The impact of land transfer on peasant stratification——An analysis based on a survey of Jingshan country,Hubei province

Peasants' motivation and purpose for transferring land vary from time to time. Based on a survey of 10 villages in Jingshan county, Hubei province, this article finds that the specific forms of rural land transfer include active long-term transfer, passive long-term transfer and short-term transfer. Land transfer has an important impact on the stratification of the peasantry. Present institutional arrangements for land ignore the legitimate interests of migrant families and poor and weak villagers and therefore they hold different attitudes toward land tenure institutions than middle peasants do. Based on the conclusions of an empirical analysis, this article puts forward a series of policy recommendations aimed at protecting the land rights of poor and weak peasant households.

Peasant Household Oriented Land Circulation from the Perspective of State Governance

Based on the state governance background of peasant household oriented land circulation,I analyzed characteristics of peasant household oriented land circulation.The characteristics mainly include uncertain definition of rural land circulation,significant off-media feature of land circulation,long-term land circulation contract,farmers' preference of peasant household oriented land circulation,and progressive path of land circulation.The essential feature is the progressive mode of land circulation.Under the existing property right,it realizes the perfect combination of modern production factors and traditional agricultural,and the combination of traditional family safeguarding function and modern social mutual growth spirit.Thus,it shows relative independence and manifests the idea of common prosperity.The opportunity cost of peasant household oriented land circulation is minimal,institutional cost will increase circulation risk,and what's more,the cost for state governance of peasant household oriented land circulation is minimal.It comes to conclusion that building proper and harmonious land circulation mechanism is responsibility of central government and favorable for healthy development of peasant household oriented land circulation.

Different Characteristics of Peasant Issues from the Connections between Peasants and Land

The paper analyzes the different characteristics of peasant issues formed by connections between peasants and land at different historical stages,and offers a reference for us to look squarely at peasant issues in the reality.The characteristics of peasant issues with land as the inherent feature are:the degree of connection decides the classification and policies of peasants;the private ownership of land decides the political status and influences of peasants;the inherence of private connections with land determines the future of peasants.The characteristics of peasant issues with land as the core value are:the peasant issues with land as the core is the key to victory of new-democratic revolution;the peasant issues with land as the core is the basis of establishment of socialist system;the characteristics of peasant issues with land as the guarantee are:carriers of peasants interests change from unicity to diversity;peasants change from identity certification to vocational certification;the economic influence of peasants changes and penetrates from part to entirety.

Empirical Analysis on the Peasants＇ Cultivated Land Abandonment Decision-making Behaviors in Central China and the Subjective Factors of the Peasants --Jiangxi Province Is Taken as an Example

Following China＇s rapid advance the process of industrialization and urbanization, a large number of rural labor into cities, abandoned land becomes a universal phenomenon and shows an enlarge spread trend. Therefore, the food security of our country is threatened. This article will according to the farmers＇ angle of view, from the farmers owned their own labor, land and capital three aspects, uses field survey data to analyze the relationship between the situation of human capital, employment policy, farmland status and management decision, income and investment decision-making this five aspects and land reclamation. The result shows that age, education, arable area, whether the land transfer, engaged in non-agricultural sector employment time, work area, per capita income, non-agricultural income and investment has a significant impact on arable land abandonment, and reflect the development potential of the family of peasants and a tendency of development having a positive correlation with arable land abandonment, this phenomenon reflects in our nation, the rural residents are divorced from the original rural living environment and integrate into cities, a gradual process of get rid of the original way of life in the new way.

Research on Reclaimed Land Quality Based on Peasant Households' Behaviors——A Case of the Reclaimed Land in Liuxin Country,Xuzhou,China

The quality of reclaimed land not only relates to the way of reclamation,but also has close relations to farmers' living standard and households' behaviors.Taking the farmland in the reclamation region of the Liuxin County,Tongshan Town,Xuzhou as the survey objects,we conduct a survey on peasant households in the reclamation region by the way of questionnaire.The data collected from the survey are analyzed by using scientific statistical methods,including SPSS software and Excel.The results show that in the investigation of peasant households' perceptual knowledge towards the quality of reclaimed land,42.5% of them holds the satisfactory and extremely satisfactory attitudes,which take relatively high percentage.As a result of the increase of non-agricultural income,6% of peasant households are indifferent to the quality of the reclaimed land.During the investigation of peasant households' rational knowledge towards the quality of the reclaimed land,the nitrogen content and organic content in soil filled by pulverized fuel ash are significantly lower than that in the soil filled by coal gangue and that in soil in the contrast area.The current production and planting pattern of peasant households has not improved the quality of farmland in the reclaimed area effectively and most peasant households still use the traditional way of cultivating.Hence,it is necessary to strengthen the guide on the thought patterns of peasant households,to cultivate scientifically and to enhance the quality of reclaimed farmland.The yields of the reclaimed farmland are low in the primary year,but with the increases of input and the restoration of the land,the annual yields will increase gradually,and gradually approaches to the usual yields.Based on it,the corresponding countermeasures are put forward:for one thing,improving soil alkalescency and enhancing soil fertility;for another thing,attaching much attention to technological directions,scientific cultivation and carry out the standards of reclamation strictly.

A study on the bioenergy crop production function of land use in China

Based on the analysis of the bioenergy crop production function of land use,combined with the status quo of Chinese land use,the cultivation of energy plants and the bioenergy crop production function of land use had been analyzes and discusses in this paper.Results show that there were a lot of unused lands and marginal lands which can be planted bioenergy crops to perform the bioenergy crop production function of land use with great potentials;and currently there were no food production problems.Therefore,it was very important for China to emphasize bioenergy crops planting in order to fully use land resources in our country,moderate the energy crisis and increase peasants' income.

Laws,Defects and Countermeasures on the Circulation of Rural Housing Land——From the Perspective of Farmer Rights Protection

The thesis combs the existing legal provisions about rural housing land from the perspectives of use restriction,means restriction,subject restriction and mortgage prohibition,and finds out their defects,namely,weakening real right,confused knowledge about the integration of house property and land property,the loophole in Land Administration Law,the bans on the rural residents' purchase of housing land and so on.Then the thesis expounds the harms of restricting the circulation of housing land,for example,it will result in underground transaction of housing lands;lead to untenanted lands and waste of resources;bring about financing difficulty for peasants;do harm to the interest of land owners(rural collective economic organizations) and so on.The thesis further proposes to establish the legal lease model to solve the problems in the circulation of housing lands,specifically explains the definition of the legal lease model of housing lands,illustrates its detailed information from the aspects of object,subject and content and elaborates a series of problems involving,how to distribute the rent of housing lands,as well as how to perfect relevant procedures and formalities in the credit circulation of housing lands so as to realize the legitimate and effective circulation of rural housing lands and protect the peasants' interests.

Research on the Problems in the Collecting Land

Along with our country urbanization advancement quickening, the scale of construction land expands, but there are many problems in collecting land. These questions have directly restricted the land collection work to develop smoothly. This paper analyzes the main questions which collection work is up against and puts forward the improved proposal aiming at the peasant losing territory being short of participating in the process of pricing compensation, social security vacancy and so on.

Land-losing Farmers' Citizenization in the Process of Urbanization

Starting from the status of citizenization of land-losing farmers,problems in the citizenization are analyzed,such as the difficulty in land-losing farmers' economic life after turning into citizens,employment difficulties of land-losing farmers after living in the city,and the prominent problems in social security of land-losing farmers.Causations for the citizenization problems of land-losing farmers are analyzed.Firstly,institutionalized rejection is the root of the obstacle in citizenization of land-losing farmers.Secondly,exclusion from social security system is a fundamental reason.Thirdly,exclusion of land-losing farmers from both urban citizens and themselves is the subjective factor.Fourthly,exclusion of land-losing farmers from urban employment is the objective factor.Based on these,countermeasures are put forward:formulating a reasonable price of land transfer;establishing a reasonable land compensation and benefit-sharing mechanism;setting up a multi-level social security system for land-losing farmers;increasing the human capital investment in land-losing farmers to enhance their employment status;and improving the cultural quality of land-losing farmers to realize the change in lifestyle.

Research on the Urban Integration of Land-losing Farmers

Fishbone chart is used to analyze the status of the living ability of land-losing farmers, as well as its causation from the aspects of system layer, social support network, land-losing farmer themselves, and economic layer. Result shows that the system layer includes the unreasonable land compensation, the lack of social security for land-losing farmers, and the employment exclusion of land-losing farmers. Small scale and low heterogeneity are the causations for social support network. Low willingness to become citizens, low cultural quality and difficulty in role change are the causations of land-losing farmers themselves. The low expected return and high living cost are the causations for economic layer. Based on the above analysis, countermeasures to improve the urban-living ability of land-losing farmers are put forward, such as improving the land expropriation system, establishing a multi-level social security system, enhancing the training and employment mechanism of land-losing farmers, and improving the quality of land-losing farmers.

建构主义视角下农民集体行动研究——基于鄂北两村的调查

乡村治理现代化的程度,关乎乡村振兴战略实施和农村基层治理全局,也直接影响着国家治理现代化的进程与成效,而农民集体行动能力则是乡村治理现代化的重要指标。本研究从建构主义的视角出发,在动态关系中洞悉农民集体行动的生成机制与行动逻辑,发现农民集体行动归根结底就是情境实践,即农民集体行动是在制度情境、本土情境、事件情境下,以共同利益为基础促进成员组织化参与,在不同的主体互动中达成行动目标的共识,借助公共权威、社会信任、社会网络等建立协作配合的合作关系,构建起基层治理共同体的过程。

驳地主与农民关系的错误言论——以减租减息运动前的山东为例

从减租减息运动前的山东来看,地主与农民之间存在着残酷的剥削与被剥削关系。地主阶级依仗权势及其所占有的土地、财产,肆意对农民进行惨无人道的剥削和压迫。他们贪婪成性、凶狠残暴、作恶多端。大量事实表明:地主对农民的剥削根本没有什么合理性,地主也不是什么心地善良、乐善好施的好人,广大农民在他们的残酷剥削和压迫下,生活困苦、饥寒交迫,终日挣扎在死亡线上。地主与农民之间的矛盾就是当时农村社会的主要矛盾。

耕地经营规模对农户水稻生产生态效率的影响——以常德市为例

提高水稻生产生态效率是协同实现保障粮食产量稳增长与减少粮食生产环境损耗双目标的关键路径,耕地作为农业生产活动最基本的生产资料之一,探索耕地经营规模对农户水稻生产生态效率的影响对促进农业适度规模化经营和耕地可持续利用具有重要意义。本文基于粮食生产微观主体——农户的视角,从理论上揭示耕地经营规模对农户水稻生产生态效率的影响,并利用常德市416份农户问卷调查数据,运用随机前沿分析法构建效率测算模型和影响模型进行实证检验。研究表明:农户耕地规模化水平和水稻生产生态效率均有待提升,样本农户中较小规模农户数量最多,占总样本的94.95%,较小规模农户仍是农业生产的主力;农户水稻生产生态效率均值为0.830,还存在0.170的提升空间。耕地经营规模对农户水稻生产生态效率有显著影响,二者并非简单线性关系而是呈“倒U型”关系,且拐点所在区间为1.2~1.4 hm2;农户水稻生产生态效率还受到户主受教育程度、抚养比、农业收入占比的显著正向影响和户主年龄的显著负向影响。因此,应在尊重较小规模农户将长期存在这一现实的基础上,进一步推进耕地适度规模经营并培育新型农户,以促进水稻生产生态效率提高。

农户土地流转决策意愿及其影响因素:基于重庆荣昌区的实证

随着脱贫攻坚战的全面胜利和乡村振兴战略的深入,山地丘陵区的土地流转日益引起社会各界的关注。基于农户家庭禀赋的内生视角,探讨了土地流转与农户家庭特征的关系,并利用调查获取的重庆市荣昌区333份农户问卷数据,构建了影响农户土地流转决策意愿的变量指标体系,通过Logistic回归模型分析发现:农户土地流转决策意愿在一定程度上取决于其家庭禀赋特征,影响因素的显著性排序为农户性别>种植业收入比重>农户年龄>人均耕地面积>耕地破碎程度,说明男性在家庭决策中仍然发挥着主导,而户主年龄、家庭种植业收入比重、家庭人均耕地面积、承包耕地破碎程度与土地流转决策意愿均存在较为强烈的反向作用关系。因此,构建稳定长期的土地流转关系,在政策设计上应注意弥补农户家庭禀赋上的短板,并通过收益分配共享机制促进其经济状况或发展能力改善。

马克思主义经典作家关于农民“革命性”的历史书写

马克思主义经典作家对农民在革命过程中的作用和地位有着不同评价和态度。马克思恩格斯认为,农民私有观念根深蒂固,对土地的占有和保护过度执着,政治上缺乏主张且摇摆不定,容易被其他阶级利用,对农民“革命性”进行了初步探索。列宁认为,一方面,农民加入革命使“革命冲击力”增强,能够成为彻底的民主革命拥护者,对民主革命具有“革命性”作用;另一方面,农民因长时间受小资产阶级思想侵蚀影响,对社会主义缺乏政治认同感,在社会主义革命中存在对抗性。毛泽东对农民“革命”持肯定态度,他认为,在革命战争时期,农民作为中国社会的主要力量,是革命的主力军和无产阶级可靠的同盟军,其革命性主要体现为破坏旧世界,是否定性的因素;中华人民共和国成立后,农民是社会主义建设的主要力量,是民族工业发展的重要承担者,其革命性主要体现为建设新世界,是肯定性的因素。对农民“革命性”认识的转变,既源于他们各自所处的时代不同,面临的社会革命环境不同;又体现了实践和理论的发展,继承与创新的统一。对这一理论的演进脉络进行考察有重大的现实意义。

马克思的农民土地思想:历史探索与当代价值——基于中国式现代化演进的视角

马克思的农民土地思想主要包含三个基本观点:规模化经营必将取代小块土地经营;肯定小块土地所有制和小农的历史进步性;实现土地国有化。基于中国式现代化演进,借助马克思农民土地思想的指导,探究“农民土地集体所有制—家庭联产承包责任制—三权分置”的土地演进逻辑,总结土地问题探索的经验,给予中国式现代化建设下土地问题以时代启示:坚持和完善土地集体所有制;加快构建新型农业经营体系;建立健全农村集体经济运行机制。

解放战争时期土地改革中的农民动员研究——以晋冀鲁豫《人民日报》报道为考察中心

解放战争时期中国共产党领导人民群众进行的土地改革是一次社会大变革。通过对晋冀鲁豫《人民日报》刊载的忆苦情、诉苦难、挖苦根等情感层面上和清算、分果实、武装保田等物质层面上的动员内容分析,提出晋冀鲁豫《人民日报》通过高频率、强中心的议程设置,大众化、乡土式的媒介话语,充分发挥了党报的宣传动员功能,为提高农民的政治觉悟,保障土地改革顺利开展,打赢解放战争创造了有利的舆论条件。

中国不在村承包者的形成机理分析

当前,中国不在村承包者与中国历史上的大地主、发达国家的不在地主都存在显著不同,其因规模狭小而不会成为食利阶层、因提高了农地利用效率而得到肯定。利用独立调查数据对不在村承包者的形成进行实证分析发现,调研样本中的不在村承包者占比为6.7%。使用probit模型、cloglog模型、工具变量法等计量工具,验证了打工时间多、打工距离远能够显著提高其形成概率的假设,该结论具有稳健性,并主要在男性、老一代农民工和典型农村地区成立。因此,应促进城市化和市民化,打破地域界限,破除农民工长时间和长距离外出打工的各种约束和歧视,促进劳动力市场信息的高效传导,完善特别针对外出农民工的社会保障体系。

Willingness of Rural Households in Mountainous Areas towards Land Transfer——A Case of Beiliang Village, Wuxiang County, Shanxi Province

In this paper, the Beiliang Village, Wuxiang County of Shanxi Province is chosen as the study object. The methods investigation and interview are applied. And then the status quo of land transfer is analyzed from the aspects of private land transfer, the form of land transference, the land transfer fee, the contracts of the land transfer and farmers' knowledge on land transfer law and so on. Through the investigation and research on peasant households' willingness towards land transfer and the factors that affect the land transfer, the willingness of farmers' land transfer in recent years are transferred. Farmers' land transfer willingness in recent years is clear. On the strength of the analysis, the scientific basis for the reasonable transfer of land in mountainous areas is put forward for optimizing the land distribution and promoting the sustainable and healthy development of rural economy. The countermeasures aim at accelerating land transfer, increasing farmers' income; stringing the development of rural education, increasing the support on three agricultural problems concerning agriculture, countryside and farmers, and standardizing the rural land transfer behaviors are put forwarded as well.

论农村集体经济组织是农民集体的组织形式

农村集体经济组织与农民集体的关系在我国一直含糊不清。高级农业生产合作社和农村人民公社都是享有集体土地所有权的农村集体经济组织。农村人民公社的政社合一体制解体后,农村集体经济组织日渐式微,以致法律上将缺乏组织化的农民集体确认为集体土地所有权主体,而村民委员会随之成为集体土地所有权的代表行使主体。现行法确认农村集体经济组织的特别法人资格,意在针对农村社会现实需要推动集体土地所有权主体制度的完善。确认农村集体经济组织是农民集体的组织形式,可以避免在理解不同法律中规定的农村集体经济组织时产生矛盾和冲突。《民法典》第262条规定的农村集体经济组织应被解读为集体土地所有权主体,其中村民委员会和村民小组才是法律规定的集体土地所有权的代表行使主体。