Determination of optical properties of normal and adenomatous human colon tissues in vitro using integrating sphere techniques

AIM: The purpose of the present study is to compare the optical properties of normal human colon mucosa/submucosa and muscle layer/chorion, and adenomatous human colon mucosa/submucosa and muscle layer/chorion in vitro at 476.5, 488, 496.5, 514.5 and 532 nm. We believe these differences in optical properties should help differential diagnosis of human colon tissues by using optical methods.METHODS: In vitro optical properties were investigated for four kinds of tissues: normal human colon mucosa/submucosa and muscle layer/chorion, and adenomatous human colon mucosa/submucosa and muscle layer/chorion. Tissue samples were taken from 13 human colons (13 adenomatous, 13 normal). From the normal human colons a total of 26 tissue samples, with a mean thickness of 0.40 mm, were used (13 from mucosa/submucosa and 13 from muscle layer/chorion), and from the adenomatous human bladders a total of 26 tissue samples, with a mean thickness of 0.40 mm, were used (13 from mucosa/submucosa and 13 from muscle layer/chorion). The measurements were performed using a double-integratingsphere setup and the optical properties were assessed from these measurements using the adding-doubling method that was considered reliable.RESULTS: The results of measurement showed that there were significant differences in the absorption coefficients and scattering coefficients between normal and adenomatous human colon mucosa/submucosa at the same wavelength,and there were also significant differences in the two optical parameters between both colon muscle layer/chorion at the same wavelength. And there were large differences in the anisotropy factors between both colon mucosa/submucosa at the same wavelength, there were also large differences in the anisotropy factors between both colon muscle layer/chorion at the same wavelength.There were large differences in the value ranges of the absorption coefficients, scattering coefficients and anisotropy factors between both colon mucosa/submucosa,and there were also large differences in these value ranges between both colon muscle layer/chorion. There are the same orders of magnitude in the absorption coefficients for four kinds of colon tissues. The scattering coefficients of these tissues exceed the absorption coefficients by at least two orders of magnitude.CONCLUSION: There were large differences in the three optical parameters between normal and adenomatous human colon mucosa/submucosa at the same laser wavelength, and there were also large differences in these parameters between both colon muscle layer/chorion at the same laser wavelength. Large differences in optical parameters indicate that there were large differences in compositions and structures between both colon mucosa/submucosa, and between both colon muscle layer/chorion.Optical parameters for four kinds of colon tissues are wavelength dependent, and these differences would be useful and helpful in clinical applications of laser and tumors photodynamic therapy (PDT).

MEASUREMENT OF THE DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF BIOLOGICAL TISSUE

An open-ended coaxial line reflection method especially suitable for meas-uring the dielectric properties of biological tissue in vivo is described.This method offersthe advantage of not requiring any special preparation of the samples to be measured but aclose contact with the open end of a coaxial line.It is,therefore,very convenient to acquirea large number of measurement data in broad band rapidly.The method may also be usedto measure the properties of other substances.The measuring system consists of a networkanalyzer controlled by a microcomputer and calibrated by using ANA procedure to elimi-hate the influnce of error network introduced by the adapter,some connectors,etc.In or-der to reach higher accuracy,the iterative method is used to determine the parameters ofthe equivalent circuit.Measurements of permeativities of some living tissues have been per-formed in the frequency band of 0.5-2GHz.Compared with the results known in somepapers,the validity of this method has been confirmed.The difference in dielectric proper-ties between living and dead tissues,and the tissue permeativites(ε)versus frequency andduration of measurement after death have also been measured.

Additive manufacturing of biodegradable magnesium-based materials:Design strategies,properties,and biomedical applications

Magnesium(Mg)-based materials are a new generation of alloys with the exclusive ability to be biodegradable within the human/animal body.In addition to biodegradability,their inherent biocompatibility and similar-to-bone density make Mg-based alloys good candidates for fabricating surgical bioimplants for use in orthopedic and traumatology treatments.To this end,nowadays additive manufacturing(AM)along with three-dimensional(3D)printing represents a promising manufacturing technique as it allows for the integration of bioimplant design and manufacturing processes specific to given applications.Meanwhile,this technique also faces many new challenges associated with the properties of Mg-based alloys,including high chemical reactivity,potential for combustion,and low vaporization temperature.In this review article,various AM processes to fabricate biomedical implants from Mg-based alloys,along with their metallic microstructure,mechanical properties,biodegradability,biocompatibility,and antibacterial properties,as well as various post-AM treatments were critically reviewed.Also,the challenges and issues involved in AM processes from the perspectives of bioimplant design,properties,and applications were identified;the possibilities and potential scope of the Mg-based scaffolds/implants are discussed and highlighted.

Study on the optical property and biocompatibility of a tissue engineering cornea

AIM: To study the optical property and biocompatibility of a tissue engineering cornea. METHODS: The cross-linker of N- (3-Dimethylaminoropyl)-N'ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC)/ N-Hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) was mixed with Type I collagen at 10% (weight/volume). The final solution was molded to the shape of a corneal contact lens. The collagen concentrations of 10%, 12.5%, 15%, 17.5% and 20% artificial corneas were tested by UV/vis-spectroscopy for their transparency compared with normal rat cornea. 10-0 sutures were knotted on the edges of substitute to measure the corneal buttons's mechanical properties. Normal rat corneal tissue primary culture on the collagen scaffold was observed in 4 weeks. Histopathologic examinations were performed after 4 weeks of in vitro culturing. RESULTS: The collagen scaffold appearance was similar to that of soft contact lens. With the increase of collagen concentration, the transparency of artificial corneal buttons was diminished, but the toughness of the scaffold was enhanced. The scaffold transparency in the 10% concentration collagen group resembled normal rat cornea. To knot and embed the scaffold under the microscope, 20% concentration collagen group was more effective during implantation than lower concentrations of collagen group. In the first 3 weeks, corneal cell proliferation was highly active. The shapes of cells that grew on the substitute had no significant difference when compared with the cells before they were moved to the scaffold. However, on the fortieth day, most cells detached from the scaffold and died. Histopathologic examination of the primary culture scaffold revealed well grown corneal cells tightly attached to the scaffold in the former culturing. CONCLUSION: Collagen scaffold can be molded to the shape of soft contact corneal lens with NHS/EDC. The biological stability and biocompatibility of collagen from animal species may be used as material in preparing to engineer artificial corneal scaffold.

Virtual Biopsy and Physical Characterization of Tissues, Biofilms, Implants and Viscoelastic Liquids Using Vibrational Optical Coherence Tomography

Tissue biopsies and implant analysis during animal testing or clinical studies are a requirement for development of new surgical materials and procedures. In this paper we report the use of vibrational OCT (VOCT) to evaluate the viscoelastic behavior of tissues, polymeric materials, biofilms, and viscoelastic solutions of macromolecules. Our results suggest that VOCT is a useful technique to characterize the behavior of cellular tissues and biofilms, polymeric implant materials and viscoelastic solutions used in medicine. It is demonstrated that the modulus and resonant frequency squared per unit thickness is a feature that can be used to characterize a variety of tissues. Further work is needed to understand the generalized behavior of synthetic polymers and viscoelastic solutions.

A Polydisperse Sphere Model Describing the Propagation of Light in Biological Tissue

A polydisperse sphere model with the complex refractive index is employed to describe the propagation of light in biological tissue. The scattering coefficient, absorption coefficient and scattering phase function are calculated. At the same time, the inverse problem on retrieving the particles size distribution, imaginary part of the refractive index and number density of scatterers is investigated. The result shows that the retrieval scheme together with the Chahine algorithm is effective in dealing with such an inverse problem. It is also clarified that a group of parameters including the scattering coefficient, absorption coefficient and phase function are associated with another group including the refractive index, particle size distribution and number density of scatterers, which is a problem described in two different ways and the anisotropy factor is not an independent variable, but is determined by the phase function.

Integrated System for Combined Optical Coherence Tomography-Raman Spectroscopy of Neocaridina denticulate sinensis

Optical coherence tomography(OCT)and Raman spectroscopy(RS)can be complementary biological tissue optical analysis methods.To study the internal structure and tissue compositions of biological samples,an OCT-RS system was built to carry out OCT section imaging and RS analysis in common.Neocaridina denticulate sinensis were collected regularly for morphological observation by OCT imaging and biochemical investigation based on the Raman spectra.The internal structure of the N.denticulate sinensis was imaged by OCT,and the morphology of the tissues and the position in the body were distinguished according to the gray scale changes.The imaging depth along the vertical direction of Z-axis in N.denticulate sinensis is about 1.60 mm.RS detection was selectively performed based on the OCT images.The main Raman peaks of the rostrum,the cephalothorax,the abdominal segment,and the telson section are at 1006,1156,1447,1491 and 1515 cm-1,which are identified as proteins and amino acids.The presence of 1497 cm-1 at the cephalothorax is different from other parts,probably due to the presence of organs such as ovary,whose compositions are different from those of other tissues.The combination of optical coherence tomography and Raman spectroscopy can provide information about morphological and biochemical features of tissues,and has potential applications in biomedical detection and imaging.

Varying of up-conversion nanoparticles luminescence from the muscle tissue depth during the compression

The current work is focused on the study of optical clearing of skeletal muscles under local compression.The experiments were performed on in vitro bovine skeletal muscle.The time dependence of optical clearing was studied by monitoring the luminescence intensity of NaYF_(4)∶Er,Yb upconverting particles located under tissue layers.This study shows the possibility to use upconverting nanoparticles(UCNPs)both for studying the dynamics of the optical clearing of biological tissue under compression and to detect moments of cell wall damage under excessive pressure.The advantage of using UCNPs is the presence of several bands in their luminescence spectra,located both at close wavelengths and far apart.

SPECTRAL IMAGING AND ANALYSIS TO YIELD TISSUE OPTICAL PROPERTIES

An introduction to the basics of spectral imaging as applied to biological tissues is presented.An example of a spectral image of a face is used to demonstrate the data and spectral analysis that specify the melanin content(M),blood content(B),tissue oxygen saturation(S),water content(W),fraction of scattering due to Rayleigh scattering(f)and due to Mie scattering(1−f),and the reduced scattering coefficient at 500-nm wavelength(µ
s 500 nm).The sensitivity of reflectance spectra to variation in the various parameters is illustrated.

Phantom of Human Adipose Tissue and Studies of Light Propagation and Light Absorption for Parameterization and Evaluation of Noninvasive Optical Fat Measuring Devices

A method for noninvasive determination of fat and water content in the human body is examined. A spatially resolved spectroscopy method is used which can record low intensity near infrared spectra. This novel approach is compared to other methods for the determination of fat and water content. Monte Carlo simulations of light propagation in tissue are shown and the production and characterization of optical phantoms of adipose tissue are investigated.

Could the Cuticle of Beetles Serve Also for Their Radiative Thermoregulation?

Based on the recent observation of the asymmetry of light energy flow through a material system that is similar to an iridescent beetle’s cuticle, we discuss the key roles of chiral molecular organization (responsible for the iridescent color of beetles) and of asymmetric boundary conditions (defined by the position of their cuticle) in the evolution of such photonic biological structures. Question is raised about the possible role of such energy flow asymmetry in the radiative thermoregulation of those beetles.

基于频散曲线和机器学习方法的层状生物软组织特性反演

生物软组织的几何和力学性质是多种疾病的重要指标,通过高精度反演得到生物软组织特性,如组织厚度、弹性模量和密度等,对疾病的诊断、治疗和康复都具有重要的医疗指导意义,超声波检测中包含的参数信息可以高效并准确地解决参数反演问题.文章将超声导波的频散曲线和机器学习相结合,建立了基于生物软组织Lamb波频散曲线的BP神经网络反演方法,分析了频散曲线的模态、波段、训练数据个数、波数采样点个数和数据噪声对反演精度的影响.研究结果表明,提出的反演方法能够准确地得到生物软组织的单参数特性,并且具有很好的普适性,可用于生物软组织的不同特性参数的反演.其中频散曲线数据通过求解频散方程获取.引入确定系数R2对反演结果进行评估,通过对比不同模态与频段下的反演结果,证明根据修正Morris法求得的灵敏度指标来选取频散曲线样本的模态与波段是一种有效手段.而且采用混合模态可进一步提升反演精度.训练数据个数和波数采样点个数超过相应的阈值后,反演精度基本不变,根据阈值可同时保证优异的反演精度和反演效率.通过在样本中加入随机噪声进行鲁棒性测试,当训练样本和测试样本的取值范围和噪声水平相近时,本文反演方法表现出一定的鲁棒性.

Thermal property of biological tissues characterized by piezoelectric photoacoustic technique

A photoacoustic piezoelectric method based on a simplified thermoelastic theory is employed to determine thermal diffusivities of biological tissues. The thermal diffu-sivities of porcine tissues with different preparation condi-tions, including fresh, dry and specially prepared conditions, are characterized. Comparing the experimental evaluated diffusivities of the tissues in three conditions with each other, it can be seen that the diffusivities of the fresh tissues are the biggest and the diffusivities of the specially prepared tissues are bigger than that of the dry ones generally. The results show that the piezoelectric photoacoustic method is espe-cially effective for determining macro-effective (average) thermal diffusivities of biological materials with micro- inhomogeneity and easy to be performed, which can provide useful information for researching thermal characters of biological tissues.

Nanoindentation of Teeth-A Review

This paper reviews some of the nanoindentation research that has been done on teeth and discusses the usefulness of this technique in studying the structure-property-function relationship at the micro and nanometer scale. In particular, examples on the use of nanoindentation technique in investigating the effects of cleansing and bleaching agents as well as drinks on the micro- and nanostructures and mechanical properties of teeth are highlighted. Although nanoindentation on teeth is a relatively new area of research, it provides an excellent way of probing and relating the structures and mechanical properties of teeth at the submicron and nanometer scales that were previously not possible but which can now greatly benefit dental research. For example, a nanoindenter with a high resolution imaging capability can help to elucidate the mechanisms with which certain diseases can damage and compromise the structural integrity of teeth at the micro- and nanometer scale. With this information, clinicians and researchers can then work towards how best to tackle these problems or even preventing them.

生物医学微波热声成像

微波热声成像是一种以生物组织电特性差异为原理基础的多物理场耦合成像方法.其采用脉冲微波作为激发源,通过热弹性效应产生的超声波呈递深层生物组织的结构与功能信息,融合了微波成像高对比度和超声成像高分辨率的优点.目前已在无损脑结构成像、乳腺肿瘤筛查、人体关节炎成像、肝脂肪含量检测等方面展现出了广阔的医学应用前景,有望成为新的物理医学影像方法.本文对微波热声成像技术的物理原理、系统装置以及近来的代表性研究进展进行了系统性的介绍,并分析探讨了微波热声成像技术值得关注的发展方向以及面临的挑战.

Influence of high-order optical parameters of tissue on spatially resolved reflectance in the region close to the source

Influences of the scattering phase functions on spatially resolved diffuse reflectance from a homogenous semi-infinite medium close to source are studied with Monte Carlo simulation. It is shown that the influences of optical parameters higher than the second order on the diffuse reflectance are quite weak in the region from 0.3 to several transport mean free pathes when Henyey-Greenstein phase function or a combined phase function of two parameters are used. But this influence may be substantial if the double Henyey-Greenstein function is used to describe the scattering property of tissue.

New Approach for Noninvasive Determination of Tissue Optical Properties

A state-of-the-art radiative transfer model for the coupled air/tissue system is introduced. We then present a feasibility study of a new method for determining the tissue optical properties.

生物组织光传输的系统模型及应用

以辐射传输方程为基础,讨论了生物组织光传输问题的线性空间平移不变性,同时建立了层状生物组织光传输问题的系统理论及相应的计算模型.与Monte Carlo方法的对比计算表明:该模型在保证结果准确性的前提下,可极大地提高生物组织光传输问题的计算效率.在此基础上,将该模型应用于层状生物组织内会聚光传输问题的理论计算,讨论了光源会聚角对生物组织内光场分布的影响.

有限宽光束在生物组织中传输的蒙特卡罗方法

基于光在生物组织中的传输理论,研究有限宽光束在生物组织中的传输特性.利用入射光强与格林函数进行卷积计算,推导了有限宽光束在圆柱坐标系下的光传输过程,给出了有限宽光束的光传输方程.以高斯光源和平圆光源为例,进一步给出了两种光源的有限宽光束在生物组织中的光传输方程.介绍了Monte Carlo方法原理及模拟光在多层生物组织中的传输过程.给出了典型三层生物组织的散射系数、吸收系数和折射率等光学参数.利用Monte Carlo方法模拟了有限宽光束在三层生物组织中的传输特性,对比研究了高斯光源和平圆光源有限宽光束在三层生物组织传输时光学参数漫透射率、漫反射率和光能流率的变化规律.这些参数的变化规律可为光在生物组织传输的实际应用提供理论指导.

二次谐波成像及其在生物医学中的应用

二次谐波成像是近年发展起来的一种三维光学成像技术,具有非线性光学成像所特有的高空间分辨率和高成像深度,可避免双光子荧光成像中的荧光漂白效应,是一种理想的非侵入生物活体成像方法.生物组织的病变往往会引起微观结构的变化,而二次谐波信号对组织的结构对称性变化高度敏感,因此二次谐波成像对于某些疾病的早期诊断或术后治疗监测,具有很好的生物医学应用前景.介绍二次谐波成像的发展现状,生物组织中二次谐波信号的产生机理,二次谐波成像的实现手段及其在生物医学领域的应用.