Property Attribute and Property Ownership of Virtual Property

Virtual property has increasingly become a key issue,particularly regarding its nature,ownership,and goodwill acquisition,all of which are worthy of study.Analyzing these issues can contribute to a better understanding of how to develop laws and regulations to protect virtual property.

Computational Strategy Research on the Development of Kiruna,in Sweden

In Kiruna,nearly all the residents support the migration plan in order to make LKAB able to continue the mining process.Based on current condition,a larger part of this town will be demolished by the sinking land caused by iron ore mining processing operated by LKAB.Since then,most of the buildings in the sinking district will be relocated in another district.However,the situation in Kiruna is not quite the same as when this kind of migration happens in another place.In other place,while migration happens,even if not most,a large part of the local residents will resist and fight for their house and properties.Concentrated on the ownership of different buildings and tried find the relationship between the public and private buildings to discover some issue that will help to work on the computational urban design.

Influence of mechanical vibration on the solidification of a lost foam cast 356 alloy

Mechanical vibration was applied to the solidification of a lost foam cast(LFC) 356 aluminum alloy.Effects of mechanical vibration,with different peak acceleration,on the size and morphology of α-Al phase,and also on the mechanical properties of the castings were studied.Results indicated that α-Al dendrites gradually grow into equiaxed grains as the peak acceleration of vibration is increased.When the peak acceleration is between about 1 to 4 g,α-Al phase distribution is uniform and is refined obviously.α-Al dendrites are reduced and the mechanical properties of the castings are improved significantly when compared to those of the castings that are produced without vibration.However,when the peak acceleration is higher than 4 g,strong vibration will lead to defects formation,such as sand adhesion,while the amount and size of pores will be increased.And due to the turbulent flow that caused by strong vibration,the chance of forming large pores in the matrix has been increased significantly.The increase in defects will result in the deterioration of mechanical properties.

Timberland Investing and Private Property Rights in the United States of America

Investments in rural land for agriculture, timber, and other natural resource purposes occur frequently and globally. Fundamental principles of liberty and property found in the United States of America’s (“US”) legal system, from its origins to recent US Supreme Court decisions, continue to positively benefit holders of real estate in the Southern US, through a deep-rooted public policy of supporting private property rights and rural economic development. This stable rule of law enhances the long-term adaptability and sustainability of timberland as an asset class. This article is a commentary. It combines legal research methodology with the observations and conclusions of the authors. Its purpose is to demonstrate that the existence of alienable, documentable ownership, and related property rights create inherent stability and security. These principles form the basis of a culture that is defined by the rule of law and is “open for business.” This business mindset is particularly prevalent in the Southern US.

Paying Close Attention to the Research on Property Right of Market

The property fight of market is a foundation, on which various kinds of micro tangible property rights and intangible property rights exist and realize, and as an economic category, the property right of market appears after the class, the state and the equity title. The contents that are involved in the research on the theory and the practice of property fight of market are extensive, including a lot of aspects such as its key theory, the relation between market economy and international competitiveness, etc. Therefore, the research on the property right of market has very important theoretic and practical significance.

Research on the Reform of Real Estate Taxation in the Personal Housing Ownership Link

Housing is related to the well-being of people’s livelihood,but at present,the real estate market is overheated,and the price of commercial housing remains high.The implementation of the reform of real estate tax in Shanghai and Chongqing has aroused heated discussions in the society.A timely promotion of real estate tax reform and legislation can play a role in tax regulation.This study takes the reform of real estate tax in regard to personal housing ownership link as the research theme and discusses the setting of collection scheme,the application of tax evaluation technology,as well as tax collection and management.

Effects of mechanical vibration on filling and solidification behavior, microstructure and performance of Al/Mg bimetal by lost foam compound casting

Al/Mg bimetal was prepared by lost foam solid-liquid compound casting,and the effects of mechanical vibration on the filling and solidification behavior,microstructure and performance of the bimetal were investigated.Results show that the mechanical vibration has a remarkable influence on the filling and solidification processes.It is found that after mechanical vibration,the filling rate increases and the filling rate at different times is more uniform than that without vibration.In addition,the mechanical vibration also increases the wettability between liquid AZ91D and A356 inlays.The mechanical vibration reduces the horizontal and vertical temperature gradient of the casting and makes the temperature distribution of the whole casting more uniform.Compared to the Al/Mg bimetal without vibration,the shear strength is improved by 39.76%after the mechanical vibration is applied,due to the decrease of the inclusions and Al_(12)Mg_(17) dendrites,and the refinement and uniform distribution of the Mg_(2)Si particles in the interface of the Al/Mg bimetal.

On the Dual Attributes of Charitable Trusts in China

Based on the legal attribute of charitable trusts(CTs), they should be interpreted as organizations.In practice, CTs are not only a type of trust but also a charitable organization with unique dual attributes focusing on public welfare and profitability.Their core function is to achieve the goal of charity by using the trust as a tool, although they have the characteristics of a trust in terms of external representation.The dual attributes of CTs present new challenges in terms of governance mechanisms, which must be different from those of traditional charitable organizations and the general corporate governance mechanisms applied to trust companies.

Microstructure and mechanical properties of Mg-Gd-Y-Zr alloy cast by metal mould and lost foam casting

The microstructure and mechanical properties of Mg-10.1Gd-3.74Y-0.25Zr （mass fraction, %） alloy （GW104 alloy） cast by metal mould casting （MMC） and lost foam casting （LFC） were evaluated, respectively. It is revealed that different forming modes do not influence the phase composition of as-cast alloy. In the as-cast specimens, the microstructures are similar and composed of α-Mg solid solution, eutectic compound of α-Mg＋Mg 24 （Gd, Y） 5 and cuboid-shaped Mg 5 （Gd, Y） phase; whereas the average grain size of the alloy produced by metal mould casting is smaller than that by lost foam casting. The eutectic compound of the alloy is completely dissolved after solution treatment at 525 ℃for 6 h, while the Mg 5 （Gd, Y） phase still exists after solution treatment. After peak-ageing, the lost foam cast alloy exhibits the maximum ultimate tensile strength of 285 MPa, and metal mould cast specimen 325 MPa at room temperature, while the tensile yield strengths of them are comparable. It can be concluded that GW104 alloy cast by lost foam casting possesses similar microstructure and evidently lower mechanical strength compared with metal mould cast alloy, due to slow solidification rate and proneness to form shrinkage porosities during lost foam casting process.

Effect of vibration frequency on primary phase and properties of grey cast iron fabricated by lost foam casting

The properties of gray cast iron(GCI)are affected by density of matrix,size of flake graphite and primary austenite.In this paper,the Y-type specimen of GCI was prepared by lost foam casting(LFC)with and without vibration,and the influence of vibration frequency on the density of matrix,size of primary phase,and properties of the GCI was studied.The results show that the length of the flake graphite and the size of the primary austenite in GCI firstly decrease and then increase with the increase of the vibration frequency.With a vibration frequency of 35 Hz,the length of the flake graphite is the shortest,the primary austenite is the finest and the density of the matrix is the highest.In addition,the tensile strength,elongation and hardness of the GCI firstly increase and then decrease with the increase of the vibration frequency,due to the refinement of the primary phase and the increase of the matrix density.In order to analyze the refinement mechanism of the primary phase of the GCI fabricated by the LFC with vibration,the solidification temperature fields of the GCI fabricated by the LFC with the vibration frequency of 0 and 35 Hz were measured.The results show that the vibration reduces the eutectic point of the GCI and increases the supercooling degree during the eutectic transformation.As a result,the length of the flake graphite and the size of the primary austenite in GCI fabricated by LFC with the vibration frequency of 35 Hz decrease.

Microstructure and mechanical properties of magnesium alloy prepared by lost foam casting

The microstructure and mechanical properties of AZ91 alloy prepared by lost foam casting（LFC） and various heat treatments have been investigated. The microstructure of the AZ91 alloy via LFC consists of dominant α-Mg and β-Mg17Al12 as well as a new phase Al32Mn25 with size of about 550 μm, which has not been detected in AZ91 alloy prepared by other casting processes. The tests demonstrate that the as-cast mechanical properties are higher than those of sand gravity casting because of chilling and cushioning effect of foam pattern during the mould filling. The solution kinetics and the aging processes at different temperatures were also investigated by hardness and electrical resistivity measurements. The kinetics of aging are faster at the high temperature due to enhanced diffusion of atoms in the matrix, so the hardness peak at 380 ℃ occurs after 10 h; while at the lower aging temperature（150 ℃）, the peak is not reached in the time（24 h） considered.

Microstructure and mechanical properties of lost foam cast 356 alloys

Microstructure and mechanical properties of lost foam cast aluminum alloys have been investigated in both primary A356(0.13% Fe) and secondary 356(0.47%). As expected, secondary 356 shows much higher content of Fe-rich intermetallic phases, and in particular the porosity in comparison with primary A356. The average area percent and size(length) of Fe-rich intermetallics change from about 0.5% and 6 μm in A356 to 2% and 25 μm in 356 alloy. The average area percent and maximum size of porosity also increase from about 0.4% and 420 μm to 1.4% and 600 μm, respectively. As a result, tensile ductility decreases about 60% and ultimate tensile strength declines about 8%. Lower fatigue strength was also experienced in the secondary 356 alloy. Low cycle fatigue(LCF) strength decreased from 187 MPa in A356 to 159 MPa in 356 and high cycle fatigue(HCF) strength also declined slightly from 68 MPa to 64 MPa.

Provide Equal Protection to Property Under All Ownerships

Editor's note: On July 10,2005, a draft of Real Rights Law of the People's Republic of China was made public for opinions and suggestions from peo- ple of all walks of life. Following is a transcript of an interview by our reporter with Professor Wang Liming of the Renmin University of China, a noted expert of law, who is involved in the drafting of the law:

现代产业学院混合所有制办学的现实意义、机制架构与路径选择

现代产业学院混合所有制办学有助于优化产业资源市场化配置、推动人才培养理实一体化、促进产业经济高质量发展和强化校企合作共同体构建。基本机制包括组织管理的健全机制、优质教学资源的共建机制、教师教学创新团队的共管机制、教育教学模式的改进机制和发展成果的共享机制。应探索混合制管理体制、协同建设系列优质教学资源、协同管理高素质教师教学创新团队、协同改进教育教学模式和共同分享发展成果,规范与促进现代产业学院混合所有制办学。

数据产权法律构造论

在数字经济环境中,数据已成为一种新型生产要素,需要更好地挖掘和开发其经济价值。数据不同于传统有体物以及知识产权客体的特征和属性使其在法律制度构建和运行上也具有特殊性。数据产权制度是数据基础制度的核心内容,其应涵盖保护数据主体合法权益、协调和平衡数据利益关系、促进数据有序流动和分享、促进数据要素利益公平分配等内容。数据产权的法律构造旨在建立数据资源持有权、数据加工使用权和数据产品经营权的数据动态流转和价值实现机制,最终服务于数字经济发展目标。

财产权的张力:洛克与马克思

洛克作为近代政治哲学财产权思想的开创者,在《政府论》中从自然权利论说出发,提出“劳动创造价值”的劳动所有权思想。马克思继承了洛克劳动所有权思想的核心,在劳动价值论的基础上发现剩余价值,揭露资本家对劳动者剩余价值的无偿占有,开启了财产权的资本逻辑批判。在《资本论》中,马克思发现资本主义财产权是以劳动所有权为外在形式,背后隐匿着否定自我所有的资本所有权,揭示了财产权的现代分离。马克思将洛克的劳动所有权发展为劳动力所有权,在重建个人所有制中实现人的自我所有,完成了对财产权的正义建构。

专利转化信托之制度设计

专利转化率低制约了我国产业自主创新升级。专业人才缺乏,投融资渠道匮乏以及传统专利管理方式罅缺是制约专利转化的主要因素。信托与专利转化有机结合可利用信托专业化管理、投融资以及安全保障功能提高专利转化率。我国信托制度生效要件、受托人监督机制与受益人权利救济机制之罅缺制约专利转化信托的发展,应以信托财产“双重所有权”理念作为构建专利转化信托的制度基础,明确专利转化信托财产“确定性”要件并以专利权“移转”于受托人作为信托生效的充分必要条件,明确专利转化信托受托人资格,完善受托人信义义务机制之内部监督制度,增设专利转化信托监察人和专职监管部门进行外部监督,明确受益人物权救济机制。

保护Transformer模型知识产权的鲁棒水印

作为自然语言处理(NLP)领域最强大的深度学习模型,Transformer在机器翻译和自然语言生成等任务中表现出色。同时,这意味着Transformer模型的知识产权(IPR)侵权风险也越来越大,尤其那些训练成本很高的大型模型。尽管目前存在针对卷积神经网络(ConvolutionalNeuralNetworks)和生成对抗网络(GenerativeAdversarialNetworks)等模型的所有权验证方法,但针对Transformer的工作还很欠缺。因此,为了完善Transformer的知识产权保护,让版权所有者在黑盒环境和白盒环境下都能够有效验证Transformer模型所有权,本文首先提出了一种基于额外关注力的白盒水印方案,该方案将所有者签名嵌入模型中并能够抵抗各种攻击,包括通常水印无法抵御的模糊攻击(不破坏现有水印而是加入攻击者水印造成所有权混淆)。之后,本文提出了一个基于混合触发器(HybridTriggers)的后门添加方案,该方案在不访问模型源码的黑盒情况下实现了对模型所有权的验证,具有良好的隐蔽性和抗去除性。此外,本文研究了一种新形式的模糊攻击,实验结果表明,面对这种攻击,本文提出的水印方案优于现有的深度神经网络水印方案。本文为Transformer提供了一个更鲁棒的水印方案,解决了现有技术的局限性,加强了Transformer的知识产权保护。

赋权思路下中国科技成果权属制度的完善路径——从对美国《拜杜法》的再考察出发

中国科技成果权属制度改革以赋权为思路,在模式上参考了美国《拜杜法》的同时也对其有所超越,将科技成果权属适用范围扩大至所有智力成果类知识产权,更符合中国国情和发展新质生产力的需要。但中美两国由于国情不同,赋权于特定主体的具体含义也有所不同。在中国,赋权特定主体应当是构建一种多元权属制度模式,允许单位将科技成果的知识产权转让给包括科研人员在内的与市场有紧密联系的主体。在未来,中国科技成果转化立法需要在赋权思路下构建统一完备的科技成果权属制度。首先,构建多元的权属模式,允许单位将科技成果转让给科研人员,并允许二者在项目立项之初就科技成果知识产权的归属进行协商。其次,还应及时修改《科技成果转化法》等科技法律,使其与新修订的《科技进步法》相配合,构建完备的科技立法体系适应科技改革新动向。最后,立法需要对政府介入权进行明确定位,使其成为监管科技成果使用、保护公共利益以及防止关键技术流失的保障性制度。

科技报告法律属性与知识产权归属分析

科技报告是重要的科技信息资源,厘清科技报告法律属性和权属关系是保障科技报告开发利用安全、有效的关键因素。根据科技计划项目属性和科技报告创作特点明确科技报告的财产权属性、公私双重属性、特殊职务作品属性。基于科技报告法律属性确定其知识产权权属规则,在坚持公私利益平衡基础上,引入契约自由与公权介入规则,进而确定不同情形下科技报告知识产权归属情况。