Air cold plasma has been used as a novel method for enhancing microbial fermentation. The aim of this work was to explore the effect of plasma on membrane permeability and the formation of ATP and NADH in Saccharomyce...Air cold plasma has been used as a novel method for enhancing microbial fermentation. The aim of this work was to explore the effect of plasma on membrane permeability and the formation of ATP and NADH in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, so as to provide valuable information for largescale application of plasma in the fermentation industry. Suspensions of S. cerevisiae cells were exposed to air cold plasma for 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 min, and then subjected to various analyses prior to fermentation （Oh） and at the 9 and 21 h stages of fermentation. Compared with nonexposed cells, cells exposed to plasma for 1 min exhibited a marked increase in cytoplasmic free Ca2＋ concentration as a result of the significant increase in membrane potential prior to fermentation. At the same time, the ATP level in the cell suspension decreased by about 40%, resulting in a reduction of about 60% in NADH prior to culturing. However, the levels of ATP and NADH in the culture at the 9 and 21 h fermentation stages were different from the level at 0 h. Taken together, the results indicated that exposure of S. cerevisiae to air cold plasma could increase its cytoplasmic free Ca2＋ concentration by improving the cell membrane potential, consequently leading to changes in ATP and NADH levels.展开更多
Free cytosolic Ca^2＋ （[Ca^2＋]cyt） is an ubiquitous second messenger in plant cell signaling, and [Ca^2＋]cyt elevation is associated with Ca^2＋-permeable channels in the plasma membrane and endomembranes regulate...Free cytosolic Ca^2＋ （[Ca^2＋]cyt） is an ubiquitous second messenger in plant cell signaling, and [Ca^2＋]cyt elevation is associated with Ca^2＋-permeable channels in the plasma membrane and endomembranes regulated by a wide range of stimuli. However, knowledge regarding Ca^2＋ channels and their regulation remains limited in planta. A type of voltage- dependent Ca^2＋-permeable channel was identified and characterized for the Vicia faba L. guard cell plasma membrane by using patch-clamp techniques. These channels are permeable to both Ba^2＋ and Ca^2＋, and their activities can be inhibited by micromolar Gd^3＋. The unitary conductance and the reversal potential of the channels depend on the Ca^2＋ or Ba^2＋ gradients across the plasma membrane. The inward whole-cell Ca^2＋ （Ba^2＋） current, as well as the unitary current amplitude and NPo of the single Ca^2＋ channel, increase along with the membrane hyperpolarization. Pharmacological experiments suggest that actin dynamics may serve as an upstream regulator of this type of calcium channel of the guard cell plasma membrane. Cytochalasin D, an actin polymerization blocker, activated the NPo of these channels at the single channel level and increased the current amplitude at the whole-cell level. But these channel activations and current increments could be restrained by pretreatment with an F-actin stabilizer, phalloidin. The potential physiological significance of this regulatory mechanism is also discussed.展开更多
Desiccation tolerance is a crucial characteristic for desert moss surviving in arid regions. Desiccation procedure always induces amphiphiles transferring from the polar cytoplasm into lipid bodies. The behavior of am...Desiccation tolerance is a crucial characteristic for desert moss surviving in arid regions. Desiccation procedure always induces amphiphiles transferring from the polar cytoplasm into lipid bodies. The behavior of amphiphiles transferring can contribute to the enhancement of desiccation tolerance and the reduction of plasma membrane integrity simultaneously. The effects of amphiphiles partitioning into the lipid phase during water loss has been studied for pollen and seeds using electron paramagnetic resonance （EPR） spectroscopy. However, desiccation-tolerant high plants occur among mosses, several angiosperms and higher plants seeds or pollens. They have different strategies for survival in dehydration and rehydration. A desiccation-tolerant moss Tortula desertorurn was used to investigate the behaviors of amphiphilic molecules during drying by spin label technology. There are small amount of amphiphilic probes partitioning into membrane during moss leaves dehydration, comparing with that in higher plants. Cytoplasm viscosity changed from 1.14 into glass state only dehydration less than 60 min. Moss leaves lost plasma membrane integrity slightly,from 0.115 to 0.237, occurred simultaneously with amphiphiles partition. The results showed the more advantages of mosses than higher plants in adapting fast dehydration. We propose that EPR spin label is feasible for studying the amphiphiles partitioning mechanisms in membrane protection and damage for desiccation-tolerant mosses.展开更多
The soil drought stress experiment in different durations (no watering within 3d, 6d, 9d, 11d individually) was conducted to study the drought-resistant capacity of one-year-old seedlings for the native tree species (...The soil drought stress experiment in different durations (no watering within 3d, 6d, 9d, 11d individually) was conducted to study the drought-resistant capacity of one-year-old seedlings for the native tree species (Machilus yunnanensis) in Yunnan Province and the introduced tree species (Cinnamomum camphora). The leaf water potential, chlorophyll content, proline content and plasma membrane permeability for two species seedlings were measured in different soil drought conditions. The results showed that, on the 9th day of drought stress, the leaf water potential of two species decreased obviously, whereas the free proline content and plasma membrane permeability increased sharply. On the 11th day, the leaf water potential of C. camphora seedlings was lower than that of M. yunnanensis seedlings; the plasma membrane permeability in C. camphora seedling leaves increased much more than that in M. yunnanensis seedling leaves, which showed that the injury to the former by soil drought stress was more severe than that to the latter. The free proline content in M. yunnanensis seedling leaves continued to increase on the 11th day, but that in the C. camphora seedling leaves started to drop obviously, indicating that the reduction of osmotic regulation substance in C. camphora seedling leaves after the 11th day was unable to maintain the osmotic balance between the plasma system and its surroundings and the water loss occurred inevitably. Comprehensively, M. yunnanensis seedlings enhanced the drought-resistance in the course of soil drought stress by maintaining higher leaf water potential and by increasing osmotic regulation substance to promote cell plasma concentration and maintain membrane structure integrity so as to reduce water loss. The subordination function index evaluated with fuzzy mathematic theory also showed that the drought-resistant capacity of M. yunnanensis seedlings was stronger than that of C. camphora seedlings.展开更多
Annual production output of poly(ethylene terephthalate)(PET) fiber has been over 15 million tons in China due to its good mechanical properties and processability,but the shortage of hydrophilic group of PET has impo...Annual production output of poly(ethylene terephthalate)(PET) fiber has been over 15 million tons in China due to its good mechanical properties and processability,but the shortage of hydrophilic group of PET has imposed many limitations to further extend its application.The PET fabrics were grafted with polyacrylic acid in inverse microemulsion after low pressure plasma treatment,and the microstructure and properties of the grafted fabrics were investigated with infrared spectroscopy,scanning electron microscope(SEM),hydrophilic and mechanical tests.The grafting yield was increased with the grafting time.The grafting polymer was in the granular form with its particle size ranging from a few micrometers to a dozen of micrometers,normally smaller than the fiber diameter.The moisture regain and water uptake increased while the air permeability of the grafted fabrics decreased with the increase of grafting yield.The bending rigidity and tensile properties show slightly complicated behaviors with grafting yield.The inverse emulsion grafting technique can be used to control the grafting polymer architecture.展开更多
The activity of plasma membrane （PM） nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate （NADPH） oxidase and its catalytic properties in rice was investigated under drought stress conditions. Drought stress led to decreas...The activity of plasma membrane （PM） nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate （NADPH） oxidase and its catalytic properties in rice was investigated under drought stress conditions. Drought stress led to decreased leaf relative water content （RWC） and, as a result of drought-induced oxidative stress, the activities of antioxidant enzymes increased significantly. More interestingly, the intensity of applied water stress was correlated with increased production of H2O2 and O2^- and elevated activity of PM NADPH oxidase, a key enzyme of reactive oxygen species generation in plants. Histochemical analyses also revealed increased H2O2 and O2^- production in drought-stressed leaves. Application of diphenylene iodonium （DPI）, an inhibitor of PM NADPH oxidase, did not alleviate drought-induced production of H2O2 and O2^-. Catalysis experiments indicated that the rice PM NADPH oxidase was partially fiavin-dependent. The pH and temperature optima for this enzyme were 9.8 and 40 ℃, respectively. In addition, drought stress enhanced the activity under alkaline pH and high temperature conditions. These results suggest that a complex regulatory mechanism, associated with the NADPH oxidase-H2O2 system, is involved in the response of rice to drought stress.展开更多
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.21246012,21306015 and 21476032)
文摘Air cold plasma has been used as a novel method for enhancing microbial fermentation. The aim of this work was to explore the effect of plasma on membrane permeability and the formation of ATP and NADH in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, so as to provide valuable information for largescale application of plasma in the fermentation industry. Suspensions of S. cerevisiae cells were exposed to air cold plasma for 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 min, and then subjected to various analyses prior to fermentation （Oh） and at the 9 and 21 h stages of fermentation. Compared with nonexposed cells, cells exposed to plasma for 1 min exhibited a marked increase in cytoplasmic free Ca2＋ concentration as a result of the significant increase in membrane potential prior to fermentation. At the same time, the ATP level in the cell suspension decreased by about 40%, resulting in a reduction of about 60% in NADH prior to culturing. However, the levels of ATP and NADH in the culture at the 9 and 21 h fermentation stages were different from the level at 0 h. Taken together, the results indicated that exposure of S. cerevisiae to air cold plasma could increase its cytoplasmic free Ca2＋ concentration by improving the cell membrane potential, consequently leading to changes in ATP and NADH levels.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (30671029)the State Key Basic Research and Development Plan of China(2006CB100100)
文摘Free cytosolic Ca^2＋ （[Ca^2＋]cyt） is an ubiquitous second messenger in plant cell signaling, and [Ca^2＋]cyt elevation is associated with Ca^2＋-permeable channels in the plasma membrane and endomembranes regulated by a wide range of stimuli. However, knowledge regarding Ca^2＋ channels and their regulation remains limited in planta. A type of voltage- dependent Ca^2＋-permeable channel was identified and characterized for the Vicia faba L. guard cell plasma membrane by using patch-clamp techniques. These channels are permeable to both Ba^2＋ and Ca^2＋, and their activities can be inhibited by micromolar Gd^3＋. The unitary conductance and the reversal potential of the channels depend on the Ca^2＋ or Ba^2＋ gradients across the plasma membrane. The inward whole-cell Ca^2＋ （Ba^2＋） current, as well as the unitary current amplitude and NPo of the single Ca^2＋ channel, increase along with the membrane hyperpolarization. Pharmacological experiments suggest that actin dynamics may serve as an upstream regulator of this type of calcium channel of the guard cell plasma membrane. Cytochalasin D, an actin polymerization blocker, activated the NPo of these channels at the single channel level and increased the current amplitude at the whole-cell level. But these channel activations and current increments could be restrained by pretreatment with an F-actin stabilizer, phalloidin. The potential physiological significance of this regulatory mechanism is also discussed.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China （No.30371002）.
文摘Desiccation tolerance is a crucial characteristic for desert moss surviving in arid regions. Desiccation procedure always induces amphiphiles transferring from the polar cytoplasm into lipid bodies. The behavior of amphiphiles transferring can contribute to the enhancement of desiccation tolerance and the reduction of plasma membrane integrity simultaneously. The effects of amphiphiles partitioning into the lipid phase during water loss has been studied for pollen and seeds using electron paramagnetic resonance （EPR） spectroscopy. However, desiccation-tolerant high plants occur among mosses, several angiosperms and higher plants seeds or pollens. They have different strategies for survival in dehydration and rehydration. A desiccation-tolerant moss Tortula desertorurn was used to investigate the behaviors of amphiphilic molecules during drying by spin label technology. There are small amount of amphiphilic probes partitioning into membrane during moss leaves dehydration, comparing with that in higher plants. Cytoplasm viscosity changed from 1.14 into glass state only dehydration less than 60 min. Moss leaves lost plasma membrane integrity slightly,from 0.115 to 0.237, occurred simultaneously with amphiphiles partition. The results showed the more advantages of mosses than higher plants in adapting fast dehydration. We propose that EPR spin label is feasible for studying the amphiphiles partitioning mechanisms in membrane protection and damage for desiccation-tolerant mosses.
基金This research was supported by Research Fund of Southwest Forestry College (200510)
文摘The soil drought stress experiment in different durations (no watering within 3d, 6d, 9d, 11d individually) was conducted to study the drought-resistant capacity of one-year-old seedlings for the native tree species (Machilus yunnanensis) in Yunnan Province and the introduced tree species (Cinnamomum camphora). The leaf water potential, chlorophyll content, proline content and plasma membrane permeability for two species seedlings were measured in different soil drought conditions. The results showed that, on the 9th day of drought stress, the leaf water potential of two species decreased obviously, whereas the free proline content and plasma membrane permeability increased sharply. On the 11th day, the leaf water potential of C. camphora seedlings was lower than that of M. yunnanensis seedlings; the plasma membrane permeability in C. camphora seedling leaves increased much more than that in M. yunnanensis seedling leaves, which showed that the injury to the former by soil drought stress was more severe than that to the latter. The free proline content in M. yunnanensis seedling leaves continued to increase on the 11th day, but that in the C. camphora seedling leaves started to drop obviously, indicating that the reduction of osmotic regulation substance in C. camphora seedling leaves after the 11th day was unable to maintain the osmotic balance between the plasma system and its surroundings and the water loss occurred inevitably. Comprehensively, M. yunnanensis seedlings enhanced the drought-resistance in the course of soil drought stress by maintaining higher leaf water potential and by increasing osmotic regulation substance to promote cell plasma concentration and maintain membrane structure integrity so as to reduce water loss. The subordination function index evaluated with fuzzy mathematic theory also showed that the drought-resistant capacity of M. yunnanensis seedlings was stronger than that of C. camphora seedlings.
基金the First Phase of Jiangsu Universities' Distinctive Discipline Development Program for Textile Science and Engineering of Soochow University,China
文摘Annual production output of poly(ethylene terephthalate)(PET) fiber has been over 15 million tons in China due to its good mechanical properties and processability,but the shortage of hydrophilic group of PET has imposed many limitations to further extend its application.The PET fabrics were grafted with polyacrylic acid in inverse microemulsion after low pressure plasma treatment,and the microstructure and properties of the grafted fabrics were investigated with infrared spectroscopy,scanning electron microscope(SEM),hydrophilic and mechanical tests.The grafting yield was increased with the grafting time.The grafting polymer was in the granular form with its particle size ranging from a few micrometers to a dozen of micrometers,normally smaller than the fiber diameter.The moisture regain and water uptake increased while the air permeability of the grafted fabrics decreased with the increase of grafting yield.The bending rigidity and tensile properties show slightly complicated behaviors with grafting yield.The inverse emulsion grafting technique can be used to control the grafting polymer architecture.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under GrantNo. 30871469the Zhejiang Province Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No. Y306087
文摘The activity of plasma membrane （PM） nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate （NADPH） oxidase and its catalytic properties in rice was investigated under drought stress conditions. Drought stress led to decreased leaf relative water content （RWC） and, as a result of drought-induced oxidative stress, the activities of antioxidant enzymes increased significantly. More interestingly, the intensity of applied water stress was correlated with increased production of H2O2 and O2^- and elevated activity of PM NADPH oxidase, a key enzyme of reactive oxygen species generation in plants. Histochemical analyses also revealed increased H2O2 and O2^- production in drought-stressed leaves. Application of diphenylene iodonium （DPI）, an inhibitor of PM NADPH oxidase, did not alleviate drought-induced production of H2O2 and O2^-. Catalysis experiments indicated that the rice PM NADPH oxidase was partially fiavin-dependent. The pH and temperature optima for this enzyme were 9.8 and 40 ℃, respectively. In addition, drought stress enhanced the activity under alkaline pH and high temperature conditions. These results suggest that a complex regulatory mechanism, associated with the NADPH oxidase-H2O2 system, is involved in the response of rice to drought stress.
