can be inferred from the relationship between planet mass and radius,M-R.We have analyzed the M-R relation of a selected sample of iron-rock and ice-gas planets using a fractal approach to their densities.The application of fractal theory is particularly useful to define the physical meaning of the proportionality constant and the exponent in an empirical M-R power law in exoplanets,but this does not necessarily mean that they have an internal fractal structure.The M-R relations based on this sample are M=(1.46±0.08)R^(2.6±0.2)for the rocky population(3.6≤ρ≤14.3 g cm^(-3)),with 1.5≤M≤39M_(⊕),and M=(0.27±0.04)R^(2.7±0.2)for ice-gas planets(0.3≤ρ≤2.1 g cm^(-3))with 5.1≤M≤639 M_(⊕)(or■2 M_(J))and orbital periods greater than 10 days.Both M-R relations have in their density range a great predictive power for the determination of the mass of exoplanets and even for the largest icy moons of the solar system.The average fractal dimension of these planets is D=2.6±0.1,indicating that these objects likely have a similar degree of heterogeneity in their densities and a nearly similar composition in each sample.The M-R diagram shows a"gap"between ice-gas and iron-rock planets.This gap is a direct consequence of the density range of these two samples.We empirically propose an upper mass limit of about 100 M_(⊕),so that an M-R relation for ice-gas planets in a narrow density range is defined by M∝R^(3).

Gravitational transformation of gaseous clouds: The formation of spiral galaxies and disk planets

Gravitation is one of the central forces playing an important role in formation of natural systems like galaxies and planets. Gravitational forces between particles of a gaseous cloud transform the cloud into spherical shells and disks of higher density during gravitational contraction. The density can reach that of a solid body. The theoretical model was tested to model the formation of a spiral galaxy and Saturn. The formations of a spiral galaxy and Saturn and its disk are simulated using a novel N-body self-gravitational model. It is demonstrated that the formation of the spirals of the galaxy and disk of the planet is the result of gravitational contraction of a slowly rotated particle cloud that has a shape of slightly deformed sphere for Saturn and ellipsoid for the spiral galaxy. For Saturn, the sphere was flattened by a coefficient of 0.8 along the axis of rotation. During the gravitational contraction, the major part of the cloud transformed into a planet and a minor part transformed into a disk. The thin structured disk is a result of the electromagnetic interaction in which the magnetic forces acting on charged particles of the cloud originate from the core of the planet.

Delay of planet formation at large radius and the outward decrease in mass and gas content of Jovian planets

A prominent observation of the solar system is that the mass and gas content of Jovian planets decrease outward with orbital radius, except that, in terms of these properties, Neptune is almost the same as Uranus. In previous studies, the solar nebula was assumed to preexist and the formation process of the solar nebula was not considered. It was therefore assumed that planet formation at different radii started at the same time in the solar nebula. We show that planet formation at different radii does not start at the same time and is delayed at large radii. We suggest that this delay might be one of the factors that causes the outward decrease in the masses of Jovian planets. The nebula starts to form from its inner part because of the inside-out collapse of its progenitorial molecular cloud core. The nebula then expands outward due to viscosity. Material first reaches a small radius and then reaches a larger radius, so planet formation is delayed at the large radius. The later the material reaches a planet＇s location, the less time it has to gain mass and gas content. Hence, the delay tends to cause the outward decrease in mass and gas content of Jovian planets. Our nebula model shows that the material reaches Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune at t = 0.40, 0.57, 1.50 and 6.29 × 10^6 yr, respectively. We discuss the effects of time delay on the masses of Jovian planets in the framework of the core accretion model of planet formation. Saturn＇s formation is not delayed by much time relative to Jupiter so that they both reach the rapid gas accretion phase and become gas giants. However, the delay in formation of Uranus and Neptune is long and might be one of the factors that cause them not to reach the rapid gas accretion phase before the gas nebula is dispersed. Saturn has less time to go through the rapid gas accretion, so Saturn＇s mass and gas content are significantly less than those of Jupiter.

Chang'e 4 Lands at the Far Side of the Moon

Chang’e 4 began its travel to the moon at 02:23 Beijing time on December 8,2018 atop a LM-3B launch vehicle from the Xichang Satellite Launch Center.After separated from the carrier rocket,Chang’e 4 entered the Earth-moon transfer orbit with perigee of 200 km and apogee of 420 000 km.