QTL effects and epistatic interaction for flowering time and branch number in a soybean mapping population of Japanese×Chinese cultivars

Flowering time and branching type are important agronomic traits related to the adaptability and yield of soybean. Molecular bases for major flowering time or maturity loci, E1 to E4, have been identified. However, more flowering time genes in cultivars with different genetic backgrounds are needed to be mapped and cloned for a better understanding of flowering time regulation in soybean. In this study, we developed a population of Japanese cultivar(Toyomusume)×Chinese cultivar(Suinong 10) to map novel quantitative trait locus(QTL) for flowering time and branch number. A genetic linkage map of a F_2 population was constructed using 1 306 polymorphic single nucleotide polymorphism(SNP) markers using Illumina Soy SNP8 ki Select Bead Chip containing 7 189(SNPs). Two major QTLs at E1 and E9, and two minor QTLs at a novel locus, qFT2_1 and at E3 region were mapped. Using other sets of F_2 populations and their derived progenies, the existence of a novel QTL of qFT2_1 was verified. qBR6_1, the major QTL for branch number was mapped to the proximate to the E1 gene, inferring that E1 gene or neighboring genetic factor is significantly contributing to the branch number.

New taxa of Berberis (Berberidaceae) with greenish flowers from a biodiversity hotspot in Sichuan Province, China

A new species,Berberis viridiflora X.H.Li,and a new variety,Berberis sanguinea Franch.var.viridisepala X.H.Li,L.C.Zhang & W.H.Li are described and illustrated from Baoxing County,a biodiversity hotspot located on the eastern edge of Hengduan Mountains in Sichuan Province,Southwest China,Both new taxa resemble B.sanguinea Franch.var.sanguinea,but B.viridiflora differs by the greenish flowers,and the petals being truncate,obtuse,or undulate at apex;while B.sanguinea var.viridisepala differs by the greenish or yellowish green flowers.Morphological features of the pollen grains of B.sanguinea and the two new taxa are revealed by scanning election microscope.B.sanguinea var.sanguinea displays obvious similarities with a sympatric congener,Berberis multiovula T.S.Ying in the morphology of flowers,stems and leaves,especially its ovule number varies greatly from 2 to 9,thus,B.multiovula characterized by the5-ovuled ovary is reduced to a synonymy of B.sanguinea var.sanguinea.On the basis of field surveys and study of herbarium specimens,a total of 16 species and varieties of Berberis are recorded from Baoxing County,and a key is provided.Among the 16 taxa,most phenotypic variations in Chinese Berberis can be displayed,including the habit of plants,most morphological variations of stems,branches and leaves,all types of inflorescences,all color types of flowers,and nearly all types of the shape and color of fruits.Baoxing County and its adjacent Sichuan Giant Panda Sanctuaries possibly constitute an active diversification center of Berberis in eastern Hengduan Mountains of China.

The Influence of Altitude and Latitude on Breeding of Amomum tsaoko (Zingiberaceae)

Objective: To explore the effect of altitude and latitude on breeding of Amomum tsaoko Crevost et Lemaire, a flexistylous ginger, which fruit is used as common materia medica and a food condiment. Methods: The 7 populations were selected randomly from the three floristic zones of Yunnan. Adult plants and infructescences were chosen randomly to gain flower number and fructification percentage per inflorescence, and seed number per fruit. All date was analyzed by SPSS (13.0 version). Results: As A. tsaoko was distributed (or transplanted) from a habitat at lower latitude and/or altitude to a site of higher latitude and/or altitude, the flower number per inflorescence increased, on the contrary, the fructification percentage per inflorescence decreased. The competition for reproductive resource was beneficial to increase flower number and seed production. Conclusions: The habitats in south of the tropic of cancer were favorable to the reproduction of A. tsaoko, which reproductive costs were lower and harvest was higher. Increasing flower number per inflorescence may be a strategy to promote the plant to distribute into alpine habitats for both female and male reproductive success.

Early Cretaceous Archaefructus eoflora sp. nov. with Bisexual Flowers from Beipiao, Western Liaoning, China

Recently, whether Archaefructus has bisexual multi-parted flowers or just inflorescences of unisexual flowers,and whether it is ancestral to all angiosperms or a derived eudicot have been debated. Here, from the same Yixian Formation, NE China, we report a new Archaefructus species, A. eoflora sp. nov., with the generic characteristics of dissected leaves and bisexual reproductive axes. It is entirely preserved with roots, rhizome, shoots and protogynous reproductive organs at different developmental stages. Its lateral and main fertile shoots form a pseudo-indeterminate pattern, while the reproductive branches on the main shoot form a cymose inflorescence. Subtended by 1-2 bract-like leaves, the section of stamen clusters changes into a much shorter section of carpels that have one row of orthotropous ovules. Significantly, one cluster bearing two carpels and one stamen between the two sections demonstrates a true bisexual flower, an important step of the origin of floral bisexuality, and the homology between the stamen and carpel. The complex reproductive axes represent a mix between flowers and inflorescences, and suggest that A. eoflora sp. nov.possesses the potential to evolve into a variety of diverse flower types as found in modem basal and early fossil angiosperms. A comparison with other two species also leads to a revision of the generic diagnosis.

Heterosis Study on Developmental Behavior of Flowering and Boll Setting in Upland Cotton

The developmental behavior was examined for flowering and boll setting in upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) atdifferent boll-setting sites and blooming periods. Conventional and conditional methods were applied to analyze heterosisby an additive-dominance model with genotype by environment (GE) interaction effects. Positive general heterosis wassignificantly detected on middle-lower nodes at positions 1 and 2 for a number of flowers and bolls per plant. Deviationbetween HPBE1 and HPBE2 was relatively large for a number of flowers per plant at positions 3, 4 and 5, but much smaller fornumber of bolls per plant. There was increase of heterosis before the end of July, and the highest heterosis was observedat 22 DAF (22 days after flowering) for flowers and at 16 DAF for bolls, and then declined. There existed significantdiversity of interaction heterosis for flowers as well as for bolls during blooming stages, but deviation between HPBE1 andHPBE2 was smaller for number of bolls per plant than that of flowers per plant. The cross of DP-15 (late-season variety)′ HG-H-12 had positive general heterosis since 19 DAF, and negative HPB was observed for the cross of GL-5 (early-seasonvariety)′ HG-H-12 after 37 DAF. Interaction heterosis was mostly not significant for cross DP-15′ HG-H-12, but the reversewas true for cross GL-5′ HG-H-12. Positive conditional HPB was detected since 16 DAF until 43 DAF for cross DP-15′ HG-H-12, and before 13 DAF for cross GL-5′ HG-H-12.

VvAGAMOUS Affect Development of Four Different Grape Species Ovary

Grape pistil has an important influence on fruit size and quality.However,there were few studies on grape ovary,and the development process of the ovary is still unclear.Therefore,in this paper,four different grape varieties with different lengths of small inflorescences,namely‘Musct Hambourg’grape(Vitis vinifera),‘Concord’grape(Vitis labrusca),‘ShanPuTao’grape(Vitis amurensis)and‘GongNiang2Hao’grape(Vitis amurensis×Vitis vinifera)were used as test materials.Four varieties ovary were significant differences by means of stereomicroscope,paraffin section.The expression of ovary determining gene VvAGAMOUS(VvAG)and its development related genes VvCRABS CLAW(VvCRC)and VvAGAMOUS-LIKE 11(VvAGL11)with similar functions during the development of different grape varieties were preliminarily explored using fluorescence quantitative test.The relationship between VvAG and VvCRC,VvAG and VvAGL11 were analyzed using Y1H assay.Our results showed that there were obvious abdominal sutures on the surface of expect for‘Musct Hambourg’grape,and existing poly carpels.The ovary development of‘ShanPuTao’and‘GongNiang2Hao’grape was completed when the inflorescence length was less than 1 cm,while the‘Concord’and‘Musct Hambourg’grape were fully developed when the length of inflorescence was 3–4 and 4–5 cm,respectively.VvAG and VvCRC began to express in large quantities after the formation of stamen primordia,while VvAGL11 during the forming of ovule primordia.Therefore,VvAG and VvCRC mainly regulated the development of stamens and carpels and also promote the development of ovules,while VvAGL11 major regulated the development of ovules.The promoters of VvCRC and VvAGL11 were bound by VvAG.This study provides an important theoretical basis for further research on the molecular mechanism of grape ovary development.

路径幂图、Flower Snark图及多锥图独立数

图的独立数是图论中的重要参数,令G=(V(G),E(G))是一个简单有限无向图.如果V(G)的子集S中任意两个顶点均不相邻,则S是图G的一个独立集.顶点独立集大小的最大值,称为图G的独立数,记做α(G).研究了路径幂图、Flower Snark及其相关图、多锥图的独立数问题,首先构造出了它们的独立集,得到其独立数的下界,然后证明了该值也是其独立数的上界,并给出了它们独立数的准确值.

Flower snark图的书式嵌入页数及2-页交叉数问题

研究了Flower snark图的书式嵌入页数及2-页交叉数问题,Flower snark图的书式嵌入页数PN(F)=3,且Flower snark图的2-页交叉数cr(F)=n(n≥6).

Flower snark图的强边染色

图G的强边染色是在对图G的边进行正常染色的基础上,使得长为3的路上的任意两条边染不同的颜色。对图G进行强边着色所需的最小颜色数,称为图G的强边色数,记为χ's(G)。本文研究了Flower snark及其相关图的强边染色,并得到Flower图的强边色数χ's(F_n)=6(n≥5)。

心皮及胚珠数量对油茶果实大小的影响

心皮数、胚珠数是与植物产量相关的数量性状,但其对油茶果实大小的影响还缺乏深入研究。本研究对普通油茶(Camellia oleifera)、小果油茶(C.meiocarpa)、短柱茶(C.brevistyla)等3个物种的果实进行考种,分别观测每个果实的鲜果重、鲜籽重、心皮数、可育心室数、种子数、败育胚珠数、胚珠数等性状,对观测数据进行统计分析,结果表明:心皮数的增加能提高鲜果重、鲜籽重,可育心室数的增加也能提高鲜果重、鲜籽重;胚珠数与胚珠败育率通过改变不同可育心室数果实的比例间接、协同地影响油茶的果实大小;用观测数据建立了心皮数、胚珠数及胚珠败育率与果实大小关系模型,该模型适用于对普通油茶进行分析。油茶育种应加强基础研究,挖掘心皮数多、胚珠数多、胚珠败育率低的种质资源,为高产油茶的选育提供优良的育种材料。

外源激素对‘葡萄桐’雄树开花性状及果实特性的影响

【目的】油桐是四大木本油树种之一,其桐油是当前环保涂料的重要原料。但当前油桐产量低限制了油桐产业的发展,而激素对植物的增产增收有重要作用,旨在探寻促进油桐增产增收的重要激素类型。【方法】以油桐品种‘葡萄桐’6年生树体为试材,利用田间调查法对油桐林树体资源进行分类,同时以油桐雄树为材料,采用形态学观察法对雄树花芽分化过程进行了观察。通过喷施不同质量浓度的赤霉素(GA3)、生长素(IAA)、细胞分裂素(6-BA)及乙烯利(CEPA)等4种植物生长调节剂,系统研究了外源激素对油桐开花性状的影响。【结果】在油桐林中,根据雌雄花的数量和种类,可以将其划分4种类型,分别为单花纯雌花树体、多花纯雌花树体、雌雄同株树体、多花纯雄花树体。油桐雄树花芽分化过程历时约3个月,可分为叶原基分化、花序原基分化、花序轴分化、花器官分化4个阶段。外源IAA处理油桐雄树的花数量和花性别未发生显著变化。高质量浓度的CEPA对油桐开花性状没有影响且抑制油桐开花。一定质量浓度的GA3可以诱导油桐雄树少量雌花的形成,同时也减少了花的数量。6-BA质量浓度为160 mg/L时,雌花数量最多,质量浓度为640 mg/L时,油桐纯雄花序转变成纯雌花序,质量浓度到达1280 mg/L时,油桐纯雄花芽不开花;6-BA诱导雄树形成的雌、雄花结构发育正常,果实品质与雌雄同株树果实品质一致。【结论】适当质量浓度的6-BA可显著增加油桐雌花和坐果数量,6-BA是油桐增产增收的重要激素类型。本研究为建立油桐产量提升的精准调控技术提供了重要科学依据,同时也为油桐产业发展奠定了重要基础。

Interaction of brassinosteroid and cytokinin promotes ovule initiation and increases seed number per silique in Arabidopsis

Ovule initiation is a key step that strongly influences ovule number and seed yield.Notably,mutants with enhanced brassinosteroid(BR)and cytokinin(CK)signaling produce more ovules and have a higher seed number per silique(SNS)than wild-type plants.Here,we crossed BR-and CKrelated mutants to test whether these phytohormones function together in ovule initiation.We determined that simultaneously enhancing BR and CK contents led to higher ovule and seed numbers than enhancing BR or CK separately,and BR and CK enhanced each other.Further,the BR-response transcription factor BZR1 directly interacted with the CK-response transcription factor ARABIDOPSIS RESPONSE REGULATOR1(ARR1).Treatments with BR or BR plus CK strengthened this interaction and subsequent ARR1 targeting and induction of downstream genes to promote ovule initiation.Enhanced CK signaling partially rescued the reduced SNS phenotype of BR-deficient/insensitive mutants whereas enhanced BR signaling failed to rescue the low SNS of CK-deficient mutants,suggesting that BR regulates ovule initiation and SNS through CK-mediated and-independent pathways.Our study thus reveals that interaction between BR and CK promotes ovule initiation and increases seed number,providing important clues for increasing the seed yield of dicot crops.

不同花色紫茉莉花部综合特征比较

为揭示不同花色紫茉莉的繁殖策略差异性,以紫红色、黄色、白色紫茉莉为研究对象,观察不同花色紫茉莉的花部基本特征;测定花粉量和花粉胚珠比,估算杂交指数等,分析不同花色紫茉莉的繁育系统类型。结果表明:不同花色紫茉莉的花部基本特征存在一定差异,其中黄色花和白色花的花部特征指标值差异较为明显。3种花色的紫茉莉均以自交为主,伴随异交并存,属于兼性交配系统。黄色紫茉莉的花粉量最少,存在着较为严重的花丝、花药退化现象,且结实率显著低于紫红色和白色紫茉莉。可见,3种花色紫茉莉具有不同的交配系统,显示出多样化的繁殖策略。

理想株型塑造之于玉米耐密改良

玉米是生产能力最强的谷物作物,其充足稳定供给对保证世界范围内的粮食安全至关重要。长期的研究和生产实践表明,提高品种耐密性和种植密度是提高玉米产量的关键,而塑造理想的株型是提高玉米耐密性的重要途径。报道显示紧凑的叶夹角、较低的穗位高、较少的雄穗分枝数、较早的开花期,是玉米耐密株型性状的重要组成部分。本文从这4类性状入手,对其与耐密性的关系、形态发育及遗传调控基础的研究进展进行综述,并通过对目前研究的分析,提出了未来玉米耐密株型改良研究的一些方向,期望能为未来的玉米耐密育种提供一些有用的借鉴。

Identification of genomic regions determining flower and pod numbers development in soybean (Glycine max L.)

Flower and pod numbers per plant are important agronomic traits underlying soybean yield. So far quantitative trait loci (QTL) detected for flower and pod-related traits have mainly focused on the final stage, and might therefore have ignored genetic effects expressed during a specific developmental stage. Here, dynamic expressions of QTL for flower and pod numbers were identified using 152 recom-binant inbred lines (RILs) and a linkage map of 306 markers. Wide genetic variation was found among RILs; 17 unconditional and 18 conditional QTL were detected for the two traits at different developmental stages over two years. Some QTL were detected only at one stage and others across two or more stages, indicating that soybean flower and pod numbers development may be governed by time-dependent gene expression. Three main QTL (qfn-Chr18-2, qfn-Chr20-1, and qfn-Chr19) were detected for flower number, and two main QTL (qpn-Chr11 and qpn-Chr20) were detected for pod number. The phenotypic variation explained by them ranged from 6.1% to 34.7%. The markers linked to these QTL could be used in marker-assisted selection for increasing soybean flower and pod numbers, with the ultimate aim of increasing soybean yield. Comparison of the QTL regions for flower and pod numbers traits with the related genes reported previously showed that seven and four related genes were located in the QTL regions of qfn-Chr11 and qfn-Chr19, respectively. These results provide a basis for fine mapping and cloning of flower and pod development-related genes.

基于欧氏距离曲线特征参数获取的金银花花期识别研究

金银花花期与其成分联系紧密,是影响金银花销售的重要因素。目前金银花花期主要依靠人工辨识,容易造成工作量大、效率低,缺乏客观标准等问题,简单、高效地自动化精确识别技术亟待开发。为此,在获取金银花照片的基础上,提出了基于欧氏距离检测算法的金银花花期筛分新方法。该思路首先对原图使用中值滤波,增强图片对比度、强化照片细节、减少噪音,使用pythonCV2库对图像进行灰度化和二值化的处理,对处理后的图片分别提取花梗处与花体的边缘信息,从而获得轮廓坐标及花梗坐标。然后,以花梗坐标为起点,顺时针依次计算与花体边界各个坐标的欧氏距离,从而绘制欧氏距离曲线图。通过观察欧氏距离曲线的走势、波峰个数以及曲线起伏次数,即可判断金银花花期。最后测试数据表明,金银花形态识别的准确率约为98.5%,并且该方法简单、快速、准确率高,具有潜在应用价值。

Ovule initiation:the essential step controlling offspring number in Arabidopsis

Seed is the offspring of angiosperms.Plants produce large numbers of seeds to ensure effective reproduction and survival in varying environments.Ovule is a fundamentally important organ and is the precursor of the seed.In Arabidopsis and other plants characterized by multi-ovulate ovaries,ovule initiation determines the maximal ovule number,thus greatly affecting seed number per fruit and seed yield.Investigating the regulatory mechanism of ovule initiation has both scientific and economic significance.However,the genetic and molecular basis underlying ovule initiation remains unclear due to technological limitations.Very recently,rules governing the multiple ovules initiation from one placenta have been identified,the individual functions and crosstalk of phytohormones in regulating ovule initiation have been further characterized,and new regulators of ovule boundary are reported,therefore expanding the understanding of this field.In this review,we present an overview of current knowledge in ovule initiation and summarize the significance of ovule initiation in regulating the number of plant offspring,as well as raise insights for the future study in this field that provide potential routes for the improvement of crop yield.

中国木兰亚科植物的主要分类性状观察

对木兰亚科植物花的着生式样、心皮中的胚珠数目和花的性别等主要分类性状进行了研究。在毛果含笑、云南含笑等含笑属植物中观察到了顶生花。含笑属的聚伞花序不是一个花序 ,而是一个具有多花的枝条 ,其“总花梗”实质上是一个枝条 ,其节上的花顶生于次级侧枝上 ,属于顶生花式样。山玉兰和盖裂木每心皮中的胚珠数目为 2～ 7个 ,而不是 2个。在山玉兰、黄兰、合果木等植物上观察到了单性雄花 ,而在云南拟单性木兰的雄株上观察到了少数具有 1～ 8个心皮的两性花。根据观察结果 ,本文讨论了这 3个主要分类性状在木兰亚科分类系统中的意义 ,并对现有分类系统进行了分析 ,在此基础上对中国木兰亚科的分类系统做了修订 ,依据分枝式样、花药的开裂方式 ,将中国木兰亚科植物归并为木兰属和含笑属。

上海地区栽培的欧洲甜樱桃花器发育的观察

为了探讨上海地区甜樱桃结实不良的原因 ,以 5年生欧洲甜樱桃 (PrunusaviumL .)为试验材料 ,就其花器发育状况进行了探讨。结果表明 ,上海地区生长的甜樱桃花芽形成良好 ,雌蕊、雄蕊外观形态无异常。花粉粒形态正常 ,发芽率达 5 0 %左右 ,但有 98 2 %的子房发育不正常 ,其中无胚珠分化的子房占 2 6 3% ,有胚珠而无胚囊分化的子房占 71 9%。胚珠、胚囊发育不良是上海甜樱桃不能正常结实的主要原因。