Collector optimization for tradeoff between breakdown voltage and cut-off frequency in SiGe HBT

As is well known, there exists a tradeoff between the breakdown voltage BVcEO and the cut-off frequency fT for a standard heterojunction bipolar transistor （HBT）. In this paper, this tradeoff is alleviated by collector doping engineering in the SiGe HBT by utilizing a novel composite of P＋ and N- doping layers inside the collector-base （CB） space-charge region （SCR）. Compared with the single N-type collector, the introduction of the thin P＋ layers provides a reverse electric field weakening the electric field near the CB metallurgical junction without changing the field direction, and the thin N layer further effectively lowers the electric field near the CB metallurgical junction. As a result, the electron temperature near the CB metallurgical junction is lowered, consequently suppressing the impact ionization, thus BVcEO is improved with a slight degradation in fT. The results show that the product of fTXBVcEo is improved from 309.51 GHz.V to 326.35 GHz.V.

Effect of Cut-Off Frequency of Butterworth Filter on Detectability and Contrast of Hot and Cold Regions in Tc-99m SPECT

In SPECT, noise is one of the major limitations that degrade image quality. To suppress the noisy signals in an image, digital filters are most commonly applied. However, in SPECT image reconstruction, selection of an appropriate filter and its functions has always remained a difficult task. In this work an attempt was made to investigate the effects of varying cut-off frequencies and in keeping the order of Butterworth filter constant on detectability and contrast of hot and cold re-gions images. A new insert simulating hot and cold regions which provides similar views in a reconstructed image was placed in the phantom’s cylindrical source tank and imaged. Tc-99m radionuclide was distributed uniformly in the phantom. SPECT data were collected in a 20% energy window centered at 140 keV by a Philips ADAC Forte dual head gamma camera mounted with a LEHR collimator. Images were generated by using the filtered backprojection technique. A Butterworth filter of order 5 with cut-off frequencies 0.35 and 0.45 cycles·cm-1 was applied. Images were examined in terms of hot and cold regions, detectability and contrast. Results show that the hot and cold regions’ detectability and contrast vary with the change of cut-off frequency. With a 0.45 cycles·cm-1 cut-off frequency, a significant enhancement in contrast of cold regions was achieved as compared to a 0.35 cycles·cm-1 cut-off frequency. Furthermore, the detectability of hot and cold regions improved with the use of a 0.45 cycles·cm-1 cut-off frequency. In conclusion, image quality of hot and cold regions affected in a different way with a change of cut-off frequency. Thus, care should be taken in selecting the filter cut-off frequency prior to reconstruction of images;particularly, when both types of regions are expected in the reconstructed image.

Feasibility of applying the lower cut-off frequency for the density radial coverage extension in EAST reflectometry measurement

The extraordinary mode(X-mode)lower cut-off frequency is proposed for use in the reflectometry diagnostic on ITER for the electron density profile measurement,which is a trade-off between extreme plasma parameters and the accessible probing frequency.In contemporary experiments,the lower cutoff frequency can be identified at the probing frequency below the electron cyclotron frequency(f_(ce)) under certain plasma conditions.We provide here,for the first time,the experimental validation of the use of the lower cut-off frequency for the density profiles via the reflectometry measurement on EAST.The corresponding group delay of the lower cut-off frequency evolves continuously with the upper one,revealing a reasonable radial coverage extension of reflectometry measurement toward the plasma core.It is concluded that the lower cut-off frequency can be used as a supplement to the upper one in the density profile inversion process,which is of particular interest in the high magnetic field and/or density discharge to extend the radial coverage of reflectometry measurement.

An Experimental Method to Determine the Cut-Off Frequency of an Acoustical Free Field in a Non-Ideal Environment

The availability of ideal conditions like anechoic chamber to characterize some sound parameters, like sound intensity and sound power necessities the determination of free field and cut off frequency measurements. In this article, full experiment was executed at Wayne State University (Detroit-Michigan), to determine the cut off frequency in all directions;the obtained results showed that the free field can be determined for a specified space. So other tests can take place in this space avoiding regions where reflections and consequently noise can be found. Upon these results tests related to noise abatement in vehicles can be done in such environment.

Analysis and compensation of low frequency characteristics of sensors for vibration testing

In view of the influence and harm of low frequency vibration environment on the structure of spaceflight products,a low frequency dynamic study method for piezoelectric sensor based on the dynamic system of sinusoidal pressure is proposed.This method uses a sinusoidal pressure dynamic system with two-way dual channel import and export synchronization technology to study the low frequency characteristics of a piezoelectric sensor of PCB company,and its lower cut-off frequency is 0.26 Hz.It is also studied that when the frequency of the measured vibration or shock signal is 1-200 kHz,the error range of signal positive pressure action time is 4.87%-0.03%.The dynamic compensation for the low frequency of the vibration sensor is carried out,and the compensation effect is good.

Radio-frequency transistors from millimeter-scale graphene domains

Graphene is a new promising candidate for application in radio-frequency （RF） electronics due to its excellent elec- tronic properties such as ultrahigh carrier mobility, large threshold current density, and high saturation velocity. Recently, much progress has been made in the graphene-based RF field-effect transistors （RF-FETs）. Here we present for the first time the high-performance top-gated RF transistors using millimeter-scale single graphene domain on a SiO2/Si substrate through a conventional microfabrication process. A maximum cut-off frequency of 178 GHz and a peak maximum os- cillation frequency of 35 GHz are achieved in the graphene-domain-based FET with a gate length of 50 nm and 150 nm, respectively. This work shows that the millimeter-scale single graphene domain has great potential applications in RF devices and circuits.

MHz cut-off frequency and permeability mechanism of iron-based soft magnetic composites

The lack of soft magnetic composites with high power density in MHz frequency range has become an obstacle in the efficient operation of the electrical and electronic equipments.Here,a promising method to increase the cut-off frequency of iron-based soft magnetic composites to hundreds of MHz is reported.The cut-off frequency is increased from 10 MHz to 1 GHz by modulating the height of the ring,the distribution of particles,and the particle size.The mechanism of cut-off frequency and permeability is the coherent rotation of domain modulated by inhomogeneous field due to the eddy current effect.An empirical formula for the cut-off frequency in a magnetic ring composed of iron-based particles is established from experimental data.This work provides an effective approach to fabricate soft magnetic composites with a cut-off frequency in hundreds of MHz.

Analysis and Optimum Design of Differential Inductors Using Distributed Capacitance Model

A distributed capacitance model for monolithic inductors is developed to predict the equivalently parasitical capacitances of the inductor.The ratio of the self-resonant frequency (f SR) of the differential-driven symmetric inductor to the f SR of the single-ended driven inductor is firstly predicted and explained.Compared with a single-ended configuration,experimental data demonstrate that the differential inductor offers a 127% greater maximum quality factor and a broader range of operating frequencies.Two differential inductors with low parasitical capacitance are developed and validated.

Optimum weighting-coefficient-pair in inter-carrier interference self-cancellation scheme of OFDM system

As one of the most important components of the wideband wireless access technique, orthogonal frequency division multiplexing （OFDM） has a high usage rate of spectrum and combats inter-symbol interference （ISI） in multi-path fading channel. However, when there are frequency offsets during the signal transmission, the inter-carrier interference （ICI） is introduced, which significantly degrades the performance. The existing ICI self-cancellation schemes such as PCC-OFDM are not optimum to minimize the interference considering both noise and ICI. In this paper, a new metric named S1NR （signal-to-interference- and-noise ratio） is proposed. We discuss the optimization issue when a constant frequency offset exists and in time-varying channels. The optimum weighting-coefficient-pair （OWCP） is obtained, which maximizes SINR theoretically through the alternant iteration algorithm. Simulations show that the performance of OWCP-OFDM is better than that of PCC-OFDM, especially when the frequency offset is large. Although the ICI self-cancellation scheme suffers bandwidth inefficiency, from the simulation results we can also see that the performance of OWCP-OFDM is much better than that of the standard OFDM systems with the same bandwidth efficiency when a frequency offset exists. Moreover, since the redundant modulation provides the capability to suppress ICI as well as a receiving SNR gain, it can be considered as exchanging the bandwidth for SNR.

AC Back Surface Recombination Velocity as Applied to Optimize the Base Thickness under Temperature of an (n+-p-p+) Bifacial Silicon Solar Cell, Back Illuminated by a Light with Long Wavelength

The bifacial silicon solar cell, placed at temperature (T) and illuminated from the back side by monochromatic light in frequency modulation (ω), is studied from the frequency dynamic diffusion equation, relative to the density of excess minority carriers in the base. The expressions of the dynamic recombination velocities of the minority carriers on the rear side of the base Sb1(D(ω, T);H) and Sb2(α, D(ω, T);H), are analyzed as a function of the dynamic diffusion coefficient (D(ω, T)), the absorption coefficient (α(λ)) and the thickness of the base (H). Thus their graphic representation makes it possible to go up, to the base optimum thickness (Hopt(ω, T)), for different temperature values and frequency ranges of modulation of monochromatic light, of strong penetration. The base optimum thickness (Hopt(ω, T)) decreases with temperature, regardless of the frequency range and allows the realization of the solar cell with few material (Si).

多约束下的电潜泵变频器最优参数控制方法

根据不同的电潜泵作业情况优化调整参数,可以有效控制其运行频率,以此保证运行的高效性。为此,该文提出多约束下的电潜泵变频器最优参数控制方法。在电潜泵结构分析的基础上,分别设置电潜泵下泵深度、最佳扬程多个方面的约束条件。并根据变频器运行原理,从基频以下的调整控制、基频以上的弱磁调整控制两个方面实现多约束下的电潜泵变频器最优参数控制。实验结果表明,通过所提方法计算出某海上采油平台电潜泵各组成设备的最优参数,结合变频器的调整控制,最后得出优化后的油田排采效率提高了12%,验证了所提出电潜泵变频器最优参数控制方法的有效性。

超声导波管道检测中导波模态及频率的选择

长距离管道超声导波检测技术是一种新的管道无损检测技术,可以对常规方法无法接近的管道进行快速检测,工程应用前景非常广阔．本文对管道超声导波检测过程中传感器的数量和布置间距对榆出导波信号的影响进行了讨论,并以纵向轴对称导波L(0,2)为例,就导波模态及频率的选择对检测效果及一次性检测长度的影响进行了研究．综合多方因素选择的最优试验频率即可作为现场管道试验的检测频率．

利用时频分析技术预测依拉克构造有利砂体分布

依拉克构造白垩系舒善河组属多物源的扇三角洲沉积体系,其砂体变化快、储层非均质性强,有利砂体难以预测。本文采用时频分析法,即首先通过S变换将时间域地震信号转换到频率域,并基于精细时深标定,优选能识别出目标层段分流河道砂体的优势频率体;再依托优势频率(40Hz)数据体,综合应用相干、瞬时振幅等多属性分析技术,预测有利相带的分布;在该有利相带约束下,利用三维砂体雕刻技术识别出(6个)有利砂体,清晰刻画了砂体的规模和展布特征。根据预测结果,选择在2号砂体上布设探井,实钻后获得高产油气流,表明预测结果与实钻结果很好吻合。

气枪震源在地球深部结构探测中的应用研究进展

介绍了气枪震源的发展历史、工作原理、激发参数、性能指标,及气枪震源的最新发展动态.由于气枪震源的优越性,使得气枪震源成为新兴的、环保的、绿色的人工震源,在地球物理学中得到迅速推广和广泛应用,如国外的LARSE和SIGHT计划,及国内的南海东北部海陆联合勘探计划,都是利用气枪震源进行深部地球物理探测的成功实例.通过对气枪震源的容积能量、激发频率、沉放深度等的分析和讨论,探讨气枪震源在地球深部结构探测中的进一步应用.

配电网合环冲击电流计算方法及其简化计算公式

配电网合环操作可能产生较大的冲击电流,影响电网的安全稳定运行。为此提出一种配电网合环冲击电流计算方法,并推导了较准确的非合环支路冲击电流解析计算公式。基于最佳频率下合环前后的潮流和戴维南定理,计算合环冲击电流衰减时间常数;基于额定频率下合环前后的潮流结果和最佳频率法计算获得的衰减时间常数,计算合环冲击电流及非合环支路电流。最后,对不同方法(包括PSCAD/EMTDC暂态仿真)计算冲击电流的结果进行比较分析,验证了所提方法的实用性和有效性。算例结果同时表明某些非合环支路的冲击电流比合环支路冲击电流要大,表明非合环支路冲击电流简化计算公式及其计算校验是非常必要的。

GPS软件接收机中的一种实用高灵敏度快速捕获算法

C/A码的捕获,在软件GPS接收机中的地位举足轻重.通常软件GPS接收机中没有专门用于相关运算的硬件部件,提高软件GPS接收机的捕获灵敏度的同时降低捕获的运算量,是软件接收机实用化的关键.利用先叠加再相关的方法,可以减少相关运算的次数,但必须考虑载波误差对相关函数峰值的影响.在此基础上,研究了数据预处理中,线性插值的参数选择问题,最后,提出了最佳路径算法,进行进一步的相关累积,在延长相干累积时间长度的同时,避免导航数据跳变对累积的影响,提高捕获的灵敏度.仿真结果表明,在信噪比SNR=-37dB的情况下,算法仍能捕获到所有卫星信号.实际接收的数据也表明,算法能明显增加捕获到的卫星数量.由于算法采用了多种措施来降低运算量,因此算法的运算量适中,非常适合在软件接收机中采用.

高频开关电源变压器的优化设计

在开关电源的设计中,功率变压器的设计是极为关键的,尤其当工作频率提高后,若没有新的变压器优化设计方法,是无法达到提高整个电源功率密度的目的。该文在深入分析了高频变压器的设计原理后,提出了一种有效的优化设计方法,可降低变压器的功率损耗,提高开关电源的效率。

振动应力促进骨重建最佳频率的实验研究——扫描电镜观察与生化分析

目的 :研究振动应力促进骨重建的最佳频率。方法 :应用可调脉冲频率的振动应力刺激仪 ,对 43只家兔尺骨骨折进行不同频率应力刺激。行扫描电镜观察与生化分析。结果 :低频应力 (10～ 5 0HZ)骨痂内胶原蛋白含量、钙、磷沉积量较大 ,与高频应力 (6 0～ 10 0HZ)相比 ,差别显著 (P <0 .0 1)。扫描电镜显示 ,低频应力下骨痂中血肿吸收快速、骨母细胞增生活跃、骨小梁胶元纤维排列有序、毛细血管分布密集。结论 :超微结构与生化分析显示 ,振动应力有利于骨痂的成熟与改建 ,其最佳频率在 10～ 5

1MV小型重复频率Marx发生器研制

设计了MV级小型重复频率Marx发生器,简化了发生器充放电回路,减小了能量损失;分析了隔离电感变化时对发生器输出脉冲电压波形的影响,减小了隔离电感体积,提高了隔离有效性;优化了开关腔体结构,实现了间距连续可调,且受外围结构的变化或振动影响,13个开关间隙置于同一垂线上,火花放电时产生的紫外线或射线相互照射,加速了开关导通,减小了Marx发生器输出电压抖动。塑壳电容降压使用,提高了发生器的可靠性;通过Pspice模拟和三维静电场分析,实现了发生器小型化,整个Marx发生器放置在一个密封纯净SF6气体的金属圆筒内,体积小于0.25m3。优化设计和实验研究,发生器在高阻负载上输出峰值1.02MV、前沿约30ns的高压脉冲,发生器储能290J,电压幅度抖动约10%,前沿抖动小于10ns,可实现重复频率20Hz稳定运行。

干涉合成孔径雷达系统的最优基线

本文从干涉合成孔径雷达（ＩＮＳＡＲ）的系统原理出发，深入地讨论了影响ＩＮＳＡＲ系统特性的干涉基线．基于形成干涉图像的ＳＡＲ信号之间的频率偏移理论，本文引入干涉合成孔径雷达系统的信号带宽、信噪比及距离向分辨力的概念．根据所提出的概念，得到干涉系统的最优基线，仿真计算结果与实际系统中所采用的系统基线基本吻合．