PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION OF NEAR-WALL TURBULENT VELOCITY FLUCTUATIONS

By large eddy simulation （LES）, turbulent databases of channel flows at different Reynolds numbers were established. Then, the probability distribution functions of the streamwise and wall-normal velocity fluctuations were obtained and compared with the corresponding normal distributions. By hypothesis test, the deviation from the normal distribution was analyzed quantitatively. The skewness and flatness factors were also calculated. And the variations of these two factors in the viscous sublayer, buffer layer and log-law layer were discussed. Still illustrated were the relations between the probability distribution functions and the burst events-sweep of high-speed fluids and ejection of low-speed fluidsIin the viscous sub-layer, buffer layer and loglaw layer. Finally the variations of the probability distribution functions with Reynolds number were examined.

On the capability of the curvilinear immersed boundary method in predicting near-wall turbulence of turbulent channel flows

The immersed boundary method has been widely used for simulating flows over complex geometries.However,its accuracy in predicting the statistics of near-wall turbulence has not been fully tested.In this work,we evaluate the capability of the curvilinear immersed boundary(CURVIB)method in predicting near-wall velocity and pressure fluctuations in turbulent channel flows.Simulation results show that quantities including the time-averaged streamwise velocity,the rms(root-mean-square)of velocity fluctuations,the rms of vorticity fluctuations,the shear stresses,and the correlation coefficients of u'and v"computed from the CURVIB simulations are in good agreement with those from the body-fitted simulations.More importantly,it is found that the time-averaged pressure,the rms and wavenumber-frequency spectra of pressure fluctuations computed using the CURVIB method agree well with the body-fitted results.

Active control of turbulence for drag reduction based on the detection of near-wall streamwise vortices by wall information

The spatial relations between the measurable wall quantities （streamwise shear stress τwx, spanwise shear stress τwz, and pressure fluctuations Pw） and the near-wall streamwise vortices （NWSV） are investigated via direct numerical simulation （DNS） databases of fully developed turbulent channel flow at a low Reynolds number. In the stan- dard turbulent channel flow, the results show that all the wall measurable variables are closely associated with the NWSV. But after applying a stochastic interference, the relation based on τwx breaks down while the correlations based on Pw and τwz are still robust. Hence, two wall flow quantities based on Pw and τwz are proposed to detect the NWSV. As an appli- cation, two new control schemes are developed to suppress the near-wall vortical structures using the actuation of wall blowing/suction and obtain 16 % and 11% drag reduction, respectively.

Effect of Counter-Gradient in the Computation of Turbulent Fluxes of Heat and Moisture in a Regional Model

The counter-gradient terms in the computations of turbulent fluxes of heat and moisture have been included in the PBL parameterization of a regional model for monsoon prediction. Results show that inclusion of counter-gradient terms has a marginal impact in the prediction of large scale monsoon circulation and rainfall rates.

SECOND-MOMENT CLOSURE FOR MODELLING THE NEAR-WALL TURBULENCE IN 3D MEAN FLOWS

A second-moment closure for the near-wall turbulence is proposed. The limiting behaviour of this closure near a wall is consistent with that of the exact Reynolds-stress transport equations, and it converts asymptotically into a high- Reynolds-number closure remote from the wall. The closure is applied to a pressure- driven 3D transient channel flow. The predicted results are in fair agreement with the DNS data.

DYNAMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF COHERENT STRUCTURE IN THE OUTER REGION OF TURBULENCE BOUNDARY LAYER

In the present paper the coherent structures in the outer region of turbulent boundary layer were investigated experimentally and analytically. From the observation of the how field over smooth wall, rough wall and sand wave wall, it was found that the direct effect of wall on the flow structure can reach y(+1) approximate to 100, and both lateral and vertical vortices exist in the outer region, but the coherent structures in the outer region are mainly the formation, development and decay of the large-scale lateral vortices. By experimental and dynamical analysis, some influence factors and their relations associated with the dynamical process of lateral vortices were deduced.

珠三角丘陵灌木下垫面湍流特征

利用2017年珠三角野外观测站湍流连续观测资料,对丘陵灌木下垫面的热量通量、CO_(2)质量浓度和通量、湍流动能等特征进行分析,结果表明:1)丘陵灌木下垫面潜热通量在全年地表能量平衡中占主导地位,对比其他类型下垫面则相反。2)CO_(2)质量浓度比其他类型下垫面低,而CO_(2)通量变化幅度远大于其他类型下垫面,说明丘陵灌木下垫面的光合作用及呼吸作用比其他植被覆盖率和密集度较低的下垫面明显较强。3)湍流动能白天大,夜间小。白天夏季湍流动能最大,冬季峰值出现时间略早于夏季。4)无量纲速度标准差随稳定度的变化满足σi/u*=a(1+bζ)183的形式,归一化风速标准差符合σu/u*>σv/u*>σw/u*的一般规律,说明丘陵灌木下垫面的物理特性差异对垂直风速的统计量影响比水平风速的统计量小。当大气越偏离中性状态,无量纲速度标准差越大,水平方向无量纲速度标准差比垂直方向无量纲速度标准差的离散程度大。丘陵灌木下垫面的无量纲风速分量系数在三个方向上都比大部分其他类型下垫面偏高。5)协谱基本符合Kansas实验的归一化协谱。不稳定条件下,低频大涡对湍流通量有较显著的贡献。稳定条件下各协谱的谱峰所对应的无量纲频率较不稳定条件下大,暗示着受浮力抑制作用,对动量、水汽和感热有显著输送作用的涡旋尺度减小。

沉水植被斑块尾流多尺度紊流结构研究

探究斑块尾流中多尺度紊流结构对理解植被群落影响下的泥沙输移规律和河床演化过程有着重要意义。通过室内水槽试验,分析不同高径比及植被体积分数影响下的斑块后水流特性,得到时均流速及雷诺应力分布规律;通过谱本征正交分解对其脉动场进行分析,探究不同尺度涡的空间模态及能量分布规律。研究结果表明:①冠层垂向剪切层内剪切强度及其最大量纲一剪切层垂向厚度随着植被体积分数增大而增大,随着高径比增大而减小。②斑块尾流中,大尺度涡旋对应频率集中在0.15~0.29 Hz,对应斯特劳哈尔数为0.16~0.32,垂向分布介于0.2~1.3倍植被高度,纵向分布介于2~6倍斑块直径,横向关于植被中心线呈现出非对称分布。③纵向出流流速及剪切层内紊动强度是影响稳定尾流区长度的重要因素。剪切层纵向输运速度随着纵向出流流速增大而增大,剪切层垂向扩散速度随着紊动强度的增大而增大。

A theoretical model for Reynolds-stress and dissipation-rate budgets in near-wall region

A 3-D wave model for the turbulent coherent structures in near-wall region is proposed. The transport nature of the Reynolds stresses and dissipation rate of the turbulence kinetic energy are shown via computation based on the theoretical model. The mean velocity profile is also computed by using the same theoretical model. The theoretical results are in good agreement with those found from DNS, indicating that the theoretical model proposed can correctly describe the physical mechanism of turbulence in near wall region and it thus possibly opens a new way for turbulence modeling in this region.

MODIFIED LOG-WAKE LAWS FOR TURBULENT FLOW OF THE OUTER AND INNER REGIONS IN SMOOTH PIPES

Based on theoretical analysis two modified log-wake laws for turbulent flow in smooth pipes are obtained, one is applicable to the outer region and other one to inner region, the new law for the outer region fits the velocity profile measured in smooth pipes by Zagarola very well and the effect of Reynolds number can be taken into consideration, the velocity profile for inner region satisfies the wall boundary conditions ,equals zero at the pipe wall and smoothly joins up with the velocity profile in outer region, the adopted eddy viscosity model is consistent with Laufer＇s, Nunner＇s and Reichardt＇s experimental data.

湍流区摩擦系数计算公式准确性分析与评价

Colebrook-White公式是公认的准确性最好的流体摩擦系数计算公式,然而它是关于摩擦系数的隐式公式,在进行复杂管道(网)模拟计算时耗时过多。关于湍流区摩擦系数的显式化近似公式准确度、复杂度参差不齐,只能应用于特定条件,应用限制性强。在对这些公式的准确性进行综合评价的基础上,提出了湍流区摩擦系数新显式化近似公式(新公式)。选取3 381组数据测试对比,在管道的相对粗糙度取值1×10^(-6)~7×10^(-2),雷诺数取值4×10^(3)~1×10^(8)时,新公式的最大误差仅为0.031%,均方根误差仅为0.013%。新公式形式简单,精度高,优于同类型公式,可替代Colebrook-White隐式公式作为管道工程水利模拟计算与能耗分析的标准公式。

长江三角洲常熟地区近地层湍流特征的研究

利用 1 999年 5～ 9月长江三角洲常熟地区的湍流脉动观测资料 ,分析了该地区感热、潜热和动量通量的日变化以及湍流强度和湍流谱特征 ,结果表明 :该地区各能量的日变化与常见情况相同 ,白天潜热通量的输送占主导地位 ,感热通量比潜热小得多 ,且湍流的日变化与天气的关系非常密切 ,晴天比阴天要大得多。湍流强度和湍流谱的分析结果表明 ,在近中性条件下 ,常熟地区各方向湍流强度接近典型平坦下垫面的值。非中性条件下 ,垂直方向规一化标准差与稳定度的关系都较好地满足 1 /3次幂定律 ,水平方向没有垂直方向上的规律好 ,特别是稳定条件下 ,数据点分散性大 ;各风速分量谱在高频段满足理论上的 - 2 /3次幂定律 ,纵向和垂直方向速度谱的峰值频率与典型平坦下垫面上的结果一致。总体输送系数 CD、CH与稳定度的关系密切 ,随稳定度增加有减小的趋势。

考虑通风影响的寒区隧道围岩温度场及防寒保温材料敷设长度研究

基于流体力学、传热学和空气动力学的基本原理与方法,推导出考虑通风影响的寒区隧道围岩温度场模型,该模型包括:围岩温度场控制方程、隧道内风温场控制方程以及风流场湍流控制方程。在此基础上,采用数值分析方法探讨西藏嘎隆拉隧道通风条件下围岩温度场的变化规律及其防寒保温措施。研究结果表明:隧道未开挖前,随着季节的变化,山体浅部温度出现明显变化,该变化较明显的深度为18 m,当岩体埋深大于18 m后,岩体温度随季节的变化幅值小于0.5℃;隧道贯通后,由于通风影响,在环境温度最冷月(1月),隧道进出口段一定范围内的围岩温度出现了0℃以下的不利工况,进一步研究显示:在嘎隆拉隧道进口端600 m和出口端400 m范围内,二衬表面敷设6 cm厚的聚酚醛保温材料,可以有效地防止嘎隆拉隧道衬砌和围岩发生冻融破坏。

混流式水泵水轮机全特性曲线S形区流动特性

混流式水泵水轮机转轮的离心效应较混流式水轮机明显,形成了全特性曲线上的S形特性。该S形区水泵水轮机流道内流动状况很不稳定,为了详细了解该区域的流动特性,选取等开度下水轮机工况、水轮机飞逸工况、零流量附近水轮机制动工况、零流量附近反水泵工况以及反水泵工况等5个工况点进行全流道定常流和非定常流数值分析。定常流动分析表明:全特性曲线上的S形区转轮和导叶流道内存在大量的涡,消耗了大量的水能,致使机组输出功率很小。非定常流场计算表明:在S形过渡工况区,蜗壳与尾水管直锥段内的压力脉动频率与幅值均相近,且幅值小;而导叶至叶片的无叶区和叶片进口的压力脉动幅值高,主要为高频脉动。

扩压叶栅端壁角区流动结构和紊流特性

三维激光多普勒测速技术测量了扩压叶栅叶片和端壁相交的角区中的流动结构和紊流特性。实验结果表明，角区中端壁附面层和叶面附面层的堆积使得叶面附面层变厚；角区内存在较强的通道涡，随流动向下游发展，通道涡核心远离叶面；在前缘产生的马蹄涡逐步消失；通道涡使得角区的紊流动能增加，并影响雷诺正应力的分布。

青藏高原东坡理塘地区近地层湍流特征研究

利用中国气象局成都高原气象研究所在青藏高原东坡理塘地区建立的大气综合观测站观测资料,以2006年1月和7月涡旋相关资料分别代表冬季和夏季,分析和比较了该地区近地层包括风速、风向、大气稳定度在内的平均场特征,以及湍流强度、无量纲化风脉动方差相似性和地表通量变化特征。结果表明,1月和7月稳定度基本集中在±0.5和±0.25之间;湍流在<2 m.s-1的风速环境中发展最为旺盛,随着风速的增大湍流强度减小迅速;无量纲化三维风脉动方差符合Monin-Obukhov相似理论的"1/3"定律,其最佳通用相似函数在稳定和不稳定条件下都可以拟合得到;地表通量均表现出明显的日变化特征,1月以感热为主,潜热很小;7月以潜热为主,感热较小。

半干旱区近地层动量热通量计算

利用兰州大学半干旱气候与环境观测站2006年12月-2007年2月铁塔观测所得的7层风、温、湿资料,采用梯度法计算了摩擦速度、摩擦温度、湍流动量通量和感热通量,并将2007年2月的通量计算值与开路涡度协方差系统观测值进行比较。结果表明:动量通量和感热通量与稳定度有密切关系,均随稳定度的增加而减小。动量通量和感热通量均有明显的日变化,中午时段最大,夜晚最小。动量通量无论在何种稳定度条件下均是由上向下输送;感热通量白天均是由下向上输送,夜间均是由上向下输送。在冬季,动量通量和感热通量的月平均值都是在12月最小,在2月最大,且动量通量的月平均值远小于感热通量的。2月的动量通量散布图斜率为1.096,相关系数R为0.761;感热通量散布图斜率为1.015,相关系数R为0.957。

一种基于局部图像复原的天文图像增强算法

大气湍流、光子和电子噪声等降低了地基观测天文图像的质量,影响了空间目标的检测,针对这种情况,提出一种基于局部图像复原的天文图像增强算法。首先利用已知的观测设备系统参数和图像建立初始点扩散函数的模型,然后将图像分割成N×N个区域,对满足条件的子区域进行基于盲反卷积的图像复原,最后采用改进的中值滤波器对复原图像进行去噪,实现天文图像的增强。采用实际天文图像进行算法验证,实验结果表明,该算法有效的抑制了大气湍流和噪声的影响,提高了图像的分辨率和空间目标背景的对比度,在保证图像增强效果的前提下减少了大约30%的运算量。

典型地区大气光学湍流测量与模式研究

在东南沿海地区、合肥地区和西北干旱地区进行了常规气象参数和光学湍流的测量.从地域气候上分析三个实验点所具有的典型特征.分析了不同下垫面对近地面光学湍流强度的影响,提出了近地面和高空光学湍流估算方法,并探讨了光学湍流的预报模式.Bulk方法可用于估算陆地和海面上的C_n^2.通过对输入参数进行适当调整,近地面湍流预报模式估算结果和实际测量结果在量级和变化趋势上较为一致.可以用常规气象参数估算光学湍流廓线,合肥上空的光学湍流可以用Hufnagel模式进行拟合.

戈壁地区近地面大气折射率结构常数的统计分析

利用温度脉动仪对2010年4—12月库尔勒戈壁地区近地面大气折射率结构常数进行了测量,按月对测量数据进行了对数平均。根据对数平均值对日变化特征进行了分析,并对大气湍流强弱时段进行了统计。研究结果显示:戈壁地区大气湍流在日落时段较日出时段弱;日出转换时刻,均值湍流强度在10-15m-2/3以下,日落转换时刻,均值湍流强度在10-16m-2/3左右;4,6,8,9月份的近地面大气湍流强度较强,5,7,10月份居中,11,12月份较弱。