Investigation and critical analysis of the Chinese translations of “jury” and “juror” since the late Qing Dynasty： Justification of the Chinese translations “决认员”, “决认员” and “决认”

The jury system is an important legal system within the common law system. At present, the English term “jury” is generally translated as “陪审团” and “陪审” in Chinese. The Chinese translations “陪审团” and “陪审” fail to accurately translate the essential features of this system, and the true implications of the term and are, on the contrary, quite misleading. There are two types of juries： the jury determining criminal guilt or innocence and the jury deciding whether someone should be accused. Both types of juries play leading roles in the democratic legal system and legal procedure. Neither type of jury has anything to do with “陪” or “审”, therefore, the translation “陪审” is totally erroneous. Re-translation of the term ＂jury＂ is necessary. In accordance with its true implications and functions, “jury” can be translated as “决认团” and “决认”. The word stem of the Chinese translations of the term group in the jury system should be “决认”. By analogy, such terms as （a） “jury system”, （b） “juror/juryperson/juryman”, （c） “jurywoman”, （d） “jury duty” and （e） “jury box” should be translated respectively as （a）“决认制度”, （b）“决认员”, （c）“女决认员”, （d）“决认责任” and （e）“决认席”. The Chinese translation “决认” is fully justified to replace “陪审”.

A Study on"Fengqiao Experience"from the Perspective of People's Livelihood

The"Fengqiao Experience"has risen from the"local experience"in the early days to the"national experience"now.Although it has gone through twists and turns,it is full of exuberant and strong vitality.Fengqiao Experience is the experience of grass-roots mass governance based on people's livelihood and other factors,so this paper studies the challenges faced by the application of"Fengqiao Experience"and the internal relationship between the experience and people's livelihood from the perspective of people's livelihood and summarizes the realization path of carrying forward the"Fengqiao Experience"from the perspective of people's livelihood.Strengthening the construction of grass-roots Party organizations,taking the mass line and implementing autonomy,rule by virtue and rule by law are the ways to carry forward the"Fengqiao Experience"in the new era,which has certain guiding significance for reality.

Institutional Correction of Mediation under the View of Transformation:Taking the People’s Mediation as an Example

Under the dual driven forces of soaring disputes and national policy,the dispute resolution ecosystem of China showed the mediation centralism,and the revival of mediation presented the characteristics of adversary system.In order to comply with the modern rule of law system,the traditional mediation is incorporated into the modern legal system through the three-level transformation of"discipline of laws","introduction of procedures"and"specialized cultivation",which was promoted by the popularity of social governance,the input of the idea of diversified solutions and the pragmatic impetus under the pressure of social transformation.The mediation movement has the characteristics of both consciousness of pragmatism and the initial legalization,but will also face the mediation disorder.The remodeling of mediation must be rooted in systematization and modernization.Its development trend includes expansion of fields,symbiosis of autonomy and specialization,and mandatory introduction.

Address at the Opening Session of the 5th China-Africa People’s Forum

Your Excellency Vincent Meriton,President of the People's Party of Seychelles and Vice President of Seychelles, Your Excellency Clement Mouamba ,Prime Minister of the Republic of the Congo, Ladies and Gentlemen, Dear friends,I feel greatly delighted to have you with us here in Chengdu,the city of Hibiscus,at the 5th China-Africa People's Forum.The forum is especially honoured with the message of congratulations from President Xi Jinping.This adequately reflects the importance the Communist Party of China and the Chinese goyemment have placed on the people-to-people exchanges and cooperation between China and Africa,and points out the way to follow in the proceedings of the Forum.

The Fifth China-Africa People’s Forum Held in Chengdu

From 23 to 24 July,2018,China NGO Network for International Exchanges (CNIE)and Sichuan Provincial People's Government jointly hosted the Fifth China-Africa People's Forum in Chengdu. The theme of the Forum is "Pooling the Strength of the People,Working together for Enhanced Friendship and Mutual Trust".Xi Jinping, General Secretary of the CPC Central Committee and President of China sent a message of congratulations to the Forum.

Discussion on the Logical Coordination between Legal Theory and Legal Practice——from the Perspective of the Legal Basis of NPC5s Discussion and Decisiomaking Power on Major Issues

The decision of local people's congresses to discuss major issues is a basic right granted to local people's congresses by the Chinese Constitution and laws.However,in practice,the implementation of the power of deliberation of major issues by local people's congresses is worrying.By applying the theory of Chinese traditionalism and unity in the theory of law,the theory of"sovereignty in the people"in the social contract theory of Western natural law school,Austin's"legal command theory55 in Western positivist law and Hart's"recognition""Rules theory"to argue that the integrity of rights necessarily involves the dual factors of decision-making and execution.At the same time,the existence and operation of the law always reflects the development of the political system.The realistic political situation requires us to make more precise and meticulous refinement of the external form and specific technical links of the legal system,and to coordinate the rules to make up the legal theory and Conflicts and conflicts in legal practice help to reform social institutions.

Human Rights Connotations and Its Legal Protection in the Harmonious Coexistence between Humans and Nature

Promoting the unity of human nature and sociality in practice is a fundamental path dependence for achieving people's well-rounded development.Within the context of harmonious coexistence between humans and nature,the practice of the unity of human nature and sociality is allowed to be truly implemented,and people's well-rounded development moves from possibility to reality.Strengthening the protection of human rights for people's well-rounded development in the harmonious coexistence between humans and nature not only requires the expansion of the connotations of environmental rights from“the right to a healthy environment”to“the right to a beautiful environment”,but also necessitates the formation of a collaborative framework between environmental rights and development rights.For legal responses to the expansion of the connotations of environmental rights,it is necessary to implement such expansions in environmental legislation,enhance the underlying principles,and make progress in the development of systematic environmental legislation simultaneously.Regarding the legal promotion of the synergy between environmental rights and development rights,it is essential to follow the guidance of the“Two Mountains Theory,”take the coordinated functions of environmental and traditional legal departments as the basis,and build a legal mechanism for the realization of the value of ecological products and services.

Testative Discussion on how to be an Eligible Interpreter--Based on the People’s Republic of China of the National People’s Congress and Committee of the People’s Political Consultative Conference from 2012 to 2014

In recent years,with the rapid development of the Chinese economy,the“two sessions”in March of every year which sponsored by the ministry of foreign affairs attract more and more journalists from all over the world.The press conference in the“two sessions”likes an important window to show China’s policies and claims to the world.Meanwhile,the premier who answers questions in the press conference,respectively,shows the world the eloquence and polite manners of China’s premier,such as Premier Wen Jiabao and Premier Li Keqiang.Their astute response,excellent,and emotional expression makes a deep impression on audiences.Moreover,as a bridge between the speaker and the listeners,the interpretation once is incorrect will cause some mistakes even conflicts.Therefore,the interpreter plays a most important role in the press conference.How to improve the interpretation level in the press conference is a significant topic.The thesis mainly introduces the content of press conference interpreting from 2012 to 2014.At present,the practical study of press conference interpretation is far from enough.The last part gives the summary of the study and points out the main findings for the further study.

The People’s Republic of China 2018 Observer Review Report to the Arctic Council

I. China’s contributions to the work of the Arctic Council’s Working Groups, Task Forces, and/or Expert Groups China is geographically a “Near-Arctic State”, one of the continental states that are closest to the Arctic Circle. The natural conditions of the Arctic and their changes have a direct impact on China’s climate system and ecological environment. Having long been involved in Arctic affairs, China is an active participant, builder and contributor in Arctic affairs.

From Achilles to Childe Harold:the Transience of the Fate Outlook

Fate is always an eternal subject that many scholars, artists, critics and writers utilizing this vast and specific subject in their compositions. Therefore, in this text, people's views of fate will be analyzed from two typical characters:Achilles and Childe Harold, who are heroes in their times. Through their life tracks, this text will explore the ideal model of one's destiny in the specif-ic era, and from the economic development, social condition and cultural background, the reason or cause of these views will be traced and offer some enlightenment for what people should compose today.

The Study of the Image "Ark" in America

The images of "boat" and "ark" are often used as metaphors by all walks of life ranging from statesmen to the film makers in America.There are also many boats or arks in American society.From the Noah Ark in old times to the ark in the film 2012,they all play an important role,because they reflect the different trends of values,faith and ideology in different periods of America.Based on the three following texts:Old Testaments,Lifeboat Ethnic and 2012:Doomsday,it will reveal the values of materialism and pragmatism which are shown in contemporary American.

专业陪审员制度探要

2023年7月27日,最高人民法院发布了《关于具有专门知识的人民陪审员参加环境资源案件审理的若干规定》,这标志着经历多年实践探索以后,专业陪审员制度终于在我国正式落地。然而,当初最高人民法院在人民陪审员制度改革试点情况报告中对专业陪审员制度暂不规定的表态言犹在耳,而且客观条件并没有发生显著改变,此时出台这项司法解释委实过于操切:专业陪审员制度不仅于法无据,上位法并不支持将人民陪审员分为普通和专业的做法;而且于情不合,凸显了陪审员人民性与精英性的内在冲突;更加于理相悖,在必要性与合理性两个层面均有所欠缺。因此,目前宜严控专业陪审员制度的适用,待《人民陪审员法》修改以后再定夺其存废去留问题。

环境公益诉讼中专家陪审员制度检视与完善

环境公益诉讼中的专家陪审员拥有环境权益救济的专业性、公共利益保护的全面性、司法正义实现的综合性等特征。在已有的专家陪审员实践中,相应人员的选任、工作与任职保障均未得到改革者的应有回应,存在法律依据细化不足、选任方式偏离需求、关系协调较为匮乏等问题。结合各国在规范依据、人员选任与结构安排、职责分配等方面的有益经验,改革者需形成涵盖专家陪审员组织、工作与保障的法律规范体系,并构建推荐与选拔相结合的人员选任机制,且从理念与实践上发展不同主体接纳专家陪审员的支持力量。

技术调查官定位及其作用分析

知识产权专门法院建立后,技术调查官制度引入知识产权审判。技术调查官既不同于专家证人、技术鉴定人、技术咨询专家以及专家陪审员,也不是技术法官,而是司法辅助人员。技术调查官帮助法官认识技术事实问题,一定程度上充当法院与知识产权授权确权机关之间的沟通桥梁。但技术调查官并不能解决知识产权审判中的所有技术问题,必要时,技术调查官还需要与技术咨询专家、技术鉴定机构、专家证人等配合,共同释明知识产权案件中的技术问题。

历史、现状、未来——对我国陪审制度的法理解读

陪审制度自清末移植到我国之后,经历了跌宕起伏的命运历程。但是,面对陪审制度衰微和异化的现状,我们依然可以对其有所期待,因为不仅有官方的积极举措,更重要的是陪审制度具有独特的法理价值:它可以在司法独立和司法民主之间确定正常司法的位置,实现一种混合的正义。

人民陪审员“事实审”的困境透视与司法选择——以《人民陪审员法》第21、22条为分析重点

《人民陪审员法》第21、22条的规定标志着"事实审"在陪审领域的确立,但是根据法律文本的考察和既有陪审制度的实践来看,陪审员"事实审"还面临以下三方面的困境:新法规定的"法律审"和"事实审"难以做到泾渭分明;我国司法机关在多方压力之下形成的"规则依赖"惯性巨大,陪审员受其影响过分依赖证据而非内心确信进行审理与"事实审"的目标不符;越来越多的"科学证据"对建立陪审员制度的"知识比较优势"预设前提形成了挑战,进而影响到"事实审"的效果。通过借鉴域外的相关做法,可以着重从构建事实问题与法律问题的区分标准、创新庭审合议程序以及完善陪审员认定科学证据的相关规定等方面予以改进。

司法的精英化与大众化

在西方国家的司法领域 ,司法的精英化和大众化两种现象同时并存。它们分别建立在不同的理论基础之上 ,并有相关的制度予以支撑。司法的精英化代表着司法的“职业理性” ,而司法的大众化则体现了“大众理性”在司法中的作用。它们有着不同的适用空间 ,是相反相成、相互补充的。建国以后 ,我国的司法走的是平民化、大众化的道路 ;与此同时 ,又硬性推行一套别具特色的陪审制度。这是对司法的运作原理和陪审制度的法理缺乏理性认知的结果。中国司法的未来发展方向是走职业化、精英化之路。在基本实现这一目标之后 ,则应该为司法的大众化设定一定的运作空间 ,建立一套行之有效的陪审团制度。

历史、背景、法理、法律——对我国陪审制度的四维解读

陪审制度自清末移植到我国之后,经历了跌宕起伏的命运历程。由于实践中的运行不尽如人意,再加上其他一些原因,在许多学者眼里,陪审制度成了可有可无的“鸡肋”,废止之声日涨。但是陪审制度有其存在的基本价值,它可以在司法独立和司法民主之间确定正常司法的位置,实现一种混合的正义。随着“人民陪审员法”的颁布和实施,陪审制度的第二个春天也许不久就会到来。

论陪审制度的民主性

陪审制度是司法民主化的结果 ,尽管两大法系的陪审制度存在许多差异 ,但把陪审制度的民主性作为实行陪审制度的最主要的理由却是共同的。陪审制度存在的基础是民主理念 ,即让公民直接参与司法。陪审制度的产生和发展的动因是实现司法民主 ,陪审制度的内容体现了民主的机理。我国陪审制度在实行过程中存在的问题实质上是陪审制度的民主程度的问题 ,改革和完善我国陪审制度就是要强化陪审制度的民主性。