Comparison of source rocks from the Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation in the Yangzi Platform and the Upper Devonian Semiluksk Formation in East European Platform

Due to the depletion of conventional hydrocarbon resources,both China and Russia are giving more attention to the exploration and production of unconventional oil and gas resources,especially those generated and accumulated within source rocks.In an attempt to further understand the mechanisms of these resources,detailed mineralogical,lithological,and geochemical studies were performed to compare source rock samples from i)the Longmaxi Formation of the Lower Silurian in the Sichuan Basin(China),and ii)the Semiluksk Formation of the Frasnian Stage of the Upper Devonian in the Volga-Ural region of the East European Platform(Russia).The results showed that the main mineral of the source rocks of both formations is chalcedony that formed during an outpouring of deep fluids onto the sea bed.Simultaneous thermal analyses of this mineral indicated similar thermophysical properties to those of the hydrothermal-sedimentary chalcedony from jasper.Moreover,a direct relationship between the chalcedony content and the total organic matter content in the samples from the two formations was established.The presence of biophilic chemical elements in the siliceous component of the source rock samples indicate that high total organic content values were likely due to the presence of biophilic chemical elements in deep fluids,which led to the large-scale development of biota and subsequent accumulation of organic matter during sedimentation.The findings also revealed that the organic matter in the source rocks of the two regions was at different stages of maturity.The organic matter in samples from the Volga-Ural region was less mature and only at the early stage of oil generation,whereas the organic matter in samples from the Sichuan Basin reached both oil and gas generation stages.The Longmaxi Formation is already in the shale gas exploration and development stage,and the Semiluksk Formation could also be regarded as an exploration target for shale oil reservoirs.

Evidence of Thermal Evolution History of Northeast Sichuan Basin-(U-Th)/He Low Temperature Thermochronometry of Apatite and Zircon

（U-Th）/He dating is a newly developed low temperature thermochronometry, and it elaborately reflects cooling history of geologic body under low temperature. It can be applied to analyze thermal evolution of the sedimentary basin, combining with vitrinite reflectance and fission track. （U-Th）/He dating of apatite and zircon from drilling cores in Puguang （普光）-Maoba （毛坝） area and outcrops in Tongjiang （通江） area indicates that the Northeast Sichuan （四川） basin underwent great uplift and denudation during the Tertiary and the Quaternary. During the period, denudation rates changed from 74.8 to 172.5 m/Ma and denudation thickness was between 2 800 and 3 000 m, geotemperature gradually declined into the current temperature, passing through helium closure temperature of apatite. The uplift and denudation relate to new tectonic movement response in the Sichuan basin aroused by the Qinghai （青海）-Tibet plateau. Drilling samples above 4 000 m did not undergo closure temperature of zircon, but the samples nearly 4 000 m might approach closure temperature of zircon and all the samples underwent closure temperature of apatite. According to （U-Th）/He ages of zircon, it is concluded that the Northeast Sichuan basin began to uplift in the Late Jurassic. From the Late Jurassic to the Paleogene, Northeast Sichuan basin was in slow uplift and denudation, but the denudation of Puguang-Maoba area was earlier than that of Tongjiang area. （U-Th）/He ages of zircon indicate the denudation time of provenance areas. On the basis of paleodrainage characteristics, provenance transport and other related data, provenance areas of the clastie rocks are decided, which is worthy to be investigated further.

Seismic Sedimentology Study in the High-Resolution Sequence Framework——A Case Study of Platform Margin Reef-Beach System of Changxing Formation,Upper Permian,Yuanba Area,Northeast Sichuan Basin,China

The Yuanba （元坝） area is considered another potential large-scale reef-bank gas field following the Puguang （普光） field. However, there are lots of difficulties on the spatial and temporal distribution of reef-beach and the detailed prediction of the effective reservoir in the sequence stratigraphic framework. In this paper, based on the seismic data, well, log and core, we conduct a high-resolution sequence division and build an isochronal sequence stratigraphic framework for the Changxing （长兴） Formation by the methods of wavelet transformation, FMI, etc.. Then, the corresponding relationship among the lithologic facies, logging facies, seismic facies, seismic attribute facies and reservoir of Changxing Formation were established through well-seismic calibration and geological-geophysical modeling. Furthermore, detailed study on the spatial and temporal distribution of microfacies of the reef-beach was carried out by means of seismic attribute extraction. Meanwhile,combined with impedance inversion, the spatial distribution of porosity of reef-beach reservoir was predicted. The results show that the revolution of the reef-beach system contains three stages which are initial bioclastic bank establishment stage, reef development stage and exposure stage. Also, porosity inversion shows that the region with high value of porosity is located in the reef cap, fore reef and back reef.Seismic Sedimentology Study in the High-Resolution Sequence Framework

Process and mechanism for oil and gas accumulation, adjustment and reconstruction in Puguang Gas Field, Northeast Sichuan Basin, China

With the discoveries of a series of large gas fields in the northeast of Sichuan Basin, such as Puguang and Longgang gas fields, the formation mechanism of the gas reservoir containing high H2S in the ancient marine carbonate formation in superposition-basin becomes a hot topic in the field of petroleum geology. Based on the structure inversion, numerical simulation, and geochemical research, we show at least two intervals of fluid transfer in Puguang paleo-oil reservoir, one in the forepart of late Indo-Chinese epoch to early Yanshan epoch and the other in the metaphase of early Yanshan epoch. Oil and gas accumulation occurred at Puguang structure through Puguang-Dongyuezhai faults and dolomite beds in reef and shoal facies in Changxing Formation (P2ch) - Feixianguan Formation (T1f) in the northwest and southwest directions along three main migration pathways, to form Puguang paleo-oil reservoir. Since crude oil is pyrolysised in the early stage of middle Yanshan epoch, Puguang gas reservoir has experienced fluid adjusting process controlled by tectonic movement and geochemical reconstruction process controlled by thermochemical sulfate reduction (TSR). Middle Yan-shan epoch is the main period during which the Puguang gas reservoir experienced the geochemical reaction of TSR. On one hand, TSR can recreate the fluid in gas reservoir, which makes the gas drying index larger and carbon isotope heavier. On the other hand, the reciprocity between fluid regarding TSR (hydrocarbon, H2S, and water) and reservoir rock induces erosion of the reservoir rocks and anhydrite alteration, which improves reservoir petrophysical properties. Superimposed by later tectonic movement, the fluid in Puguang reservoir has twice experienced adjustment, one in the late Yanshan epoch to the early Himalayan epoch and the other time in late Himalayan epoch, after which Puguang gas reservoir is finally developed.

New Seismic Attribute Technology for Predicting Dissolved Pore-Fracture of Deeply Buried Platform Margin Reef-Beach System in Northeast Sichuan Basin, China

The large reef complexes of the Upper Permian Changxing Formation, with a significant breakthrough for petroleum exploration, are an important target for petroleum exploration in the Yuanba area of the Sichuan Basin in SW China. The storage space types of reef complexes are dominated by the dissolved pore-fracture（DPF）. However, using only single geophysical methods, it is difficult to predict effective distribution of DPF. Based on a combination of geological models and geophysics technology, this study proposes two new geophysical methods, including anisotropy coherence technique（ACT） and fracture intensity inversion（FII）, to research the characteristics of DPF by faciescontrolling in Changxing Formation in Yuanba area. Two major findings are presented as follows：（1） the characteristics of DPF varying with facies are the result of different diagenetic and petrophysical property. The intensity of DPF decreases from reef and bioclastic bank to interbank sea and slope;（2） ACT can qualitatively identify the distribution of DPF with no-directional and dispersed distribution, while FII can quantitatively characterize the intensity of DPF development within various sedimentary facies. When integrated into the geological study, ACT and FII can provide an effective way to predict the distribution of DPF in similar geological settings and the predicted DPF have been supported by the historical well data.

川东北普光地区下三叠统蒸发岩硫同位素地球化学特征及其指示意义

海相硫酸盐矿物的硫同位素研究不仅可以解析当时的古海水特征,还可为物质来源分析、地层对比及其沉积环境条件分析提供重要线索。川东北地区中-下三叠统海相蒸发岩地层中除大量膏-盐以外,还发育与石盐共伴生的硫酸盐型钾盐矿物杂卤石(被命名为“新型杂卤石钾盐矿”),因此,对该区域硫同位素的研究不仅可以为蒸发岩的沉积环境及其演化进行解密,还可为钾盐矿物杂卤石的物源分析提供证据。但当前对于研究区内硫同位素研究多存在于大时间尺度上的演化规律以及全球性的地层对比,对于杂卤石发育的嘉四-五段地层内δ^(34)S的高精度演化规律及其指示意义研究相对匮乏。本文利用川宣地1井中的硬石膏、杂卤石及二者的混合样品开展δ^(34)S的高精度分析。研究显示,硬石膏与杂卤石样品不存在明显的硫同位素分馏。同时,δ^(34)S结果证实,钾盐矿物杂卤石及其伴生硬石膏的物源主要是海水,但受到细菌还原作用和蒸发岩矿物沉淀的影响。此外,δ^(34)S演化规律与嘉四-五段地层的层序演化规律较一致,这表明δ^(34)S测试对蒸发沉积过程的沉积演化分析及区内地层的高精度对比具有重要意义,在杂卤石型钾盐矿勘查工作中可用于精细对比和矿层定位的重要手段。

川东北地区大安寨段页岩油气资源评价与有利区优选

四川盆地是中国最具勘探潜力的非常规油气盆地之一,其中川东北地区的大安寨段地层发育富含机质并与薄层介壳灰岩互层的页岩,有生烃、含油含气的特征,具有页岩油气开发潜力。为明确四川盆地川东北地区大安寨段页岩储层的油气资源潜力,综合运用油气地球化学和地质学研究方法,对该地区的页岩油和页岩气的资源潜力进行评价,预测页岩油气的有利区。结果表明:大安寨段岩性主要为黑色页岩和介壳灰岩。其中,大二亚段为富含有机质的页岩层段;大安寨段累计厚度约为60~110m,埋藏深度约为1000~3600m;有机质类型以Ⅱ2型为主,有机碳含量介于0.42%~2.74%,平均值为1.18%;有机质成熟度为0.94%~1.84%,主要处于成熟—高成熟阶段;大安寨段页岩埋藏深度适中,有效厚度大,生烃潜力高,具备页岩油气成藏的基础条件;大安寨段页岩气和页岩油的有利区位于研究区西南部和东部,估算页岩气资源量为24543×10^(8)m^(3),页岩油资源量为10×10^(4)t。根据研究结果,分别优选研究区的页岩油气的Ⅰ类有利区带和Ⅱ类有利区带,可为大安寨段页岩油气勘探开发提供参考。

川东北飞仙关组鲕滩储层分布规律、勘探方法与远景预测

20世纪末在四川盆地东北部发现了渡口河等以孔隙性鲕粒白云岩为储层的飞仙关组气藏。这些储层的分布与飞仙关组鲕粒滩的分布规律有关。研究表明当时的古地理格局控制了飞仙关组鲕粒滩的分布 ,因而影响着鲕滩气藏的分布。研究区的鲕粒滩集中分布在环早期开江—梁平海槽的碳酸盐岩台地边缘 ,它们随着碳酸盐岩台地沉积区的扩大和开江—梁平海槽的消亡而发育迁移 ,形成了宣汉黄金口—开县地区、达县—梁平地区等几个鲕粒岩集中发育区块。由于孔隙性鲕粒白云岩的形成与混合水白云石化作用和深埋藏溶解作用有关 ,故储层呈大小不等的透镜状分布在致密的鲕粒灰岩中 ,使鲕粒气藏具有岩性—构造复合圈闭的特点。孔隙性白云岩储层的声速平均 5 5 4 0m/s,致密灰岩的大于 6 2 0 0m/s ,故在地震剖面上储层表现为在一定层位的弱反射背景出现的一段连续的强振幅反射。因此 ,鲕滩气藏的勘探可遵循“占边缘、找亮点、套构造”的思路进行综合预测勘探。除目前重点勘探的五宝场地区外 ,宣汉黄金口—万源区块和达川—梁平区块是很有希望的勘探后备区块 ,万源—南江区块和广元—昌平区块是鲕滩气藏勘探的远景区块。

川东北地区下三叠统飞仙关组鲕滩白云岩成因

基于前人大量的研究成果,结合薄片观察和地球化学分析,研究了川东北地区下三叠统飞仙关组鲕滩白云岩的成因。结果认为:①该区主要有混合水白云石化和埋藏白云石化两种白云岩成因类型,并建立了研究区鲕滩白云石化模式;②混合水白云石化从地表一直延续到浅埋藏期,是本区主要的白云石化成因类型;③埋藏白云石化主要是在早期混合水白云石化的基础上,对白云石化程度的调整和加强,多期白云石化作用的叠加形成了现今厚度较大、分布面积较广的鲕滩白云岩;④海平面的变化直接影响鲕滩所经历的成岩环境及后期的成岩流体性质,是控制鲕滩白云石化最主要的因素;⑤差异压实作用是埋藏期白云石化流体运移的主要驱动力,开江—梁平海槽中泥页岩和滩后蒸发环境沉积物中高Mg2+/Ca2+比值的压实水,正是通过这种差异压实作用进入鲕滩储集体,为埋藏期白云石化提供了物质来源。

川东北普光气田下三叠统飞仙关组白云岩成因——来自岩石结构与Sr同位素和Sr含量的证据

研究了川东北普光气田下三叠统飞仙关组白云岩储层的岩石结构Sr的含量和Sr同位素组成,讨论了它的成因,飞仙关组优质储层为成岩期埋藏交代白云化作用的产物,来自岩石结构和Sr同位素和Sr含量的证据包括如下几个方面:(1)与准同生白云岩比较,埋藏白云岩的岩石结构和Sr同位素和Sr含量地球化学特征与前者有显著差别;(2)飞仙关组所有各类碳酸盐岩(或矿物)具有早三叠世海水Sr同位素组成特征,^(87)Sr/^(86)Sr比值变化范围为0.706588～0.708187,覆盖了全球早三叠世海水Sr同位素的变化范围(0.7076～0.7078),平均值0.707656与全球早三叠世平均值(0.707743)基本一致;(3)埋藏白云岩^(87)Sr/^(86)Sr比值变化范围为0.707122～0.707419,平均值0.707421,都略低于全球早三叠世海水Sr同位素变化范围和平均值,但与已报道的川东北早三叠世飞仙关期海水Sr同位素变化范围(0.707330～0.707383)和平均值(0.707350) 都非常接近,说明白云石化流体具有强烈的川东北地区早三叠世飞仙关期海水Sr同位素组成特征;(4)综合岩石结构、Sr同位素和Sr含量地球化学特征,证明飞仙关组白云岩储层为成岩期埋藏交代作用产物,白云石化流体来自地层中高Sr和高盐度的海源地层水。

川东北地区飞仙关组储层中的埋藏溶蚀作用

根据沉积特征、孔隙类型及孔隙充填物的地球化学特征认识到川东北地区飞仙关组储层中有2期埋藏溶蚀作用:第一期埋藏溶蚀作用与上二叠统海槽相烃源岩成熟产生的有机酸有关;第二期埋藏溶蚀作用与热化学硫酸盐还原反应产生的H2S有关。两期埋藏溶蚀作用主要发生在台地边缘鲕粒滩相中,台地内泻湖及点滩相中溶蚀作用则相对较弱。分析认为:台地边缘成为天然气勘探的有利地区,台地内为欠有利地区。

川东北地区二叠系长兴组生物礁类型及控制因素

川东北地区二叠系长兴组生物礁内蕴含大量的天然气,为该区主力储层之一。长兴组生物礁类型有台地边缘礁和浅缓坡生物礁,均出现在高位期,主要分布在梁平-开江陆棚两侧。陆棚东侧是以普光地区为代表的台地边缘礁,西侧是以元坝地区为代表的浅缓坡生物礁。与浅缓坡生物礁相比,台地边缘礁具有规模大、期次少、造礁生物相对单一的特点。生物礁类型的差异主要受控于构造作用和沉积作用,构造作用的差异决定了生物礁发育的潜力,而沉积作用则决定了生物礁的规模。

四川盆地东部地区下志留统龙马溪组页岩储层特征

四川盆地是中国西南部重要的含油气盆地,在东部和南部地区下志留统龙马溪组页岩广泛发育。在川东南、鄂西渝东地区的勘探井中志留系具有良好的气显示。研究区龙马溪组厚65～516m,底部为一套海侵沉积的富含笔石的黑色页岩,龙马溪组向上和向东砂质和钙质含量增加,演变为浅水陆棚沉积。龙马溪组主要由层状-非层状泥/页岩、白云质粉砂岩、层状钙质泥/页岩、泥质粉砂岩、层状-非层状粉砂质泥/页岩、粉-细粒砂岩、钙质结核、富含有机质非层状页岩8种岩相组成。总有机碳含量(TOC)为0.2%～6.7%。有机质以II型干酪根为主,Ro为2.4%～3.6%。页岩中石英矿物含量在2%～93%,主要呈纹层状或分散状分布,主要为陆源碎屑外源成因。龙马溪组页岩岩心孔隙度为0.58%～0.67%,渗透率为0.01×10-3μm2～0.93×10-3μm2。扫描电镜下龙马溪组页岩微孔隙度为2%左右,主要包括晶间孔和粒内孔,孔隙直径为100nm～50μm。页岩储层的形成机理主要为有利矿物组合、成岩作用和有机质热裂解作用。龙马溪组与美国Barnett页岩具有一定差异,主要表现在龙马溪组页岩埋藏较深、热演化程度较高、含气量较低、储层较致密、以陆源成因石英为主。对于评价下志留统龙马溪组页岩气勘探前景而言,今后须重点加强针对龙马溪组底部黑色硅质岩系石英成因、成熟度、埋藏史、含气量等方面的研究,以及进行详细的古地貌和古环境恢复。

对高含硫气田开发的几点建议

四川盆地东北部普光、罗家寨等三叠系飞仙关组鲕粒滩大中型气田的发现,标志着四川盆地天然气勘探开发进入了一个新阶段。如何安全、环保、高效地开发好这类特别复杂的高危气田,是摆在人们面前的一个难题。为此提出高含硫气田开发要依靠科技进步,既要在战略上藐视它又要在战术上重视它、既要解放思想又要实事求是、既要胆大又要心细的观点。高含硫气田的开发除了要解决好防腐、安全和环保三大关键问题外,基础还在地质和气藏工程研究上,进而提出了4点建议:第一,要重视边、底水能量以及活跃程度对气藏开发影响的研究;第二,气井配产及相应开发规模的确定要合理,要想方设法创造条件试采;第三,硫沉积实验和试验要早抓,尽快取得认识;第四,开展含硫气体相态实验,并在此基础上深化开发理论研究。另外,还要重视高含硫气藏的取样工作,做到真实可靠。

川东北地区白云岩储层地球化学特征对比研究

埋藏白云岩化是白云岩储层成因的主导模式,流体来源、交代过程、溶蚀期次和成因特征等一系列与其密切相关的白云岩化成岩系统,已成为当今碳酸盐岩领域最前沿的研究热点和困扰勘探实践的重要基础地质问题。以岩石学特征研究为基础,通过划分成岩阶段,对比各成岩阶段的微量元素与稳定同位素的地球化学特征,获得以下认识:埋藏白云岩化作用是控制川东北地区下三叠统飞仙关组和上二叠统长兴组优质白云岩储层分布的关键;飞仙关组和长兴组埋藏白云岩化过程具有相对应的多期次交代和多期次溶蚀特点;白云岩化流体来源于具有高含锶、高盐度热流体性质的飞仙关组海源地层水,飞仙关组和长兴组的埋藏白云岩为同源流体的白云岩化产物。进而得出结论:以不整合面和断裂为流体输导系统的飞仙关组和长兴组滩、礁相地层的埋藏白云岩化过程,在时空展布和演化过程中耦合关系密切,属于以同一流体和同一流体输导体系为主导因素的白云岩化成岩系统。

川东北地区普光气田长兴—飞仙关气藏成藏模式与成藏过程

四川盆地川东北地区随着普光1井、2井在二叠系长兴组和三叠系飞仙关组储层中喷出高产工业天然气流,发现了四川盆地有史以来储量最大的天然气田———普光气田。研究表明,普光气田主要以二叠系长兴组台地边缘形成的礁滩和白云岩组合以及三叠系飞仙关组浅海开阔台地相沉积的粒屑滩、鲕粒滩为储层,后期埋藏溶蚀孔为主要储集空间。天然气主要来自中下寒武统、下二叠统、上二叠统烃源岩。印支、燕山及喜马拉雅运动都对普光古圈闭及油气藏的形成有重大影响。普光气藏属于构造—岩性复合孔隙型气藏,其成藏模式与成藏过程经历了原生油藏阶段、气藏阶段和改造定型阶段。普光气田的成藏模式与成藏过程对广大川东北地区勘探类似天然气藏具有借鉴与指导意义。

川东北长兴组埋藏白云石化流体来源与油气倒灌式成藏

埋藏白云石化作用是白云岩成因的主导模式,亦是控制川东北地区上二叠统长兴组海相优质礁滩相白云岩储集层形成演化的核心因素,围绕埋藏白云石化热卤水来源与交代通道、后期溶蚀路径、油气充注过程等一系列密切相关的流体成藏机理性问题,已成为当今碳酸盐岩领域研究的前沿热点和困扰勘探实践的瓶颈难点。运用流体—岩石相互作用和流体成藏动力学研究新进展与新方法,通过岩心观察、地球化学指标对比、温压场环境恢复、流体非均质性反演与运移路径模拟追踪分析,认为川东北地区长兴组与飞仙关组流体同源,多期的埋藏白云石化交代作用、溶蚀作用及油气充注过程时空耦合关系密切,热卤水来源于飞仙关组海源地层水,长兴组礁滩相白云岩储集层中的油气存在着源于飞仙关组流体以不整合、断裂、优质白云岩输导层为通道的"倒灌型"成藏模式。

四川盆地东北部飞仙关组鲕滩储层分布研究与勘探潜力分析

四川盆地东北部飞仙关组鲕滩储层主要是鲕粒坝(滩)经云化及溶蚀作用改造后形成的残余鲕粒云岩类孔隙性储渗体,是四川气田目前勘探的重点区层。储层分布明显受沉积相带控制,庞家山—月溪场—紫水坝一线以西为储层发育的最有利区,向北东方向储层物性变差。目前已发现渡口河、铁山坡、罗家寨及金珠坪等四个大中型鲕滩岩性—构造复合圈闭气藏,获天然气探明+控制+预测储量1822.77×10~8m^3。储层预测表明,在四川盆地东北部近4000km^2范围内,储层地震异常分布广泛,分布面积达上千平方千米,资源潜力大,勘探领域广阔。

四川盆地东北部二叠系沉积相及其演化分析

在对四川盆地东北部宣汉县渡口镇羊鼓洞二叠系剖面详细研究的基础上,结合测井、地震等资料,对四川盆地东北部二叠系沉积相进行了分析,识别出了滨岸沼泽相、台地蒸发岩相、局限台地相、开阔台地相、台地边缘生物礁滩相、碳酸盐岩缓坡相和台盆相等7种沉积相带。指出二叠纪研究区发育下二叠统梁山组沉积期、栖霞组—茅口组沉积期和上二叠统吴家坪组—长兴组沉积期3次大的海侵—海退沉积旋回。在沉积演化和古地理分布研究的基础上,建立了研究区碳酸盐岩的沉积演化模式。

干气中浓缩轻烃分析及应用——以川东北、川东区天然气气/源对比研究为例

该文简要介绍了干气中轻烃富集、分析方法,并对四川盆地川东区、川东北区共计9口钻井天然气进行了轻烃富集与分析,获得了9个气样浓缩轻烃的气相色谱图。在此基础上,通过浓缩轻烃结构组成(系列)对比、C7烃(nC7、MCC6、DMCC5)组成、C6+7脂族烃组成、庚烷值(H)、异庚烷值(Ⅰ)、Mango参数(K1、K2)、甲基环已烷指数等一系列反映轻烃的特征和参数进行了气/气对比,探讨了天然气的成因类型、热演化程度,并与研究区的烃源岩进行了对比。对比结果表明,川东北区的气源相对单一,主力气源层系可能为二叠系;川东建南气田石炭系产层天然气为源自下古生界原油的二次裂解水溶气,二叠系、三叠系产层天然气为源自二叠系过成熟裂解气与源自下古生界原油二次裂解水溶气的混合气。