Mollusk Species Richness on the Rocky Shores of the State of Guerrero, Mexico, as Affected by Rains and Their Geographical Distribution

Natural processes in ecosystems shows significant variations in species richness with regular cycles that can be altered by natural or anthropogenic activities;the present research was in order to understand on some of these variations. The objectives were: 1) determine the species richness of rocky intertidal mollusks;2) track their geographical distribution at State level;and 3) determine the changes in species richness as a result of rainfall on an annual cycle. For these purposes it was sampled in March, June, September and December 2005, the sampled area was 20 m2for each collecting site;the sampling unit was a PVC rectangle frame one by two meter per side. The mollusks found within the sampling units were collected, identified and counted. The species distribution was analyzed by sites and regions, considered species richness per season, and the distributional patterns by rainy season historical records. A total of 62 mollusks species were found, its richness associated with substrate stability and wave intensity on each site, Gastropods had the highest species richness. When analyzing the regional distribution and sites, it was found a pattern of species richness roughly constant in the proportion of species with wide distribution (generalists) versus those of restricted spatial representation (specialists). Gastropods had the highest number of species with restricted spatial representation. Seasonal rainfall differences did not quantitatively altered on the overall the species of mollusks in the rocky intertidal sampled zone however, in the analysis per Class, Gastropoda indicated changes in species richness influenced by rainfall, which were not observed in Bivalvia and Polyplacophora, suggesting that those changes might depend on adaptive processes or the lack of adaptation of gastropod species to the characteristics of the rocky intertidal habitat.

Lordiphosa denticeps Species-Group from Yunnan,China:Description of Four New Species,and Phenomena of Geographical Replacement

Four new species of Lordiphosa denticeps species-group are reported from Yunnan,China,namely Lordiphosa gruicollara sp.nov.,Lordiphosa eminens sp.nov.,Lordiphosa incidens sp.nov.and Lordiphosa piliferous sp.nov.The distribution of the species of denticeps species-group shows distinct geographical replacement.

Description of a new species and new distributional data for two species of Aphytis (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) from China

Aphytis tridentatus Gao and Li sp. nov. is described and illustrated from southwest China, and A. bangalorensis Rosen and DeBach is newly recorded from China. New distributional data for A. chionaspis Ren are also provided.

STUDY ON THE TEN MAJOR TREE SPECIES OCCUPYING GEOGRAPHICAL SPACE IN NATURAL SECONDARY FOREST USING SPACE ANALYSIS

The paper studies ten major tree species occupying the space in naturalsecondary forests in Mao Er mountain area.The space is divided into horizon,elevation,slope,aspect and topographic position layer.The features of the species of trees areexamined using the concept of distribution width and the method of space statistics.Theconclusions of analysis indicate that Aspen and Asian White Birch community of forests inthe area would become failing,and the distribution of Mongolian Oak and Mongolian Lidenand Manchurian Walnut are Limited by the slope and aspect and topographic position.Elm,Maple,Manchurian Ash would become the major species constituting naturalsecondary forests in future in this area.

Geographical distribution of Aralia elata characteristics correlated with topography and forest structure in Heilongjiang and Jilin Provinces,Northeast China

The Araliaceae family consists of numerous species of medical plants of significant value as non-wood forest products.To conserve and culture these plants in natural forest stands is an important undertaking which should be implemented according to the relationship between forest structure and understory population.In this study,thirtyfive plots were established in natural A ralia elata stands.Taller individual and denser populations were found in the northern and in the eastern regions,respectively.Both population densities and individual leaf weight increased along longitude.In contrast,their relationship with elevation and DBH were negative.Along with the altitude gradient,both height and root-collar diameter increased but population density declined.Root-collar diameter and population density decreased with latitude and DBH,respectively.Overall,dominant trees unlikely enforced strong disturbance to the development of understory A.elata populations unless concerning some specific topographic factors.

Potential Species Distribution and Richness of Ixodidae Ticks Associated with Wild Vertebrates from Michoacán, Mexico

Ticks are regarded as the most relevant vectors of disease-causing pathogens in domestic and wild animals. The diversity of Ixodidae is known for a very small number of genera.Ixodes?are represented by 26 species, and?in?2007 the first reported ticks vectors in Mexico for the causal agent of Lyme disease. Recent rise in tick-borne disease in many parts of the world is a phenomenon in need of an explanation. The main objective of the present work was to map at a regional scale (1:2,000,000)?of?the distribution of ticks of the family Ixodidae that are potentially present on the wild fauna of state of Michoacan, Mexico. We compiled all available literature on ticks at a national level together with complete cartographic and bibliographic georeferenced information of the distribution of hosts in order to build a spatial database in ArcView 3.3. The results indicated that the wild fauna in the state’s territory could potentially include 31 species of ticks of Ixodidae. The map of potential species richness of ixodid ticks on the wild fauna of the state can be categorized into five classes of species richness. The highest potential concentration of ixodid species on wild fauna occurs in the volcanic area of Pico de Tancítaro.

Supplementary description of a female and two newly-recorded species in the subfamily Oedemerinae(Coleoptera:Oedemeridae) from China

The female ofDiplectrus bistigmaeus Zhang, Ren et Ba, 2012 from Xizang was newly reported and supplementarily described. Two species of Oedemerinae were reported for the first time from China： Nacerdes （Xanthochroa） brendelli Svihla, 1987 and N. （Asiochroa） mimoncomeroides Svihla, 1998. The potential geographical distribution of these two species based on the known distribution was predicted by DIVA-GIS software.

A New Species of Japalura(Agamidae: Lacertilia: Reptilia) from Central Highland,Vietnam

A new species of the agamid genus Japalura is described based on three specimens from southern part of Central Vietnam. It is distinguished from remaining congeners by the following combination of characters： adult size （SVL females 68-69 mm）, tail length/SVL ratio 226%-239%, HW/SVL ratio 17%-18%; FLL/SVL ratio 41%43%; HLL/SVL ratio 72%-73%; 7-9 supralabials, 7-9 infralabials, 54-56 middorsal scales, 20-22 lamellae under finger IV, 24-26 lamellae under toe IV, 1 scale between nasal and supralabials; tympanum concealed; absence of transverse gular fold. The geographical distribution of Japalura genus in general and of a new species in particular is discussed.

Number of Species and Geographical Distribution of Diospyros L.(Ebenaceae) in China

Diospyros L. is the largest, most widely distributed, and economically important genus of the family Ebenaceae. However, various researchers disagree on the number of species and geographical distribution of Diospyros in China. For the purpose of providing a scientific basis for the effective protection and rational use of Diospyros, the present study involved a comprehensive review of the literature, electronic databases, and herbaria as well as field investigations. The results showed as the following.(1) While 174 scientific names have been published for various taxa of Diospyros in China, by screening and excluding synonyms, 65 species names were considered acceptable; these account for about 12%of the total species of Diospyros globally.(2) A review of herbarium specimens documented that Diospyros occurs in 28 administrative regions of China, more than the literature records. Species richness decreases from south to north in China while Guangxi, Yunnan, Guangdong, and Hainan have the greatest number of species.(3) Among the 65 relatively reliable Diospyros species, 45 species are endemic to China and 18 species are stenochoric. Some species may have become extinct as a result of environmental degradation and the status of some germplasm remain unresolved. In brief, Chinese Diospyros includes abundant, China-specific, and widely distributed features. Nevertheless, comprehensive species delimitation and the analysis of phylogenetic relationships will still require further study.

Colletotrichum species and complexes:geographic distribution,host range and conservation status

The taxonomy of the genus Colletotrichum has undergone tremendous changes over the last decade,with over 200 species being currently recognised and species complexes being informally used to cluster those species.Many of these species are important plant pathogens,some rather polyphagous and others host-specific,but several occur seldomly and some may in fact be ecologically endangered.Based mainly on literature from the past decade,in this work we review the occurrence,geographic distribution and host spectrum of currently recognised Colletotrichum species under phylogenetic,pathologi-cal/agronomic and ecological perspectives,providing a list arranged by Colletotrichum species and species complexes.A total of 257 species are listed and grouped into 15 species complexes.In this work we have recorded 1353 unique host species-Colletotrichum species association records from 720 hosts,with the Fabaceae as the family with higher number of hosts(52 host species)but with the Rosaceae as the family with the highest number of host species-Colletotrichum species association records(118 association records).According to occurrence data,88 species are common in nature,128 were considered as data deficient and 41 are threatened,some of which are likely extinct from nature and preserved only in cul-ture collections.Several species are relevant plant pathogens,in some cases geographically confined and thus of potential quarantine relevance.Based on the major changes that occurred on Colletotrichum taxonomy over the last decade,this work provides a comprehensive overview of occurrence data of Colletotrichum species,compiling host range and geographical distribution,with relevance for plant pathology and conservation mycology.The current taxonomic framework in Colle-totrichum is revealing numerous species but poses challenges to the employment of standard criteria for the evaluation of biological conservation of these fungi.We advocate that conservation mycology and taxonomy should find common routes simultaneously enabling the correct delimitation of species of Colletotrichum and the implementation of feasible criteria for the evaluation of conservation.The employment of new technologies,such whole genome sequencing(WGS),will help and support the description of new species and to gain a better understanding of the genetic bases of speciation processes.

First record of Ulva californica in the mainland of China:a single alien parthenogenetic population in discontinuous distribution

Molecular investigations have raised concerns about the ecological risks of green tides caused by alien Ulva species in new habitats.The green tide-forming species U.californica Wille was generally considered to be native to North America,but new records have been widely reported in Europe,Asia,and Oceania in recent decades,indicating a strong dispersal capacity of the species.In this study,the first record of U.californica on the coastline of China's Mainland was reported,following a combined identification with multi-molecular markers and morphological characterization.It was shown that this species has a discontinuous distribution pattern along the coast of China's Mainland,with northern populations in the Yellow Sea and southern populations in the East China Sea and South China Sea.According to results of examination for life cycles and identification with mating type(MT)genetic markers,it was indicated that all U.californica samples were male gametophytes,and reproduced themselves through parthenogenesis solely.Combined with the fact that southern and northern populations are highly genetically identical,here we believed that U.californica was a recent alien species to China's Mainland with a rapid local spread.This finding provided evidences that the ability to reproduce in a variety of ways may play an important role in the spread of Ulva species,as well as essential basic data for marine risk management of green tides in China.In addition,according to the phylogeographic analysis,the possible geographical origin and global dispersal routes of U.californica were also proposed.

兜兰属植物种类及地理分布

兜兰花形独特、花色丰富、花期长,具有极高观赏价值,是兰科植物最具观赏价值的类群之一。由于野生资源盗挖严重和其生存环境的破坏,野生资源不断减少,兜兰现成为世界上最濒危的物种之一。本研究通过文献检索法对兜兰属植物在世界和中国的地理分布及生境进行分析,特别关注近年来发表的新种,能为野生兜兰种质资源的保护和利用提供参考。目前全世界约有109种兜兰属植物,26个变种,中国自2009年《中国植物志》英文版后,在原有27种兜兰属植物的基础上,又发现了7个新种,该时期全世界发现的新种有30个。兜兰属植物大多分布在热带和亚热带过渡地区,起源于中国西南部和东南亚,随后向东南亚群岛扩散,印度尼西亚(苏拉威西、爪哇等)和中国(云南、广西等)是兜兰属植物的分布中心区。影响兜兰属分布的因素主要有气候、地形地貌、土壤、共生微生物、传粉昆虫等。

新疆资源植物多样性的组成特点及分布特征

【目的】确定新疆资源植物的物种组成和空间分布,对其开展有效保护至关重要。【方法】本研究基于大量文献资料的查阅、收集和整理,以自然分布于新疆的维管植物为研究对象,对新疆资源植物的种类、分布和生境等信息进行收集、整理和归纳,并分析了新疆资源植物的基本组成、地理和生境分布特征。【结果】1)自然分布于新疆的资源植物共计1003种,隶属于104科460属。在蕨类植物、裸子植物和被子植物3个类群中,被子植物相对丰富,占据了总物种的96.31%。按利用类型可分为食用植物、药用植物、工业植物和环保植物4类,数量占比最多的是药用植物,为77.77%。生活型包括草本、灌木和乔木3类,其中草本植物占据了主体,占比高达82.35%。2)在市域上的水平地理分布不均匀,主要集中分布在北疆的几个大地级市中,阿勒泰地区物种组成最丰富,包含了70.09%的物种。3)在海拔上的垂直地理分布范围很广,主要集中分布于1000~2100 m的中海拔范围内,呈随海拔升高而先增加后降低的单峰分布模式。4)在生境上的分布不均匀,草原、森林是包含物种数最多的2类(自然)植被,占比分别为32.70%和31.80%。【结论】新疆资源植物组成丰富,草本植物是主体,其中药用植物数量最多。新疆资源植物空间分布不均匀,主要集中分布于北疆山区中海拔地段,以草原和森林生境为主。本研究可为新疆资源植物多样性保护提供科学参考依据。

基于MaxEnt模型预测食蚊鱼在我国的潜在地理分布

随着我国外来鱼类养殖规模和观赏鱼产业规模持续发展扩大,外来鱼类的生态风险也日益增加,研判外来鱼类的潜在地理分布对防控生物入侵具有重要意义。本研究以典型外来鱼类食蚊鱼(Gambusia affinis)为研究对象,采用最大熵生态位模型(MaxEnt),结合131个食蚊鱼有效分布点位数据以及11个可能影响其地理分布的环境因子,预测分析了食蚊鱼在我国的潜在地理分布及其影响因素。结果显示:(1)MaxEnt模型对食蚊鱼潜在地理分布预测的精度较高(AUC=0.977),影响食蚊鱼潜在地理分布的主要环境因子为年平均最低水温(39.0%)、人口密度(32.8%)、最干月降雨量(10.2%)和海拔(9.4%);(2)食蚊鱼在我国潜在地理分布面积为175.75×104 km^(2),主要集中在珠江流域、东南诸河和淮河流域、长江流域中下游以及西南诸河流域的云南区域,预测在未来环境温度升高的情况下,食蚊鱼有进一步扩散的风险。为防控食蚊鱼以及其他外来鱼类的入侵,建议完善外来鱼类贸易和养殖的行业规范。

西藏石豆兰属(兰科)植物新记录

石豆兰属是兰科植物中第一大属,也是兰科中分化较快的类群。本研究报道了在中国西藏发现的石豆兰属植物5个省级新记录种,分别为戟唇石豆兰(Bulbophyllum depressum King&Pantling)、圆叶石豆兰(B.drymoglossum Maxim.)、凌氏石豆兰(B.lingii M.Z.Huang,G.S.Yang&J.M.Yin)、勐仑石豆兰(B.menglunense Z.H.Tsi&Y.Z.Ma)、少花石豆兰(B.secundum Hook.f)。其中戟唇石豆兰与勐仑石豆兰近似,不同之处在于前者花葶极短,唇瓣戟形;圆叶石豆兰为该属比较奇特的种,植株小,不具假鳞茎;凌氏石豆兰与五脉石豆兰近似,不同之处在于前者假鳞茎球形,唇瓣圆柱状;勐仑石豆兰近似于戟唇石豆兰,但前者花葶长于假鳞茎,唇瓣狭状披针形;少花石豆兰植株与小花石豆兰近似,区别在于前者的中萼片边缘具睫毛,侧萼片边缘全缘,唇瓣披针形。此次发现极大地丰富了西藏石豆兰属植物本底资料,有利于更好地开展西藏兰科植物多样性保护。

四川省被子植物新资料

通过野外调查和标本鉴定,确定了四川省被子植物新记录10种,分别为岩芋〔Remusatia vivipara(Lodd.)Schott〕、昆明冬青(Ilex kunmingensis H.W.Li ex Y.R.Li)、孩儿草〔Rungia pectinata(Linn.)Nees〕、粗毛藤〔Cnesmone mairei(Lévl.)Croiz.〕、四数九里香(Murraya tetramera C.C.Huang)、长蔓通泉草(Mazus longipes Bonati)、尼泊尔黄堇(Corydalis hendersonii Hemsl.)、垫状棱子芹(Pleurospermum hedinii Diels)、景天点地梅(Androsace bulleyana G.Forr.)、矮萱草(Hemerocallis nana Forrest et W.W.Sm.)。岩芋属(Remusatia Schott)和粗毛藤属(Cnesmone Blume)为四川省新记录属。此外,还补充了薄革叶冬青(Ilex subcoriacea Z.M.Tan)、等唇玄参(Scrophularia aequilabris P.C.Tsoong)、四川吊灯花〔Ceropegia exigua(H.Huber)M.G.Gilbert et P.T.Li〕和长苞高山栎(Quercus fimbriata Chun et Huang)的照片和标本。凭证标本均保存在中国科学院成都生物研究所植物标本室(CDBI)。

篦子三尖杉在中国的地理分布及潜在分布区预测

【目的】预测不同气候情景下篦子三尖杉(Cephalotaxus oliveri Mast.)的地理分布格局,为其资源保护、合理利用与开发提供指导,也为其起源与地理演化研究奠定基础。【方法】基于100个分布点信息与19个气候因子,采用BIOCLIM模型构建当前(1970—2000年)以及未来(CO_(2)浓度倍增)篦子三尖杉的地理分布趋势,并采用主成分分析法分析影响其地理分布的主要气候因素。【结果】篦子三尖杉在中亚热带地区以低海拔分布为主。BIOCLIM模型结果显示:在当前气候条件下,篦子三尖杉最佳适生区集中在湖南、湖北、贵州和重庆;未来气候变化情境(CCM3)下,其潜在分布面积将减小,并有向西迁移的趋势;该模型受试者工作特征曲线下的面积为0.911±0.023,预测精度较高。主成分分析结果表明:温度季节性、气温年较差和昼夜温差与年温差比值是限制篦子三尖杉地理分布的主要因素,且温度因子的作用大于水分因子。【结论】随着全球气候变暖,篦子三尖杉的适生区有破碎化及丧失的风险,应重视对该物种的动态监测及迁地保护。

青藏高原东缘地区蝉科昆虫区系及多样性

青藏高原东缘地区作为高原横向扩展的前缘过渡带,地理环境与气候条件多样,是全球生物多样性研究的一个热点地区。蝉科昆虫长期在地下营固定生活,成虫发生期短、体型硕大、飞行能力弱而难以扩散,因此适合多尺度的生物地理学和物种多样性研究;但青藏高原东缘地区的蝉科昆虫区系一直缺乏研究。本研究在区系调查和系统分类研究基础上,对青藏高原东缘地区的蝉科昆虫多样性及地理分布格局进行了研究。结果表明,该地区共分布蝉科昆虫3亚科46属100种(包括2个新纪录种),分别占中国已知属、种数量的59.7%和29.1%;区系以东洋界成分为主(73种,73.0%),古北界和东洋界共有成分次之(21种,21.0%),特有成分比例较高(19种,19.0%)。该地区的10个亚区可被分为南、北2个大区,大致以秦岭及甘南山地为界。北段的黄土高原过渡区(MX+HB)、藏北过渡区(QZ)属于古北界,物种多样性较低,分布的主要是体型较小的姬蝉亚科物种。南段的东洋界各亚区由秦岭西段山地过渡区(HZⅠ+XNⅠ)、川西盆地及滇北过渡区(HZⅡ+XNⅣ)、青藏高原东南部的横断山脉“高原–山地”过渡区(XNⅡ+XNⅢ)及滇西山地过渡区(HN)组成。各亚区的物种多样性由北向南逐渐增多,四川盆地西部和横断山南部为多样性中心。在南段的各亚区中,西南亚区Ⅰ(XNⅠ)和华中亚区Ⅰ(HZⅠ)区系相似性最高,华中亚区Ⅱ(HZⅡ)和西南亚区Ⅳ(XNⅣ)区系相似性最高,它们分别聚合后再与“西南亚区Ⅱ+西南亚区Ⅲ(XNⅡ+XNⅢ)”聚合,最后与滇西的华南亚区(HN)聚合,表明滇西的华南亚区(HN)及高原东南部的横断山脉“高原–山地”过渡带(XNII、XNIII)区系相对独特。蝉科同一类群的不同物种在该地区呈现出明显的生态位分化,分别向“低山–峡谷–丘陵”生境和“亚高山–高山”生境发展。“低山–峡谷–丘陵”分布的适热物种分布区比较广泛,均在相邻的东部、南部地区有所分布;“亚高山–高山”的适冷种类则多局限分布于高海拔地带(许多都是特有种),尤其在横断山脉地区基本都呈现为小范围的斑块或点状分布,即“天空岛”分布格局。整体而言,青藏高原东缘南段的高大山体、相关地带的急剧下降地形及气候差异等对蝉科物种的扩散和分布影响更大,研究结果为青藏高原邻近地区的动物地理区划及生物多样性分化研究提供了新的信息和参考依据。

中国石斛属(兰科)植物新资料

在西藏开展兰科植物资源调查过程中,发现了2种石斛属(金石斛组)物种,通过文献和标本的查阅之后,分别确定为麦氏金石斛(Dendrobium macraei Lindl.)和西藏金石斛(D.ritaeanum King&Pantl.),两者均为中国首次记录。其中,麦氏金石斛与流苏金石斛(D.plicatile Lindley)近似,不同之处在于前者唇瓣中裂片边缘全缘,中裂片具2条纵脊,并仅延伸至唇瓣中部,先端凹;西藏金石斛虽然植株与狭叶金石斛[D.angustifolium(Blume)Lindl.]近似,但该种花很小,萼片和花瓣不具紫色条纹且唇瓣长达1.4 cm,侧裂片三角形,花期时容易区分。同时,该文还提供了该2种石斛属植物详细的形态特征描述以及解剖图版等资料,凭证标本保存于西藏农牧学院标本馆。该发现丰富了中国兰科植物本底资料以及潜在药用植物资源储备,对中国兰科植物的生物多样性研究和药用兰科资源的调查具有重要意义。

福建兰科植物分布新记录1属5种

本研究报道了福建省野生兰科植物分布新记录属三蕊兰属(Neuwiedia Blume)1个,新记录种莲座叶斑叶兰(Goodyera brachystegia Hand.-Mazz.)、三蕊兰[Neuwiedia zollingeri var.singapureana(Baker)E.F.de Vogel]、阿里山全唇兰[Odontochilus drymoglossifolius(Hayata)T.Yukawa]、腐生齿唇兰[Odontochilus saprophyticus(Aver.)Ormerod]和旗唇兰[Odontochilus yakushimensis(Yamam.)T.Yukawa]共5个,对其形态识别特征进行简要描述并提供彩色照片,部分凭证标本保存于福建师范大学植物标本馆(FNU)。上述兰科植物分布新记录种的发现,对于进一步研究福建兰科植物多样性、区系及其保护等具有重要意义。