Solving the Olbers’s Paradox, Explaining the “Red-Shift”, and Challenging the Relativities by “Sun Matters Theory” and “Sun Model of Universe”, an Evolution of the Einstein’s Static Universe Model

Olbers’s paradox, known as the dark night paradox, is an argument in astrophysics that the darkness of the night sky conflicts with the assumption of an infinite and eternal static universe. Big-Bang theory was used to partially explain this paradox, while introducing new problems. Hereby, we propose a better theory, named Sun Matters Theory, to explain this paradox. Moreover, this unique theory supports and extended the Einstein’s static universe model proposed by Albert Einstein in 1917. Further, we proposed our new universe model, “Sun Model of Universe”. Based on the new model and novel theory, we generated innovative field equation by upgrading Einstein’s Field Equation through adding back the cosmological constant, introducing a new variable and modifying the gravitationally-related concepts. According to the Sun Model of Universe, the dark matter and dark energy comprise the so-called “Sun Matters”. The observed phenomenon like the red shift is explained as due to the interaction of ordinary light with Sun Matters leading to its energy and frequency decrease. In Sun Model, our big universe consists of many universes with ordinary matter at the core mixed and surrounded with the Sun Matters. In those universes, the laws of physics may be completely or partially different from that of our ordinary universe with parallel civilizations. The darkness of night can be easily explained as resulting from the interaction of light with the Sun Matters leading to the sharp decrease in the light intensity. Sun Matters also scatter the light from a star, which makes it shining as observed by Hubble. Further, there is a kind of Sun Matters named “Sun Waters”, surrounding every starts. When lights pass by the sun, the Sun Waters deflect the lights to bend the light path. According to the Sun Model, it is the light bent not the space bent that was proposed in the theory of relativities.

Paradoxical herniation associated with hyperbaric oxygen therapy after decompressive craniectomy: A case report

BACKGROUND Whether hyperbaric oxygen therapy(HBOT)can cause paradoxical herniation is still unclear.CASE SUMMARY A 65-year-old patient who was comatose due to brain trauma underwent decompressive craniotomy and gradually regained consciousness after surgery.HBOT was administered 22 d after surgery due to speech impairment.Paradoxical herniation appeared on the second day after treatment,and the patient’s condition worsened after receiving mannitol treatment at the rehabilitation hospital.After timely skull repair,the paradoxical herniation was resolved,and the patient regained consciousness and had a good recovery as observed at the follow-up visit.CONCLUSION Paradoxical herniation is rare and may be caused by HBOT.However,the underlying mechanism is unknown,and the understanding of this phenomenon is insufficient.The use of mannitol may worsen this condition.Timely skull repair can treat paradoxical herniation and prevent serious complications.

The AI Paradox: Mapping the Unintended Disruptions in IT and Beyond

In the realm of Artificial Intelligence (AI), there exists a complex landscape where promises of efficiency and innovation clash with unforeseen disruptions across Information Technology (IT) and broader societal realms. This paper sets out on a journey to explore the intricate paradoxes inherent in AI, focusing on the unintended consequences that ripple through IT and beyond. Through a thorough examination of literature and analysis of related works, this study aims to shed light on the complexities surrounding the AI paradox. It delves into how this paradox appears in various domains, such as algorithmic biases, job displacement, ethical dilemmas, and privacy concerns. By mapping out these unintended disruptions, this research seeks to offer a nuanced understanding of the challenges brought forth by AI-driven transformations. Ultimately, its goal is to pave the way for the responsible development and deployment of AI, fostering a harmonious integration of technological progress with societal values and priorities.

Multiple paradoxical embolisms caused by central venous catheter thrombus passing through a patent foramen ovale: A case report

BACKGROUND To date,this is the first case of a paradoxical embolism(PDE)that concurrently manifested in the coronary and lower limb arteries and was secondary to a central venous catheter(CVC)thrombus via a patent foramen ovale(PFO).CASE SUMMARY Here,we report a case of simultaneous coronary and lower limb artery embolism in a PFO patient carrier of a CVC.The patient presented to the hospital with acute chest pain and lower limb fatigue.Doppler ultrasound showed a large thrombus in the right internal jugular vein,precisely at the tip of the CVC.Transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography confirmed the existence of a PFO,with inducible right-to-left shunting by the Valsalva maneuver.The patient was administered an extended course of anticoagulation therapy,and then the CVC was successfully removed.Percutaneous PFO closure was not undertaken.There was no recurrence during follow-up.CONCLUSION Thus,CVC-associated thrombosis is a potential source for multiple PDE in PFO patients.

Variations in evaporation from water surfaces along the margins of the Badain Jaran Desert over nearly 60 years and influencing factors

Based on meteorological data collected over nearly 60 years(1960-2017)from four national meteorological stations along the margins of the Badain Jaran Desert,this study analyzed the spatiotemporal variations in evaporation from water surfaces and identified the dominant controlling factors.Methods used included linear trend analysis,linear tendency estimation,the departure method,the rank correlation coefficient-based method,and Multiple Linear Regression(MLR).Results indicate notable spatiotemporal differences in evaporation distribution and evolution.Spatially,average annual evaporation exhibited a pronounced altitude effect,decreasing at a rate of about 8.23 mm/m from east to west with increasing altitude.Temporally,annual evaporation showed significant upward trends after 1996 at the northeastern(Guaizi Lake)and western(Dingxin)margins,with rates of 132 mm/10a and 105 mm/10a,respectively.Conversely,along the northwestern(Ejina Banner)and southern(Alxa Right Banner)margins of the desert,an evaporation paradox was observed,with annual evaporation trending downward at rates of 162 mm/10a and 187 mm/10a,respectively,especially after 1987.The dominant factors controlling evaporation varied spatially:Average annual temperature and relative humidity influended the western margin(Dingxin),average annual temperature was the key factor for the northeastern margin(Guaizi Lake),and average wind speed was crucial for the northern(Ejina Banner)and southern(Alxa Right Banner)margins.

Unbearable suffering obviates euthanasia:definitionally derived set of propositions comprising euthanasia’s purpose,claim,and benefit lead to contradiction establishing the paradox of euthanasia

Relying on euthanasia’s definitionally derived set of propositions to provide its purpose,claims,and benefit,we obtain the core concept.Nonetheless,given its core concept,euthanasia is demonstrated to provide no benefit to the animal to justify its use.Euthanasia 1)cannot possibly,and therefore does not,end unbearable suffering,2)it fails to hasten death,and 3)it,therefore,provides no perceptible relief to the patient.These findings are significant because the argument’s validity does not permit euthanasia to satisfy its definitionally derived purpose,claims,or benefit on logical grounds.In other words,the argument is that as a form of legalized assisted suicide,euthanasia is wrong but not in the way principled arguments would suggest.Additionally,irrespective of euthanasia actually doing what it claims,if it is allowed to be provisioned,then euthanasia will affect vulnerable populations exactly like nonprincipled arguments claim.Therefore,despite sharing aspects with each type of argument in the extant literature,my argument against euthanasia can be categorized as neither principled nor nonprincipled,which makes it significant because it may be the first of a new category of argument against the concept and practice to enter the discourse on euthanasia.As a corollary,since we prove that unbearable suffering logically entails death,when it is authentic signifying that death is imminent,because euthanasia’s only purpose is to end unbearable suffering by inducing death,euthanasia is completely obviated.

Paradoxes in Isabel Archer's View of Freedom in The Portrait of a Lady

In The Portrait of a Lady, Isabel Archer values her liberty higher than a sense of security that might be guaranteed by possessing great fortune. But there are some paradoxes in Isabel Archer's view of freedom, which have caused her failure in the fulfillment of her view of freedom.

Case Study:The research of the paradox between Strategic Alignment and IT Business Value

This report analyses the case--Investigating the Relationship between Strategic Alignment and IT Business Value:The Dis-covery of a Paradox,and interpret the paradox--step by step.First,the report introduces the strategic alignment and IT business value.Then,the relationship between them and the paradox is discussed.At last,conclusion and suggestion are made.

Paradoxical roles of inhibitory autapse and excitatory synapse in formation of counterintuitive anticipated synchronization

Different from the common delayed synchronization(DS)in which response appears after stimulation,anticipated synchronization(AS)in unidirectionally coupled neurons denotes a counterintuitive phenomenon in which response of the receiver neuron appears before stimulation of the sender neuron,showing an interesting function of brain to anticipate the future.The dynamical mechanism for the AS remains unclear due to complex dynamics of inhibitory and excitatory modulations.In this article,the paradoxical roles of excitatory synapse and inhibitory autapse in the formation of AS are acquired.Firstly,in addition to the common roles such that inhibitory modulation delays and excitatory modulation advances spike,paradoxical roles of excitatory stimulation to delay spike via type-II phase response and of inhibitory autapse to advance spike are obtained in suitable parameter regions,extending the dynamics and functions of the excitatory and inhibitory modulations.Secondly,AS is related to the paradoxical roles of the excitatory and inhibitory modulations,presenting deep understandings to the AS.Inhibitory autapse induces spike of the receiver neuron advanced to appear before that of the sender neuron at first,and then excitatory synapse plays a delay role to prevent the spike further advanced,resulting in the AS as the advance and delay effects realize a dynamic balance.Lastly,inhibitory autapse with strong advance,middle advance,and weak advance and delay effects induce phase drift(spike of the receiver neuron advances continuously),AS,and DS,respectively,presenting comprehensive relationships between AS and other behaviors.The results present potential measures to modulate AS related to brain function.

Paradoxical vocal fold motion masquerading as post-anesthetic respiratory distress:A case report

BACKGROUND Functional vocal cord disorders can be a differential diagnosis for postoperative upper airway obstruction requiring urgent intervention.However,this may be unfamiliar to anesthesiologists who would favor inappropriate airway intervention and increased morbidity.CASE SUMMARY A 61-year-old woman underwent cervical laminectomy,followed by laparoscopic cholecystectomy 10 mo later.Despite adequate reversal of neuromuscular blockade,the patient experienced repetitive respiratory difficulty with inspiratory stridor after extubation.After the second operation,the patient was diagnosed with paradoxical vocal fold motion(PVFM)by an otolaryngologist based on the clinical features and fiberoptic bronchoscopy results,and the patient was successfully treated.CONCLUSION PVFM should be considered a differential diagnosis if a patient presents with stridor after general anesthesia.

Probability Distributions Arising in Connection with the Inspection Paradox for Bernoulli Trials

In renewal theory, the Inspection Paradox refers to the fact that an interarrival period in a renewal process which contains a fixed inspection time tends to be longer than one for the corresponding uninspected process. We focus on the paradox for Bernoulli trials. Probability distributions and moments for the lengths of the interarrival periods are derived for the inspected process, and we compare them to those for the uninspected case.

Probability Distributions Arising in Connection with the Inspection Paradox for the Poisson Process

The Inspection Paradox refers to the fact that in a Renewal Process, the length of the interarrival period which contains a fixed time is stochastically larger than the length of a typical interarrival period. To provide a more complete understanding of this phenomenon, conditioning arguments are used to obtain the distributions and moments of the lengths of the interarrival periods other than the one containing this fixed time for the case of the time-homogeneous Poisson Process. Distributions of the waiting times for events that occur both before and after this fixed time are derived. This provides a fairly complete probabilistic analysis of the Inspection Paradox.

Resolving the Information Paradox with Probabilistic Spacetime

It has been 50 years since Hawking described the black hole (BH) information paradox. The combination of BH radiation and subsequent BH evaporation was found to take trapped information into oblivion contrary to the law of conservation of quantum information. Numerous attempts have been made since to resolve this paradox. A brief review herein documents how all these attempts have significant shortcomings, meaning the paradox is still unresolved. A relatively new cosmological theory offers a resolution despite not being developed for that purpose. The theory, entitled the probabilistic spacetime theory (PST), starts with an alteration in one basic assumption compared to all current cosmological theories. Spacetime, instead of being seen as a void or container of other entities, is viewed as the most fundamental entity in the universe, composed of energy fragments, and (in keeping with the conservation principle) impermeable to destruction. The potential contribution of the PST in resolving the information paradox is delineated, with the finding that the single change in the conceptualization of spacetime results in the disappearance of the paradox and not information.

Characteristics of vertical distributions of methane and dimethylsulphoniopropionate in the southern Yap Trench

Methane(CH_(4) )and dimethylsulphoniopropionate(DMSP)are major carbon and sulfur sources for bacterioplankton in the ocean.We investigated the characteristics of CH_(4) and DMSP in the southern Yap Trench from sea surface to hadal zone in June 2017.We found that concentrations of CH_(4) varied from 1.5 to 4.5 nmol/L with saturation between 94% and 204% in the euphotic layer.Concentrations of dissolved DMSP(DMSPd)ranged from 0.5 to 3.7 nmol/L with higher values in surface water and decreased with depth.Concentrations of particulate DMSP(DMSPp)varied from 0 to 13.6 nmol/L.Concentrations of total DMSP(DMSPt)ranged 2.0-15.2 nmol/L.Their concentrations decreased slightly and reached consistent levels in 200-3000-m depth due probably to heterotrophic bacterial production in marine aphotic and high-pressure environments.An exception occurred around 4000-m depth where their concentrations increased considerably and then decreased in deeper water.This previously unrecognized phenomenon sheds light on the elevated concentrations of DMSP in the abyssal layer that might be affected by the Lower Circumpolar Deep Water(LCPW).Concentrations of CH_(4) in seawater of the Benthic Boundary Layer of the southern Yap Trench were slightly higher than those in the water column at approximate depth,and concentrations of DMSP in seawater of the Benthic Boundary Layer of the southern Yap Trench were not much higher than those in the water column at the approximate depth,indicating that sediment was a weak source of CH_(4) but was not a source of DMSP for seawater in the study area.This study presented clear correlations between CH_(4) and DMSP from sea surface to sea bottom,proving that DMSP might be a potential substrate for CH_(4) not only in oxic surface seawater but also in deep water.

Hilbert’s First Problem and the New Progress of Infinity Theory

In the 19th century, Cantor created the infinite cardinal number theory based on the “1-1 correspondence” principle. The continuum hypothesis is proposed under this theoretical framework. In 1900, Hilbert made it the first problem in his famous speech on mathematical problems, which shows the importance of this question. We know that the infinitesimal problem triggered the second mathematical crisis in the 17-18th centuries. The Infinity problem is no less important than the infinitesimal problem. In the 21st century, Sergeyev introduced the Grossone method from the principle of “whole is greater than part”, and created another ruler for measuring infinite sets. The discussion in this paper shows that, compared with the cardinal number method, the Grossone method enables infinity calculation to achieve a leap from qualitative calculation to quantitative calculation. According to Grossone theory, there is neither the largest infinity and infinitesimal, nor the smallest infinity and infinitesimal. Hilbert’s first problem was caused by the immaturity of the infinity theory.

The Origin of Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation

This paper explains the Olbers paradox and the origin of cosmic microwave background radiation (CMBR) from the viewpoint of the quantum redshift effect. The derived formula dispels the Olbers paradox, confirming that the CMBR originates from the superposition of light radiated by stars in the whole universe, not the relic of the Big Bang. The dark-night sky and CMBR are all caused by Hubble redshift—the physical mechanism is the quantum redshift of the photon rather than cosmic expansion. So this theory supports the infinite and steady cosmology.

Paradox of the Characters in The Picture of Dorian Gray

Oscar Wilde is a brilliant Irish dramatist, novelist and critic. His only novel ― The Picture of Dorian Gray— is one of the most influential works by Wilde. This paper aims to study the paradox of the three main characters' life in this novel through close reading in order to achieve a better understanding of this controversial book.

The Satirical Paradox of Feminism in the novel Forrest Gump and the Fate of Feminism Campaign

Women were depicted as characters that were eager to break away from convention in many novels.However,the subject role of women was never improved during the turbulent feminism movement.Paradox between public conception and reality got stronger and stronger.The genre of the literature represents such a change.The novels that can be demonstrated,in order to support this view,is the Forrest Gump by Winston Groom.

THE CURVED BAR SUBJECTED TO AN ARBITRARILY DISTRIBUTED LOADING:ANOTHER PARADOX IN THE TWO-DIMENSIONAL THEORY OF ELASTICITY

The problem of the curved bar subjected to an arbitrarily distributed loading on the surfaces r=a and r=b is sp!ved by using the method of complex functions and expanding the boundary conditions at r=a and r=b into Fourier series. Then another paradox in the two-dimensional theory of elasticity is discovered, i. e., the classical solution becomes infinite when the curved bat is subjected to a uniform loading or when the angle included between the two ends of the curved bar 2 alpha is equal to 2 pi and the curved bar is subjected to a sine or cosine loading. In this paper the paradox is resolved successfully and the solutions for the paradox ate obtained. Moreover, the modified classical solution which remains bounded as 2 alpha approaches 2 pi is provided.