Risk Factors for Geo-Helminthiasis in Children Aged 6 - 36 Months in a Rural Health District in Cameroon

Introduction and Objectives: Soil-Transmitted-Helminthiasis (STH) is a public health problem in Cameroon. The control strategies currently in place, particularly chemoprevention, has shortcomings linked to the target population, which are school-age children. The objective was to determine the prevalence and the risk factors associated with geo-helminthiasis in children aged 0 to 3 years in a rural health district. Method: From December 2020 to May 2021, a descriptive and analytical cross-sectional study of 376 children between 6 and 36 months was carried out in the Akonolinga health district. This was a cluster sampling in 4 health areas. Stool samples were collected and analysed using the mini-FLOTAC method. The results expressed as the number of eggs per gram of stool. A questionnaire on socio-demographic and lifestyle data was administered to the parents. The Chi-squared test was used to measure the association between geo-helminth infection and the data collected. A multivariate analysis using logistic regression was performed (p 0.05). Results: The prevalence of STH was 19.4% (Ascaris lumbricoides: 16% and Trichuris trichiura: 8%). Risk factors were: consumption of contaminated water (AOR = 1.93 [1.03 - 3.6];p = 0.040), early contact of the child with the ground (before age of 4 months) (AOR = 4.9 [2.1 - 11.37];p .001), habit of walking barefoot (AOR = 2.91 [1.1 - 7.97];p = 0.038), and living in a habitat with unpaved ground (AOR = 7.4 [1.55 - 35.7];p = 0.012). Conclusion: The prevalence of STHs in infants was high. Preventive chemotherapy should be extended to this age-group, and other measures intensified.

Factors Associated with Acute Respiratory Infections in Children Aged 0 - 5 Years in the Yénawa District of Cotonou (Benin) in 2023

Introduction: Acute respiratory infections remain one of the main causes of mortality in children aged 0 to 5. This work aimed to study the associated factors with the occurrence of acute respiratory infections in children 0 to 5 years old in Yénawa, Cotonou in 2023. Subjects and Method: It was an analytical cross-sectional study of children aged 0 - 5 years and their mothers in Yénawa, selected by four-degree random sampling. The sampling size, calculated using the Schwartz formula, was 126 children and 126 mothers. The dependent variable was the occurrence of acute respiratory infections. The independent variables were classified into four groups: socio-demographic and economic characteristics, behavioral factors, child-related factors, and environmental factors. Data collected by observation and questionnaire survey were analyzed using STATA version 15 software. Associated factors were investigated by bivariate analysis and multiple logistic regression, at the 5% significance level. Results: A total of 126 children aged 0 - 5 years and 126 mothers were surveyed, aged 23.5 (11 - 36) months and 30 (18 - 48) years respectively. The prevalence of acute respiratory infections was 74.60% (CI95% = 66.89 to 82.30). The associated factors were the mother’s age between 18 and 28 (OR = 10.77;CI95% = 1.89 to 61.27;p = 0.007), the use of charcoal/wood for cooking (OR = 7.36;IC = 1.99 to 27.10;p = 0.003)), children's poor personal hygiene (OR = 8.87;IC = 2.92 to 26.97;p 0.001)), and cohabitation with domestic animals (OR = 7.27;IC = 1.67 to 31.71;p = 0.015). Conclusion: Communicating with mothers about the factors identified will help reduce the prevalence of acute respiratory infections in children aged 0 to 5.

Analysis of the Variations of Body Build of Middle-and Old-aged and Research on the Prototype

The characteristics of body build of middle - and old -aged women and its rule of variations as well as the basic sizes of various parts are discussed. All these are based on the body measurements of this age group, and also on the statistical studies of the measurement data. By setting the regression equation, the calculating formulae of various control parts are obtained, thus establishing the prototype of this age group for women.

The Role of Government in the Socialization of Old- age Service

In the different stages of the development of the old-age service, the responsibility and function of the government will be different. In the new period, the government should redefine its role in advancing the socialization of the old-age service. The level of socialization of old-age services is not high, the lack of vitality of the pension market, the imperfect system and other problems arise because the government is not clear. The government should deal with the relationship between the main body of the market and avoid the ＇double failure＇ of the government and the market. The government should play a guiding role in the policy, laws and regulations and other aspects of good service work for the social services of the elderly to provide a good development environment.

Wisdom and Old --age Pension： Reflections on China＇s Elderly Care Model

The care of the elderly is both a human basic human rights and a manifestation of social civilization. ＂Family pension＂ has always been the main pension model in China for thousands of years. However, with the transformation of social structure and population structure, the traditional ＂family pension＂ model is facing increasing challenges. While other emerging ＂institutions pension＂, ＂community pension＂ and failed to become a ＂family pension＂ alternative options, the role is limited. With the development of a variety of integrated technology, a new integrated technology based on the wisdom of the pension model began to emerge, wisdom pension as a new pension model has been in China with a preliminary attempt, it can maximize the elimination of the Chinese labor force The risk of population loss, the greatest extent to meet the needs of the elderly, the risk of dealing with old age, improve pension efficiency, and give the elderly equalization of power and ability, so as to fundamentally enhance the subjectivity of the elderly. But as a new exploration, but also faced with manyproblems, it is worth our in-depth thinking.

The Experience and Enlightenment of the Development of Old-age Care Services in Russia

Through the analysis of the history and current situation of Russia＇s old-age care services system, this paper analyzes and studies the old-age care services system in Russia. By means of law and social policy, Russia can promote the active participation of the elderly in politics, economy, culture and other activities to promote the positive image of the elderly. The active aging policy in Russia and the development trend of the old-age care service to promote the social adaptation and re-employment of the elderly are of positive significance to the development of our country＇s old-age care service.

What will I be like at eighty? How human values contribute to expected real and ideal self-images in old age in a Germanic/Austrian cultural context

According to Grawe’s Consistency Theory, congruence between an individual’s aims and reality is fundamental for psychological health. We examined the real and ideal self-images of N = 440 participants in a Germanic/Austrian cultural context as perceived in presence and as anticipated for an age of 80 years and examined their relationship to value orientations as a coping resource. From adjective ratings on the Semantic Differential for the real self-image at presence, two dimensions were extracted, one representing Warmth (W) and one representing Competence (C) in the sense of the Stereotype Content Model. Cluster analysis yielded one type of respondents with a cautiously optimistic, and one with a moderately pessimistic view of the present and the future. A third cluster devalued W and C in favor of Religiosity and Conservatism and had the highest degree of congruence between real and ideal self-images. Thus, hypotheses with regard to Religiosity and Conservatism as coping resources were confirmed.

Several issues in reform and development of China’s old-age security system

Since China’s reform and opening to the outside world,especially since the mid-1990s,China's social security system has undergone a number of reforms and adjustments.We can say that the basic framework of social insurance system had been established,but it is still facing many difficulties such as small coverage,high payment rates,"empty" individual accounts,etc.The question is whether China will choose the proper way from so many suggestions inside and outside China to solve the above issues.I will analyze some important issues on pension reform and old age security system construction and give my own view in this paper.

对流-扩散方程若干AGE格式及其稳定性

以求解对流－扩散方程的中心差分格式、显式逆风格式、Ｓａｍａｒｓｋｉ格式和修正Ｄｅｎｎｉｓ格式为基础，构造了若干新的交替分组显式格式，并证明它们是无条件稳定的．数值结果表明，除了基于中心差分格式的ＡＧＥ格式与ＡＤＥ格式外，其他的各种ＡＧＥ格式与相应的ＡＤＥ格式的精度相当．

热加工食品中晚期糖基化终末产物和5-羟甲基糠醛的形成、检测与控制

食品加工过程中的美拉德反应有助于形成一些热诱导毒性产物,包括晚期糖基化终末产物(advanced glycation end products,AGEs)和5-羟甲基糠醛(5-hydroxymethylfurfural,5-HMF)。食源性AGEs在体内的积累和循环与糖尿病并发症的发生有关,同时可能诱发氧化应激、炎症和动脉粥样硬化。5-HMF的代谢物5-磺基氧甲基糠醛(5-sulfooxymethylfurfural,5-SMF)有潜在基因毒性和致癌性。如何控制热加工食品中这些危害物的形成已成为食品行业的关注焦点。本文从美拉德反应和焦糖化反应两条途径探究了AGEs和5-HMF的形成机理,并对近5年二者的检测方法进行了综述,阐述了各类方法的优缺点,以期为建立二者的通用检测方法奠定基础。在此基础上,从削减前体物质的供给、阻断中间体的转化,以及去除已经生成的AGEs和5-HMF这3个方面着手,综述了近年来相应所采用的抑制策略,以期为AGEs和5-HMF在食品中的控制及热加工食品质量与安全管理提供理论依据。

基于视网膜Müller细胞的地黄调节AGEs干预下HIF-1α表达的谱效关系研究

目的建立不同来源地黄的高效液相色谱(HPLC)指纹图谱并研究其与糖基化终末产物(AGEs)干预下视网膜Müller细胞中低氧诱导因子-1α(HIF-1α)表达之间的谱效关系,初步阐明地黄防治糖尿病性视网膜病变(DR)的药效物质。方法采用HPLC法建立10批不同来源地黄指纹图谱;采用ELISA法测定地黄对AGEs干预下视网膜Müller细胞中HIF-1α表达的影响;采用偏最小二乘法分析特征峰峰面积与药效值之间的谱效关系。结果 10批样品HPLC指纹图谱共标定了17个特征共有峰,其中4、14、15号峰分别为梓醇、肉苁蓉苷A、毛蕊花糖苷。ELISA结果显示10批样品对AGEs干预下视网膜Müller细胞中HIF-1α的表达均有不同程度的抑制作用。偏最小二乘法分析结果显示,肉苁蓉苷A、毛蕊花糖苷及4个尚未确定结构的成分(峰13、5、16、17)可能是地黄防治DR的药效物质。结论谱效关系为初步阐明地黄防治DR药效物质提供了一个有效途径。

Influencing factors analysis of spontaneous knee joint osteoarthritis among middle aged and old aged pople in Xi'an

Objective:To explore the prevalence rate of knee joint osteoarthritis and its pathogenetic fea- tures among the middle-aged and old aged people in the urban and rural area of Xi'an.Methods:From May to October 2005,1538 Han nationality above 40 years in Xi'an were investigated according to strati- fied and cluster random sampling.The same questionnaire was delivered to subjects who had been given normotopia and lateral position radiographic examination in both knees.Excluded from etiological arthri- tis,some subjects with clinical symptoms and a radiographic grade (beyond Kellgren & Lawrence gradeⅡ) were finally diagnosed as spontaneous knee joint osteoarthritis.All analyses were performed with SPSS 13.0 and t test,U test.Single factor analysis and multiple logistic regression analysis were used to analyze dates.Results:The total prevalence of spontaneous knee joint osteoarthritis was 12.1% with 2.5% and 2.1% for right and left knees,respectively.The prevalence of knee joint osteoarthritis in wom- en was 2.5 times of that in men (17.2% vs 6.8%,P=0.000).the osteophyte prevalence in women was 2.3 times of that in men (26.5% vs 11.4%,P=0.000).The prevalence of knee joint osteoarthritis and osteophyte increased with the growth of age.So did the symptomatic knee,except for the age group of 56- 60 years and 66-70 years.The prevalence of symptomatic knee joint for urban area was significantly higher than that for rural area (56.3% vs 45.3%,P=0.003).In women,the prevalence of knee joint os- teoarthritis increased significantly with the increasing of body mass index,which had not been observed in men.Female and obesity are the risk factors for osteoarthritis,but bean and its products and meat could prevent the osteoarthritis.Conclusion:Old age,female and obesity serve as risk factors for knee joint os- teoarthritis.

The Age of the Old Transgression Sequence in the Pearl River Delta, China

The Pearl River Delta （PRD） is located in the north coast area of the South China Sea （SCS）. As one of the largest delta in China, only the two latest events among the several tens of eustatic fluctuations occurring in the Quaternary were recorded in almost whole area of the PRD.

Coronary angiography in the very old: impact of diabetes on long-term revascularization and mortality

Background Diabetes is often associated with coronary artery disease,leading to adverse clinical outcomes.Real-world data is limited regarding the impact of diabetes in very old patients undergoing coronary angiography on the risk for late or repeated coronary revascularization and mortality.Methods Retrospective analysis of 1,353 consecutive patients>80 years who were admitted to the cardiac unit and further underwent coronary angiography.Subsequent revascularization procedures and all-cause mortality were recorded over a median fbllow-up of 47 months and their relation to diabetic status and presentation with acute coronary syndrome(ACS)was studied.Results Diabetes was present in 31%of the patients undergoing coronary angiography,and was associated with higher rates of obesity,hypertension,hyperlipidemia,chronic kidney disease and female gender.ACS was the presenting diagnosis in 71%of the patients and was associated with worse survival(1-year mortality 20%in ACS vs.6.2%in non-ACS patients,P<0.0001).Increase in long-term mortality rates was seen in diabetic subjects compared to non-diabetic subjects presenting with ACS(log-rank P=0.005),but not in the non-ACS setting(P=0」99).In a multivariable model,additionally adjusting for acuity of presentation,the presence of diabetes was associated with an adjusted hazard ratio of 1.60(95%confidence interval:12-2.28),P=0.011,for the need of late or repeat coronary revascularization and 1.48(1.26-1.74),P<0.0001 for all-cause mortality,during long-term follow-up.Conclusions In very old patients undergoing coronary angiography,presentation with ACS was associated with worse survival.Diabetes was an independent predictor of late or repeated revascularization and long-term mortality.

3omorbidity and survival of patients selected for radica prostatectomy at an age of 75 years or older

Radical prostatectomy in elderly patients is controversial. To identify very old candidates for radical prostatectomy with the highest probability of long-term survival, we studied 47 consecutive men who underwent radical prostatectomy between 1992 and 2005 at an age of 75 years or older. A heuristic approach was used to search for subgroups with particularly high long-term survival. Several two-sided comorbidity measures and combinations of these measures were investigated to find classifications best identifying healthy, long-living elderly candidates for radical prostatectomy. Four of the 25 two-sided comorbidity classifications or combinations reached the significance level with hazard ratios between 4.00 and 4.80. After 10 years, patients identified as healthy patients according to these comorbidity measurements had exhibited relative survival rates between 129% and 137% and overall survival rates between 86% and 95%, whereas those with comorbidities had exhibited relative survival rates of only 66%-84% and overall survival rates of 44%-58%. In conclusion, classifying comorbidity may identify a meaningful proportion of men selected for radical prostatectomy at an age of 75 years or older with an excellent long-term survival probability superseding that of the general population.

Depression among elderly living in Briddashram (old age home)

Introduction: Depression is a common public health issue with the increasing life expectancy worldwide and depression is associated with morbidity as well as disability among the elderly. There are very few studies related with depression among elderly from developing countries. Objective: The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence of depression and its correlates among the elderly living in Briddashram (old age home). Methods: This is a cross-sectional study carried out in 2012. Data were collected by face-to-face interview using short version of Geriatric Depression Scale. The data were analyzed using percentage, mean, simple correlation and regression. Results: The subjects (N = 185) were elderly aged 60 years and above living in Devghat area, Nepal. Mean age of the subjects was 73.67 (±3.23) years old and 51% were male. 94% elderly belong to Khas ethnicity. Nearly one third (31%) elderly were from nuclear family back ground, 25% were married, and only 18% elderly were literate. Majority of the elderly (93%) had health problems and self reported health shows 86% elderly reported their health fair. This study shows mean functional disability score was 2.53 (±2.05). Finding shows the prevalence of depression was 57.8%. Among them 46.7% had mild, 8.9% had moderate and 2.2% had severe depression. A statistically significant correlation was found between feelings of depression and age, sex, previous family type, ethnicity, feeling of loneliness and instrumental activities of daily living. Regression analysis shows that being women, feeling of loneliness and higher the dependency in IADL were predictors of depression. Conclusion: This study indicates that many elderly living in the Briddashram are suffering from depression. There should be some interruption from the concerned authorities so that depression can be reduced which will support to the well-being and quality of life of elderly.

Prevalence and Years Lived with Disability for Dental Caries among Children Aged 0-14 Years in China, 1990-2016

The estimate of dental caries among Chinese children at the microscale level using standard methodology remains unclear. In this study, we assessed and analyzed the disease burden of childhood dental caries in China by extracting data from the Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 （GBD 2016）. In 2016, the number of cases, prevalence, years lived with disability （YLD）, and age-standardized YLD rate of dental caries was 93.0 million, 43.0%, 32,200 person years, and 14.8 per 100,000, respectively. Across 33 provincial units, the disease burden was highest in Hubei （YLD rate 28.6 per 100,000）, lowest in Macao （9.1 per 100,000）, while geographical clustering was not observed. Compared with 1990, the prevalence in 2016 decreased from 46.8% to 43.0%, and the YLD rate decreased from 16.5 per 100,000 to 14.8 per 100,000. Given the slight decrease in dental caries burden, the prevalence and disease burden remained high among Chinese children. Strategies for addressing the spatial inequity of childhood dental caries require geographical targeting.

Factors Influencing Preventive Behaviors of Mothers for Diarrhea in Children Aged 1-5 Years in Buol District, Indonesia

This study aims to determine the factors related with mothers＇ behaviors in preventing diarrhea in children aged 1-5 years inBuol District. This was a cross-sectional survey design with health belief model as the conceptual framework. A total of 300mothers were selected by using purposive sampling method based on criteria. Mothers were interviewed by using astructured questionnaire during October to November 2015. A chi-square （X^2） test was used to determine a significantassociation between independent variables and dependent variable. The finding showed that 68.3% of mothers hadgood behaviors in preventing diarrhea. The factors significantly related to mothers＇ behaviors included perceivedsusceptibility to diarrhea, perceived severity of diarrhea, perceived benefits of diarrhea prevention behaviors, and perceivedbarriers of diarrhea prevention behaviors CP 〈 .01, p 〈 .01, p 〈 .01, and p 〈 .01 respectively）. Further, mothers had highperception to comply with diarrhea prevention behaviors. Those who perceived that diarrhea prevention behaviors werehighly beneficial to their children had good behaviors in preventing diarrhea. However, taking certain actions must considernegative aspects.

Co-morbidity,not age predicts adverse outcome in clostridium difficile colitis

AIM To examine whether age alone or co-morbidity is a risk factor for death in olderadults who developed Clostridium difficile(Cd)colitis during hospitalization.METHODS A retrospective,observationalstudy design was performed in our Lady ofMercy Medical Center,a 650-bed,urban,community-based,university-affiliated teachinghospital.121 patients with a positive diagnosisof Cd colitis Caged 23-97 years)were studied,and data pertinent to demographic variables,medical history,co-morbidity,physicalexamination,and laboratory results werecollected.Age was examined as a continuousvariable and stratified into Age1(【80 vs 80+);Age2(【60,60-69,70-79 and 80+);or Age3(【60,60-69,70-79,80-89,90+).RESULTS Cd colitis occurs more frequentlywith advancing age(55% of cases 】80 years).However,age,per se,had no effect onmortality.A history of cardiac disease(P=0.036),recurrent or refractory infection】4weeks(P=0.007),low serum total protein(P=0.034),low serum albumin(P=0.001),antibiotic use 】4 weeks(P【0.010),use of over 4 antibiotics(P=0.026),and use of certainclasses of antibiotics(P=0.035-0.004)werepredictive of death.Death was stronglypredicted by the use of penicillin-like antibioticsplus clindamycin,in the presence ofhypoalbuminemia,refractory sepsis,andcardiac disease(P=0.00005).CONCLUSION Cd colitis is common in the veryold.However,unlike co-morbidity,age alonedoes not affect the clinical outcome(survival vsdeath).

Functional Foods, Old Age and Diabetes

The aim of this paper is to analyze aspects of nutrition and nourishment among elderly diabetic people. It is presented the current research of products with functional food properties that provide not only nutritional value but also other components which encourage a better quality of life during aging. In addition, it includes natural and industrialized functional foods that are commercialized and may be good for daily consumption.