Relationship between gene expression and the accumulation of catechin during spring and autumn in tea plants (Camellia sinensis L.)

The tea plant(Camellia sinensis L.)is an important commercial crop with remarkably high catechin concentrations.Tea is popular worldwide given the plant's health benefits.Catechins are the main astringent substance in tea and are synthesized mainly via the phenylpropanoid pathway.In this study,eight cultivars of tea plants harvested both in spring and autumn were used to investigate differences in catechin concentrations by using high-performance liquid chromatography.The expression levels of genes associated with catechin biosynthesis were investigated using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction.The results indicated that the total catechin(TC)concentrations were significantly higher in tea plants harvested in autumn than in those harvested in spring,based on higher concentrations of epigallocatechin(EGC)in autumn tea(P<0.01).The expression of the genes phenylalanine ammonia-lyase(PAL),flavanone 3-hydroxylase(F3H),flavonoid 3′,5′-hydroxylase(F3′5′H),dihydroflavonol 4-reductase(DFR),and anthocyanidin synthase(ANS)is closely related to the TC content of tea plants in both spring and autumn.Positive correlations between PAL,cinnamate 4-hydroxylase(C4H),F3H,and DFR expression and EGC accumulation in autumn tea were identified,with correlation coefficients of 0.710,0.763,0.884,and 0.707,respectively.A negative correlation between ANS expression level and EGC concentrations in tea plants harvested in spring was noted(r=−0.732).Additionally,negative correlations between F3H and ANS expression levels and the catechin content were identified in spring tea,whereas the correlations were positive in autumn tea.Significant differences in the F3H and ANS expression levels between spring and autumn tea indicate that F3H and ANS are potentially key genes affecting catechin accumulation in tea plants.

CORRIGENDUM:Relationship between gene expression and the accumulation of catechin during spring and autumn in tea plants(Camellia sinensis L.)

Min Liu,Heng-lu Tian,Jian-Hua Wu,Ren-Rong Cao,Run-Xian Wang,Xiao-Hua Qi,Qiang Xu and Xue-Hao Chen.Horticulture Research(2015)2,15023;doi:10.1038/hortres.2015.23;published online13 May2015.Correction to:Horticulture Research(2015)2,11;doi:10.1038/hortres.2015.11;published online 13 May 2015 Since the publication of this article,the authors have noticed an error in the author list.Author“Ren-Rong Cang”should be“Ren-Rong Cao”.The authors apologize for any inconvenience it may have caused.

Variation Characteristics of Low Temperature and Rainy Weather in Guangxi during Spring Sowing Period of Recent 50 Years

[Objective] The research aimed to study the variation characteristics of low temperature and rainy weather in Guangxi during spring sowing period of recent 50 years.[Method] Based on the daily average temperature data from 1961 to 2010 at 88 meteorological stations in Guangxi,yearly days and end date of low temperature and rainy weather during spring sowing period were carried out statistics.The variation characteristics of low temperature and rainy weather in Guangxi during spring sowing period of recent 50 years were analyzed by using linear tendency calculation,phased analysis,Morlet wavelet analysis and correlation analysis.Moreover,the influences of climate warming on days and end date of low temperature and rainy weather in spring sowing period were analyzed.[Result] The average days of low temperature and rainy weather in Guangxi during spring sowing period from 1961 to 2010 was during 3.5-23.2 d.The regional distribution characteristics were that it was more in northeast and mountain zone,and less in southwest and valley.The regional distribution characteristics of end date were that it was late in northeast and mountain zone,and early in southwest and valley.The days of low temperature and rainy weather in Guangxi during spring sowing period of recent 50 years presented slight decrease trend,and the end date presented slight advancing trend.The phased variation characteristics of days and end date of low temperature and rainy weather were obvious.The days of low temperature and rainy weather from the early 1980s to metaphase of 1990s was obviously more,and the end date was obviously later.After the 1990s,the days of low temperature and rainy weather was obviously less,and the end date was obviously earlier.The days of low temperature and rainy weather had periodic oscillation signals of 4,6,8,10-14 years.The end date had periodic oscillation signals of 6,12-14 years.The days and end date of low temperature and rainy weather in Guangxi during spring sowing period significantly related to average temperature from middle dekad of February to first dekad of April.The climate warming made that the days of low temperature and rainy weather tended to decrease,and the end date tended to advance.[Conclusion] The research provided reference for further understanding the occurrence rule of low temperature and rainy weather,going after profits and avoiding disadvantages,reasonably arranging production,carrying out correlated research.

Spring and Autumn of the Lü Clan and Yellow Emperor School

To which school Spring and Autumn of the Lü Clan belongs is the base of carrying out the study of its thoughts and philosophy,which has always caused controversy.This question should be answered not from the narrowperspective of a certain school,but from the perspective of academic integration. Spring and Autumn of the Lü Clan is a consummate work of YellowEmperor School. There are four reasons for this conclusion: firstly,it shares the same ideological system and basic thoughts with YellowEmperor School. Secondly,from the perspective of ideological views,it carries on the development trend of thoughts of YellowEmperor School. Thirdly,from the perspective of integration of ideological factors of various schools,it carries on the development trend of YellowEmperor School. Fourthly,it raises the banner of"YellowEmperor",and inherits many words from works of YellowEmperor School.

Migration routes of the endangered Oriental Stork(Ciconia boyciana)from Xingkai Lake,China,and their repeatability as revealed by GPS tracking

The Oriental Stork(Ciconia boyciana)is listed as'Endangered'on the International Union for the Conservation of Nature(IUCN)Red List of Threatened Species and is classified as a first category nationally protected bird species in China.Understanding this species'seasonal movements and migration will facilitate effective conservation to promote its population.We tagged 27 Oriental Stork nestlings at Xingkai Lake on the Sanjiang Plain in Heilongjiang Province,China,used GPS tracking to follow them over the periods of 2014-2017 and 2019-2022,and confirmed their detailed migratory routes using the spatial analysis function of ArcGIS 10.7.We discovered four migration routes during autumn migration:one common long-distance migration route in which the storks migrated along the coastline of Bohai Bay to the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River for wintering,one short-distance migration route in which the storks wintered in Bohai Bay and two other migration routes in which the storks crossed the Bohai Strait around the Yellow River and wintered in South Korea.There were no significant differences in the number of migration days,residence days,migration distances,number of stopovers and average number of days spent at stopover sites between the autumn and spring migrations(P>0.05).However,the storks migrated significantly faster in spring than in autumn(P=0.03).The same individuals did not exhibit a high degree of repetition in their migration timing and route selection in either autumn or spring migration.Even storks from the same nest exhibited considerable between-individual variation in their migration routes.Some important stopover sites were identified,especially in the Bohai Rim Region and on the Songnen Plain,and we further explored the current conservation status at these two important sites.Overall,our results contribute to the understanding of the annual migration,dispersal and protection status of the endangered Oriental Stork and provide a scientific basis for conservation decisions and the development of action plans for this species.

Spring and autumn living coccolithophores in the Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea,China

The living coccolithophores （LCs） are an important class of calcified taxa of phytoplankton functional groups, and major producers of marine biogenic inorganic carbon, playing an important role in the marine carbon cycle. In this study, we report the two-demensional abundance, composition of LCs and its correlation with the environmental parameters in spring and autumn, in order to understand the ecological role of LCs in the Yellow Sea and the Bohai Sea. In spring, totally 9 taxa belonging to coccolithophyceae were identified using a polarized microscope at the 1 000x magnification. The dominant species were Emiliania huxleyi, Gephyrocapsa oceanica, Helicosphaera carteri, and Calcidiscus leptoporus. The abundance of coccosphores and coccoliths ranged 0-7.72 cells/mL, and 0-216.09 coccoliths/mL, with the average values of 0.21 cells/mL, and 11.36 coccoliths/mL, respectively. The Emiliania huxleyi distribution was similar to Gephyrocapsa oceanica. The highest abundance of coccoliths was observed in the east of Shandong Peninsula in northern Yellow Sea, whereas Helicosphaera carteri distributed more widely. Emiliania huxleyi and Gephyrocapsa oceanica were the two predominant species in LCs with higher abundances. The distribution of LCs was similar to that of coccoliths. In autumn, 14 taxa belonging to coccolithophyceae were identified with dominant species as Emiliania huxleyi, Gephyrocapsa oceanica, Helicosphaera carteri, Calcidiscus leptoporus and Oolithotus fragilis. The abundance of coccosphores and coccoliths ranged 0-24.69 cells/mL, and 0-507.15 coccoliths/mL, with the average values of 1.47 cells/mL, and 55.89 coccoliths/mL, respectively. The highest abundance of coccoliths was located in Qingdao coastal waters and south of the survey area. The distribution of LCs was similar to the coccoliths; in addition, LCs presented large abundance in the east of the central Yellow Sea area.

Effects of Fulvic Acid on Agronomic Traits and Yield of Autumn Potato

[Objective] This study was to investigate the effects of fulvic acid on agronomic traits and yield of autumn potato. [Method] The effects of fulvic acid on growth period, plant morphology, tuber, net photosynthetic rate, chlorophyll content, leaf area index （LAI） and yield of autumn potato were investigated. [Result] The application of fulvic acid prolonged the growth period and increased the plant height, stem diameter, leaf chlorophyll content, LAI, net photosynthetic rate, tuber number per plant, tuber weight per plant and marketable tuber rate of autumn potato, thus increasing the yield. Applying fulvic acid prolonged the growth period of autumn potato by 1-3 d and significantly increased the plant height, net photosynthetic rate, tuber weight per plant and yield of autumn potato （P〈0.05, P〈0.01）. When the application amount of compound fertilizer was reduced by half, applying fulvic acid almost showed the same seedling emergence stage, mature stage, growth period and net photosynthetic rate with applying full amount of compound fertilizer. In particular, no significant difference was found in the yield of autumn potato between fullamount and half-amount compound fertilizer treatment groups in the premise of solid- liquid fulvic acid combined application. [Conclusion] In the premise of unchanged yield, applying fulvic acid can reduce the application of chemical fertilizers and reduce the non-point source pollution of chemical fertilizers.

The Occurrence of Migraine Auras and Possible Triggers

Our aim is to determine the cause(s) of migraine auras. Our understanding of how migraines and migraine auras originate is very imperfect. An important observation is that migraines occur more frequently in women at reproductive age than in men at a similar age. This suggests that gonadal hormones may be relevant triggers. The occurrence of classical (typical auras without headache) auras in one author (WB) has been recorded. Every aura in six years (85) has been noted, studied and analysed statistically. The auras occur predominantly in Spring and Autumn, especially in the longer reproductive season of Spring. This association is supported statistically. The results support the idea of gonadal hormones as relevant triggers, the strongest candidate being estrogen. Basic mechanisms underlying the auras are discussed, especially the phenomenon of cortical spreading depression. We also propose that both auras and migraines depend upon previous injury to the head or to the brain, giving rise to a condition of “deafferentation hypersensitivity”.

High-grade Cocoon Filament Silkworm Chuanshan ×Shushui for Spring and Autumn Rearing

Chuanshan × Shushui is a highgrade cocoon filament silkworm variety for spring and autumn rearing bred by Nanchong Silkworm Eggs Farmthrough systematic breeding method. The characteristics of stock seed and F1 hybrid of silkworm variety Chuanshan × Shushui and their breeding technical points and precautions were introduced in the paper. Laboratory identification and rural breeding results showed that Chuanshan × Shushui wascharacterized by physical strength, high cocoon weight, good cocoon quality and superior neatness, and the cocoons produced could reel 5A6A classraw silk. The variety was suitable for breeding in silkworm areas in Sichuan, Yunnan and Shaanxi provinces. The variety was approved by Sichuansilkworm breeding committee in 2005, and more than one million boxes of silkworm eggs have been cumulatively bred in silkworm areas in Sichuan,Yunnan, Shaanxi and Hainan provinces.

Influence of Transplantation in Different Stage on Growth and Yield of Spring Maize in Shanxi Early Mature Area

In order to explore a new mulch-free maize planting mode and the best seedling age for maize transplantation in Shanxi early mature area,a field experiment was carried out using completely randomized block design.Taking mulch-based direct sowing as the control group,effects of transplantation in different stage on maize growing process,plant height,three-ear leaf area in mature period,and yield and composition factors of maize were studied.Results indicate that growing process of maize seedlings transplanted in every stage is slightly slower than the control group.Transplantation has effect of reducing plant height and three-ear leaf area in mature period.There was no significant difference between the yield of maize transplanted on May 1st and the control group,and the yield declined only by 7% compared with mulch-based direct sowing(CK).Damages to maize seedlings by the local late frost must be noticed when maize is planted by the method of mulch-free transplantation in early mature area.Transplanting the seedlings earlier after the late frost is deemed as an appropriate period in this area.

Analysis on the Ecological and Climatic Advantages of Tea Production in Western Guizhou

The ecological and climatic conditions in the main tea areas of western Guizhou were analyzed,and the comparison with Meitan,Duyun and Leishan tea areas in Guizhou Province was conducted. The results showed that spring,summer and autumn tea can be picked in western Guizhou Province;spring tea can be picked for about 100 d,and summer and autumn tea can be picked for about 50 d. The average content of amino acids in tea from western Guizhou was 0.9%-2.9% higher than the national average,and the average content of polyphenols was 10.9% lower than the national average maximum,while the average content of caffeine was 1.4% lower than the national average maximum. In the first ten days of February,the temperature in the western tea area began to rise,which was earlier than Meitan,Duyun,Leishan tea areas and had a larger warming range,which was conducive to the germination of tea trees. The average temperature of ten days in the western tea area from middle May to early July was lower than that of Meitan,Duyun and Leishan tea areas,and the temperature rise was not violent,which was conducive to the growth of summer shoots and vigorous growth of tea buds. The ten-day average temperature of the western tea area from the first ten days of August to the last ten days of September was lower than Meitan,Duyun and Leishan tea areas,and its precipitation was more than Meitan,Duyun and Leishan tea areas,and the number of rainy and foggy days was more. The climate conditions are favorable for the formation of tea quality.

Remote Sensing Inversion of Nitrogen Nutrition Status of Apple Tree Leaves during Stopping Period of Spring Shoots

The nutrient inversion model of apple leaves was established by spectral analysis technology to provide technical support for the fine management of apple trees.In Shuangquan Town,Changqing District,Jinan City,Shandong Province,the Fuji apple trees with stopping period of spring shoots were taken as research objects.The spectral reflectance and nitrogen content of apple leaves were measured by ASD Field Spec 4 portable ground object spectrometer.Analyzed the correlation between leaf nitrogen content and spectral reflectance.The sensitive wavelengths with high correlation coefficient were select by fractional differential algorithm,and the optimal vegetation index was constructed and screened out.Partial Least Square Regression(PLSR),Support Vector Machine(SVM)and Random Forests(RF)method were used to construct an inversion model of leaf nitrogen content.The results show that the RF model based on fractional differential second-order treatment is the best inversion model for the nitrogen content of leaves during stopping period of spring shoots.The modeling accuracy determination coefficient R2 reached 0.891,RMSE was 0.0841,and RPD was 2.1396.The determination coefficient R2 of the fitting results of the verification set was 0.617,RMSE was 0.1251,and RPD was 1.7105.The inversion model established by RF method is effective in monitoring the nitrogen content in apple leaves,which provides a theoretical basis for monitoring the growth of apple by hyperspectral technology.

Study on Weather Forecast Indicators during Mowing Grass Periods in Inner Mongolia

Based on ground observation and remote sensing monitoring data,regions appropriate for mowing herbage in the dog days and autumn were predicted and assessed quantitatively,and regions appropriate for mowing herbage were divided into comparatively suitable,suitable and optimum areas for mowing herbage. Servicing products can be spread to agricultural and pastoral areas via short message service,broadcasting,radio and network in time,and good service effect can be obtained. However,under the effect of precision rate of medium-term prediction areas,the prediction of some rainfall areas deviates from the actual rainfall areas. After timely correction of weather prediction in 24 and 48 hours,pastoral weather forecast service in mowing herbage regions is improved obviously. Herbage mowed in the dog days is rich in nutrients,but it is rainy in the period,which brings certain difficulties to herbage mowing and airing. Therefore,herdsmen in various regions should pay more attention to local weather prediction and regulate mowing herbage periods in time,and autumn herbage can be mowed if the weather is not suitable for mowing herbage in the dog days.

Food Basin from the State of Xi Spring and Autumn Period (770-476 B.C.)

The State of Xi was a small kingdom in ancient times located between the Yangtze River and Huaihe River. It was overturned by leaders from the State of Chu in 680 B.C. This bronze basin, the only unearthed relic from the State of Xi, is 21 centimeters in girth, has a lid with a bugle-shaped handle and two symmetrical handles on the sides. The bottom of the basin is engraved with the characters meaning "Xing, the king of the State Xi has this as his food basin."

伍子胥治国理政思想述论

伍子胥不仅是春秋时期杰出的政治家、军事家,也是一位思想家,在治国理政方面提出了一系列的思想主张,包括顺应天道、和谐自然,德政为首、刑罚为辅,爱民安民、关爱民生,举贤与能、强调官德,发展经济、轻赋缓征,“从近制远”、破楚服越六个方面,并在吴国进行了具体实践,给社会、经济、军事各方面带来了深刻变化,从而为吴国参与争霸战争奠定了较为雄厚的物质基础。

春秋时期的共同性思想刍议——以《左传》《国语》为中心的探讨

春秋时期是早期中国社会大转型的前奏阶段,在共同性思想上既有对上古三代依据血缘、亲情的祖先神信仰、礼法制度、德行教化等的继承,又呈现出从重血缘、亲情的礼法向重才能、相对平等的法治等新思想演进的趋势。就传世文献看,春秋时期所关注的共同性思想一方面是源于反思人类重大伦理政治生活中的共同性问题,另一方面是源于反思人类饮食、音乐等日常生活中的共同性问题。就春秋时期达到共同性的路径而言,主要是依据血缘、亲情的礼治和依据功利、能力的法治两大类。前者是规范社会生活、达到人际亲和关系的基本路径;后者更多是春秋时期社会变革的产物,它是一种新的更有效的达到共同性的路径。春秋时期开启了关于共同性思想本身内涵的讨论,比如辨析“同”“和”“比”“党”等标志共同性思想的观念之间的差别,这些围绕共同性思想内涵的讨论是对思想观念本身的反思,亦是先秦诸子相关思想的源头。

药隔期倒春寒对小麦根际细菌群落结构的影响

以抗倒春寒性强的小麦品种烟农19(YN)和抗倒春寒性弱的小麦品种新麦26(XM)为实验材料,于小麦幼穗分化的药隔形成期利用智能超低温培养箱进行4℃(T1)和-4℃(T2)低温胁迫处理,以15℃作为对照(CK),利用高通量测序技术对开花期小麦根际土壤细菌群落进行测定,研究药隔期倒春寒对小麦根际细菌多样性和群落结构的影响。结果表明:(1)倒春寒危害后两品种小麦根际土壤细菌的ACE指数较CK均有所降低,且对抗倒春寒性弱的品种XM影响显著(P<0.05)。(2)两品种小麦根际土壤细菌群落主要由变形菌门(53.20%~57.55%)、放线菌门(13.34%~21.69%)、拟杆菌门(10.56%~12.37%)和芽单胞菌门(6.17%~9.19%)等33个门及819个属的细菌组成,且不同程度倒春寒处理间各菌门相对丰度表现出差异性,其中放线菌门(Actinobacteria)相对丰度在YN中升高9.79%~19.11%,在XM中降低26.43%~38.47%。(3)根际土壤细菌功能预测分析显示,药隔期倒春寒提高了膜运输、氨基酸代谢、碳水化合物代谢、复制与修复功能基因在YN根际土壤中的相对丰度,降低了其在XM根际土壤中的相对丰度。综上所述,药隔期倒春寒降低了小麦根际土壤细菌群落的丰富度,改变了细菌群落结构,影响了细菌群落的膜运输、氨基酸代谢、碳水化合物代谢和复制与修复功能。

史传文体之“作”与“修”的矛盾

史传与诸子在《汉书·艺文志》中属于文献分类,而在《文心雕龙》里则属于文体分类,当然纪昀对此早就提出质疑。从文体论看,史传必须保持求真实和树大义的文体特点,以《春秋左氏传》为例,其间“《春秋》大义”与“因鲁史”就构成孔子之《春秋》的文体应有之标准,即使实录也离不开善恶是非等大义之表达,若《春秋》无大义,则一部《春秋》将黯淡无光。因而衍生出历史上存在的孔子“作《春秋》”与“修《春秋》”两种不同叙事,从经学和史学两个角度辨析其所指。从史传文体特征而论,一方面孔子作《春秋》,凸显其当一部大法的原创性价值;另一方面孔子修《春秋》却是兼顾史家思想和史料的最佳结合,以至于达到游夏之徒不能赞一辞的绝对高度。然而,从孔子到左丘明以降,以至《史记》《汉书》,史家和史料之因缘际会,却都存在着因人而异性,或不确定性,因而由宋儒请传统《春秋》学走下神坛。于是《史记》《汉书》等史书,因其人为作品之性质,显示了史家、史料诸端局限性的史学困境,这也正是史传文体所遭遇永恒的矛盾和困惑。

全面展现清代《春秋左传》学研究的整体成就

《清代春秋左传学论著提要》将268部著作分类系年,勾勒出清代《春秋左传》学的起点、学术方法的确立、学术范式的建立、学术与政治的纠葛、精英文化与下层通俗文化的沟通交流等多个面相,全面展现了清代《春秋左传》学在经学、史学、文学方面的成就。清代学者受制于王权,经史考辨虽精,但难以在义理上有所建树,也难有超出时代的史论、史识,但在文章学上,清人对于行文贯通、不平的要求,以及对文章诵读的领会,对现今《左传》文章学研究大有助益。

春秋时期鲁公室公族作家群体与世族文学考论

在春秋时期政治生态逐渐完成由“王权”政治向“霸权(君权)”政治、“族权”政治、“庶人”政治渐次变革的历史进程中,就公族作家群体的构成成分而言,“孝族”“桓族”皆为春秋前期逐渐形成的早期世族,至春秋中期开始,“桓族”不仅在政治上逐渐开始专权,而且在文学创作方面成果亦非常突出,而“孝族”“庄族”“文族”及其他公族不仅在政治上被边缘化,在文学创作方面则亦渐次淡出;就公族作家群体的创作动机而言,完成了从维护公室为基本宗旨向认为公室“天禄不再”的转变,进而认可“三桓”专权;就其创作话语而言,以“礼”“德”“孝”为中心话语,彰显出“周礼尽在鲁矣”的文化氛围;就其理论体系建构而言,提出了“鬼道”“人道”之别说、“二德”说、“三德”说、“六德”说、“七德”说、“飨义以昭德”说、“吉德”“凶德”之别说、“男”“女”之别说、“立德”“立功”“立言”为“三不朽”说;就散文体类而言,以“议”体、“对”体为主,兼及“上书”体、“讼辞”体、“载书”体等文体。