Mathematical Wave Functions and 3D Finite Element Modelling of the Electron and Positron

The wave/particle duality of particles in Physics is well known. Particles have properties that uniquely characterize them from one another, such as mass, charge and spin. Charged particles have associated Electric and Magnetic fields. Also, every moving particle has a De Broglie wavelength determined by its mass and velocity. This paper shows that all of these properties of a particle can be derived from a single wave function equation for that particle. Wave functions for the Electron and the Positron are presented and principles are provided that can be used to calculate the wave functions of all the fundamental particles in Physics. Fundamental particles such as electrons and positrons are considered to be point particles in the Standard Model of Physics and are not considered to have a structure. This paper demonstrates that they do indeed have structure and that this structure extends into the space around the particle’s center (in fact, they have infinite extent), but with rapidly diminishing energy density with the distance from that center. The particles are formed from Electromagnetic standing waves, which are stable solutions to the Schrödinger and Classical wave equations. This stable structure therefore accounts for both the wave and particle nature of these particles. In fact, all of their properties such as mass, spin and electric charge, can be accounted for from this structure. These particle properties appear to originate from a single point at the center of the wave function structure, in the same sort of way that the Shell theorem of gravity causes the gravity of a body to appear to all originate from a central point. This paper represents the first two fully characterized fundamental particles, with a complete description of their structure and properties, built up from the underlying Electromagnetic waves that comprise these and all fundamental particles.

DISTRIBUTION OF REACHABLE WORKSPACE AREAS IN PHYSICAL MODEL OF THE SOLUTIONS PACE OF 2－DOFPARALLEL PLANAR MANIPULAT

The expressions for calculating the values of the workspace areas of 2-DOF parallel planar manipulators (PPM) is derived. By the aid of computer, the values are calculated and plotted on the physical model of the solution space of the 2-DOF PPMs,so the workspaee-area-property atlas is obtained. The atlas delineates the relationship between the workspace areas and the link lengths of the 2-DOF PPMs all-sidedly. It is very useful for designers overalI to understand and know welI the relationship.

Physical Space Was Not Expanding

Plurality of characteristic peaks observed in number density distribution of galaxy redshift reveals that extent of physical space has been finite. Significant portion of observed celestial objects is found pair-wise associated, i.e., the observed lights were emitted from one and same luminescent source but seen at different sky directions of observer, which is a unique phenomenon that can occur but only in finite space. Cosmic microwave radiation has always been interpreted as afterglow of Big Bang event. However, such radiation is shown unobservable to current observer if Hubble-Lemaître Correlation is interpreted as caused by receding motion of celestial objects. On the other hand, cosmic radiation can be understood as a common and ordinary phenomenon due to space lens, a unique property only of finite space. From Sloan Digital Sky Survey data, internal diameter of physical space is measured as 2.0 billion light years. If celestial objects were receding, hence physical space was expanding, then characteristic peaks of finite physical space should not appear evenly in number density distribution of redshift of the objects but more sparsely with respect to redshift increase. However, as revealed by the data, locations of the characteristic peaks in the distributions are rather even that do not match the locations as required by receding motion of object. Therefore, as evidenced by the data, physical space was not expanding, at least during the recent 18 billion years. In addition, considerable portion of observed quasars is found sharing a common factor of ~1/2 for their respective gravitation redshifts.

Mathematical Modeling of Heat Flux Distribution in Raw Cotton Stored in Bunt

The scientific article examines the physical and mechanical properties of raw cotton stored in buntings in cotton palaces. Because during the storage of raw cotton in bunts, some of its properties deteriorate, some improvements. Therefore, the mathematical modeling of storage conditions of raw cotton in bunts and the physical and mechanical conditions that occur in it is of great importance. In the developed mathematical model, the main factor influencing the physical and mechanical properties of raw cotton is the change in temperature. Due to the temperature, kinetic and biological processes accumulated in the raw cotton in Bunt, it can spread over a large surface, first in a small-local state, over time with a nonlinear law. As a result, small changes in temperature lead to a qualitative change in physical properties. In determining the law of temperature distribution in the raw cotton in Bunt, Laplace’s differential equation of heat transfer was used. The differential equation of heat transfer in Laplace’s law was replaced by a system of ordinary differential equations by approximation. Conditions are solved in MAPLE-17 program by numerical method. As a result, graphs of temperature changes over time in raw cotton were obtained. In addition, the table shows the changes in density, pressure and mass of cotton, the height of the bun. As the density of the cotton raw material increases from the top layer of the bunt to the bottom layer, an increase in the temperature in it has been observed. This leads to overheating of the bottom layer of cotton and is the main reason for the deterioration of the quality of raw materials.

Simplified Homogeneous Balance Method and Its Applications to the Whitham-Broer-Kaup Model Equations

A nonlinear transformation of the Whitham-Broer-Kaup (WBK) model equations in the shallow water small-amplitude regime is derived by using a simplified homogeneous balance method. The WBK model equations are linearized under the nonlinear transformation. Various exact solutions of the WBK model equations are obtained via the nonlinear transformation with the aid of solutions for the linear equation.

Global existence of weak solutions to a prey-predator model with strong cross-diffusion

Using finite differences and entropy inequalities, the global existence of weak solutions to a multidimensional parabolic strongly coupled prey-predator model is obtained. The nonnegativity of the solutions is also shown.

Explicit solutions to some nonlinear physical models by a two-step ansatz

Explicit solutions are derived for some nonlinear physical model equations by using a delicate way of two-step ansatz method.

Analytical and Experimental Studies on Wave Scattering by a Horizontal Perforated Plate at the Still Water Level

This research investigates water-wave scattering via a horizontal perforated plate fixed at the still water level through analytical studies and physical model tests.The velocity potential decomposition method is combined with an efficient iterative algorithm to develop an analytical solution in which the quadratic pressure drop condition is imposed on the horizontal perforated plate.The analytical results are in good agreement with the results of an independently developed iterative boundary element method(BEM)solution.Experimental tests are carried out in a wave flume to measure the reflection coefficient and transmission coefficient of the horizontal perforated plate,and the analytical results agree reasonably well with the experimental data.The influence of various structural parameters of the horizontal perforated plate on the hydrodynamic parameters of reflection coefficient,transmission coefficient,energy-loss coefficient,and wave force are analyzed on the basis of the analytical solution.Useful results for the practical engineering application of horizontal perforated plates are also presented.

New Consideration of Problems of Gravitational Optics and Dark Matter Based on Crystal Model of Vacuum

In presented paper we try to consider problems of the gravitational optics and dark matter developing from the crystal model for the vacuum. How it is follows from consideration it enables to describe both electromagnetic waves and spectrum of elementary particles from the unified point of view. Two order parameters – a polar vector and an axial vector - had to be introduced as electrical and magnetic polarization, correspondingly, in order to describe dynamic properties of vacuum. Vacuum susceptibility has been determined to be equal to the fine structure constant . Unified interaction constant g for all particles equal to the double charge of Dirac monopole has been found (g = e/, where e charge electron). The fundamental vacuum constants are: g, , parameters of length and parameters of ti- me for electron and nucleon oscillations, correspondingly. Energy of elementary particles has been expressed in terms of the fundamental vacuum parameters, light velocity being equal to . The term mass of particle has been shown to have no independent meaning. Particle energy does have physical sense as wave packet energy related to vacuum excitation. Exact equation for particle movement in the gravitational field has been derived, the equation being applied to any relatively compact object: planet, satellite, electron, proton, photon and neutrino. The situation has been examined according to the cosmological principle when galaxies are distributed around an infinite space. In this case the recession of galaxies is impossible, so the red shift of far galaxies’ radiation has to be interpreted as the blue time shift of atomic spectra;it follows that zero-energy, and consequently electron mass are being increased at the time. Since physical vacuum has been existed eternally, vacuum parameters can be either constant, or oscillating with time. It is the time oscillation of the parameters that leads to the growth of electron mass within the last 15 billion years and that is displayed in the red shift;the proton mass being decreased that is displayed in planet radiation.

Basic Notions of Classical Physics

Classical Physics is a branch of Physics that should be described by classical notions, which define emergent phenomena. An Emergent Phenomenon is a property that is a result of simple interactions that work cooperatively to create a more complex interaction. Physically, simple interactions occur at a microscopic level, and the collective result can be observed at a macroscopic level. The developed Hypersphere World-Universe Model (WUM) introduces classical notions, when the very first ensemble of particles was created at the cosmological time πM ≅ 10-18 and become possible to introduce the notion “Medium of the World”. We emphasize that Classical Physics is principally different from Quantum Physics that describes quantum objects, which have four-momenta only. Classical Physics is dealing with ensembles of quantum objects! The present paper discusses the Basic Notions of Classical Physics considering a principally different cosmological model WUM, which is, in fact, a Paradigm Shift for Cosmology. WUM is a natural continuation of Classical Physics, and it can already serve as a basis for a New Cosmology proposed by Paul Dirac in 1937.

面向实景三维城市建设的物探方法研究与应用

在新型城镇化和实景三维测绘技术不断深化的背景下,地下空间的精细开发与管理对于城市实现高质量发展尤为关键。本研究探索适合实景三维城市建设的地球物理勘探(物探)方法,旨在提升城市地下空间探测的精确度与工作效率。针对城市复杂条件,本文提出了一种综合物探方法,该方法不仅涵盖了浅层、中层和深层的勘探,而且融合了新型基础测绘技术。在一项针对某老旧办公楼改造的案例实践中,由于现场条件限制无法实施钻探,笔者采用了高分辨率的无损勘察技术,利用多通道多频三维探地雷达系统、地震频率成像法和高密度微动探测技术,集成多源数据,探明了办公楼地下防空洞的分布,并揭示了地层结构、岩土分界面及地下建构筑物的状况,最终构建了一个满足实景三维工程级精度要求的BIM模型,该模型融合了地面楼宇、地下管线、地铁和地质体等信息,对模型可实现剖切分析和岩土力学模拟计算等,为办公楼的安全改造和科学管理提供了重要依据。文章还进一步提出,未来物探技术的发展趋势应聚焦于数字化智能化技术的发展,促进跨学科多专业交融,助力实景三维数字中国建设。

数据驱动的气动热建模预测方法总结与展望

气动热的准确预测是指导高超声速飞行器设计的基础。在经典气动热预测方法愈发难以满足工程中高效准确的气动热预测需求的背景下,近年来蓬勃发展的数据驱动气动热建模预测方法逐渐成为气动热预测的新范式。对此,首先阐述了数据驱动气动热建模预测方法和经典气动热预测方法的相互关系。然后,从建模思路上将数据驱动气动热建模预测方法归纳为3类,即气动热特征空间降维建模预测、气动热逐点建模预测和气动热物理信息嵌入建模预测,并对这3类方法进行了详细介绍和分析总结。数据驱动气动热建模预测方法不仅比工程算法准确,而且和采样方法结合后,还能够有效降低实验测量和数值计算的工作量,给出的模型也更加高效简洁。最后,对数据驱动气动热建模预测方法的发展趋势进行了展望,指出数据驱动技术与经典气动热预测方法的深度结合、气动热物理信息嵌入建模预测方法和气动热预测大模型将会是未来研究的要点。

基于CPM的多模式资源约束项目调度建模与复杂度分析

为有效降低多模式资源约束项目调度模型的复杂度和解空间,构建3类混合整数线性规划模型。运用紧上界TTUB缩减时间序列T的上界和关键路径法缩减各项活动结束时间的上下界,以降低模型复杂度和解空间。为验证改进模型的有效性,从MRCPSP标杆案例库中选取1106组规模不等的算例进行求解。结果表明,基于CPM的多模式资源约束项目调度模型解空间更小;决策变量同比缩小3~65倍,约束数同比缩小1~4倍;平均求解时间同比减少53%~112%,求解性能显著优于其他模型。为验证紧上界T_(TUB)的参数α性能,1106组算例结果表明,α越接近1,模型的复杂度越低,解空间越小。但随着算例规模增加,算例可行解探寻难度增加。因此,对大规模算例,α值应适当放宽。

动态多维数字孪生模型的构建及应用研究

数字孪生(Digital Twin)属于实现智能制造以及工业互联网的重要技术和模式。为推动数字孪生技术在相关领域和行业的进一步应用,文中对动态多维、多维时空域下智能制造过程及数据进行建模。结合某航空发动机装配制造案例对所提出的建模方法进行验证,证明了该方法的有效性,可以有效地应用到智能制造领域中。

Perovskite solar cell towards lower toxicity: a theoretical study of physical lead reduction strategy

The huge performance enhancements of the organometal halide perovskite solar cells(OHPSCs) have appealed enormous attention within recent ten years. Although the rapid growth of the device power conversion efficiency(PCE) has attained over 25%, the contamination of health-hazardous components still holds back its sustainable applications. To reduce the lead usage, many groups have tried chemical lead reduction solutions: substituting the lead by other group 14 metal elements to realize the low-lead OHPSCs. Unfortunately, neither the PCE nor the stability, low-lead OHPSCs all lag far behind the state-ofthe-art conventional lead-based OHPSCs. In this work, we present a physical lead reduction(PLR) concept by reducing the perovskite film thickness to restrict the perovskite hazard risk with minor scarification in device performances. Through the simulation of transfer matrix model, we theoretically demonstrated that by introducing the optical space layer, the device PCE could maintain 96% of the original maximum value while attenuating the perovskite film thickness to one-third. This means that the usage of lead can be reduced by $70% with PLR concept, which could have broad appeal as a new lead reduction strategy towards high performance OHPSCs.

MECHANICAL BEHAVIORS OF SATURATED SAND UNDER COMPLICATED LOADING

The different physical states of saturated sand, including shear elasticity, positive dilatancy, and negative dilatancy (preliminary negative dilatancy, secondary negative dilatancy and reversal negative dilatancy) are revealed based on the pore water pressure response of saturated sand in undrained dynamic torsional tests of thin cylinder samples and also checked by the drained cyclic triaxial tests under a given mean effective normal stress. According to the effective stress path of different physical states under the undrained cyclic torsional tests the physical state transformation surface, stress history boundary and yield surface are determined, and the state boundary surface is also determined by the range of effective frictional stress state movement. Based on the moving yield surface without rotation, and the expanding stress history boundary surface relevant to the stress path variations under different physical states in 3D stress space, a physical state model is proposed to provide a new approach to calculating the transient pore water pressure under the undrained condition, and the volume strain of dilatation under drained condition in this paper.

Specification and Verification of a Topology-Aware Access Control Model for Cyber-Physical Space

The cyber-physical space is a spatial environment that integrates the cyber and physical worlds to provide an intelligent environment for users to conduct their day-to-day activities. Mobile users and mobile objects are ubiquitous in this space, thereby exerting tremendous pressure on its security model. This model must ensure that both cyber and physical objects are always handled securely in this dynamic environment. In this paper,we propose a systematic solution to be able to specify security policies of the cyber-physical space and ensure that security requirements hold in these policies. We first formulate a topology configuration model to capture the topology characteristics of the cyber and physical worlds. Then, based on this model, a Topology-Aware CyberPhysical Access Control model(TA-CPAC) is proposed, which can ensure the security of the cyber and physical worlds at the same time by adjusting permission assignment dynamically. Then, the topology configuration and TA-CPAC models are formalized by bigraphs and Bigraph Reactive System(BRS), respectively, allowing us to use model checking to rationalize the consequences of the evolution of topological configurations on the satisfaction of security requirements. Finally, a case study on a building automation access control system is conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.

Using Coherent States to Make Physically Correct Classical-to-Quantum Procedures That Help Resolve Nonrenomalizable Fields Including Einstein’s Gravity

Canonical quantization covers a broad class of classical systems, but that does not include all the problems of interest. Affine quantization has the benefit of providing a successful quantization of many important problems including the quantization of half-harmonic oscillators [1], non-renormalizable scalar fields, such as (ϕ12)3 [2] and (ϕ12)3 [3], as well as the quantum theory of Einstein’s general relativity [4]. The features that distinguish affine quantization are emphasized, especially, that affine quantization differs from canonical quantization only by the choice of classical variables promoted to quantum operators. Coherent states are used to ensure proper quantizations are physically correct. While quantization of non-renormalizable covariant scalars and gravity are difficult, we focus on appropriate ultralocal scalars and gravity that are fully soluble while, in that case, implying that affine quantization is the proper procedure to ensure the validity of affine quantizations for non-renormalizable covariant scalar fields and Einstein’s gravity.