Nationalist Trends in the Transformation of New Zealand’s Maori Language Policy

Language is an important carrier of human culture and a specific method for communication between humans.It is one of the most important symbols of human identity and flags of dividing group identity.At present,in the modern national state,the government is paying more attention to language policy and being more and more prudent to it.In the process of making and implementing language policy,the government must take into account a range of factors such as the country’s national history,politics,culture,economy,and relations between different social groups.From the mid-nineteenth century,when New Zealand became a British colony,until the mid-twentieth century,the Maori people were inspired to defend their rights and respect for themselves by the rise of Maori nationalist ideology and Maori political radicalism in a struggle that lasted more than 100 years.Until 1994,there were more than 800 kohanga reo,early childhood institutions that established Maori language instruction independent of the school system,and the nationalism drives to revitalize the Maori national language was at its peak.The process of revolution on Maori language policies in New Zealand reflects a trend of nationalist thoughts from Maori becoming more deep.Exploring the process of change in New Zealand’s Maori language policy will help to develop the study of the social history of indigenous peoples during the colonial period and will contribute to the study of the development of colonized countries and regions in the post-colonial period.The change in New Zealand’s Maori language policy has provided an important example of the preservation and revitalization of the indigenous languages of the world’s former colonies,which is of great significance for the preservation of linguistic and cultural diversity.

The Potential Impacts of National, Regional and International Policies and Legislation on the Sustainable Forest Management for NTFPs： A Swaziland Case Study

The objective of this study entails the review and assessment of the relevance of existing and draft policies and legislation that affects the Non-timber Forest Products （NTFP） sector in Swaziland. A hierarchical method of policy and legislation review and analysis was devised for this study. Findings indicated that most national policies and legislation are outdated and old-fashioned, with gaps and overlaps, and there is lack of collaboration between institutions implementing these. The present national forest policy does not adequately guide the development of NTFPs. As a consequence, whilst international policies and legislation capture an excellent spectrum of elements and issues on NTFPs they still remain difficult to implement. However, national level criteria and indicators have issues and elements that are relevant to the sustainable use of NTFPs. It was recommended that national strategies, action plans, policies and legislation be reviewed and updated. The study shows that there are no existing institutional networks or formal collaboration between the institutions involved in the implementation of local, national, regional, and international policies and legislation that affect NTFPs. Government, private sector, Non-Governmental Organizations （NGO＇s）, communities, individuals, and all concerned agencies should jointly develop and implement policies and legislation to provide secure access and benefits to people whose livelihood depends on/is supplemented by NTFPs and further foster networking and collaboration. The immediate adoption and implementation of the 11 policy recommendations on the sustainable management of Non-timber Forest Resources compiled by the Secretariat of the Convention on Biodiversity （CBD） from the Convention on Biological Diversity is highly recommended. It is worthwhile to note that while some of the 11 recommendations were directly inherited from certain articles of the CBD some are general recommendations.

Connection Between Policies and Laws on Human Rights Protection:Case Study of the National Human Rights Action Plans

China’s National Human Rights Action Plans connect policies and laws on human rights protection in terms of ideas,procedures,and contents.The functions of the connections are the guidance to local policymaking,the promise of state commitment,and the linkage to international human rights goals.At the practical level,the enhancement of the connection between policies and laws will promote the effectiveness of human rights protection.In order to improve the rationality of human rights policies,there should be more researches on National Human Rights Action Plans,and more public participation in the process of the Plan drafting.

Ecological correlates of sport and exercise participation among Thai adolescents:A hierarchical examination of a cross-sectional population survey

Background:Understanding factors influencing adolescents’ sport/exercise participation(S/EP) is vital to developing effective interventions,but currently,evidence from less developed countries is limited.The purpose of this study was to examine correlates of S/EP across individual,interpersonal,and environmental levels in a nationally representative sample of Thai adolescents.Methods:Data from 4617 Thai adolescents aged 14-17 years old were obtained from recruited schools across Thailand.Data on S/EP(outcome variable),and psychosocial,home,and community environment covariates were collected from individual adolescents using the Thailand Physical Activity Children Survey,Student Questionnaire.School environmental data were collected at the school level using a School Built Environment Audit.Hierarchical regressions taking into account school clustering effects were applied for data analysis.Results:At the individual level,age and body mass index were independently and strongly correlated with S/EP.Adolescents with high preference for physical activity(PA)(odd ratio(OR)=1.71,p <0.001) and at least a moderate level of self-efficacy(OR=1.33,p=0.001) were more likely to have high S/EP.At the interpersonal level,adolescents whose parents joined their sports/exercise at least 1-2 times/week(OR=1.36,p=0.003) received>3 types of parental support(OR=1.43,p=0.005) and who received siblings’(OR=1.26,p=0.004) and friends’(OR=1.99,p <0.001) support had a greater chance of high S/EP.At the environmental level,adolescents’ S/EP was greater when there were at least 3-4 pieces of home sport/exercise equipment(OR=2.77,p=0.003),grass areas at school(OR=1.56,p <0.001),and at least 1-2 PA facilities in the community(OR=1.30,p=0.009).Conclusion:Multiple factors at different levels within an ecological framework influencing Thai adolescents’ S/EP were generally similar to those found in developed countries,despite some differences.For those interested in promoting and supporting Thai adolescents’ engagement in sports/exercise,further exploration of the influence of self-efficacy and attitude toward PA is required at the individual level;parental and peer support at the interpersonal level;and home sport equipment,school grass areas,and neighborhood PA facilities at the environment level.

Long-term Dynamics of Cultivated Land Resources and Their Driving Forces of Guyuan City in Upper Reaches of Jinghe River

The land use patterns in Guyuan City,Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region of China,have changed greatly over the years,due to population growth and farming and stock raising development.This study,using 50-year statis-tical data of cultivated land and 14-year spatial data of land use pattern,analyzed the developmental stages,the char-acter,and the spatial variance of farmland in the city,and discussed the driving forces of cultivated land changes based on empirical and conceptual statistical models.First,the change of cultivated land area went through different stages of rapid increase,fluctuating change,decrease and rapid decrease from 1949 to 2004,additionally,social and economic policies in different stages had an important impact on farmland variance.Second,from 1986 to 2000,the quantity of cultivated land increased,but its quality decreased.Third,social and economic factors are determinant factors in culti-vated land transition.Five constructed paths explain cultivated land transition.Factors that have direct or indirect ef-fects on farmland include the economy(Xeco),the population(Xpop),agricultural output(Xagr),and scientific input(Xsci).The sequence of impact was Xeco>Xpop>Xsci>Xagr.Among all these impacts,Xeco was the major positive one,and Xpop was the major negative one.It is urgent to take measures or adopt a policy to stop the vicious cycle in eco-environment and agriculture production.Otherwise,negative patterns of farmland use will increase,and high-quality cultivated land will continue to decline.

Support for obesity policy: The effect of perceptions of causes for obesity and national identity in Canada

Interventions in Canada to address obesity have largely been limited to individual-level change through education rather than a population-level public policy approach. Little is known about obesity policy support in Canada, and substantial national variation in obesity policy support prevents direct transferability of these policies among nations. Our study recruited 521 young adults for an online survey through leaflets and flyers. We investigated how respondents’ demographics, health characteristics, political attitudes, beliefs regarding causes of obesity, and national identity affected their support for obesity policy. Results showed that there is high support for many obesity policies among Canadian young adults. Including Canadian national identity in regression models was significant in explaining obesity policy support beyond the combined effect of other predictors. Further exploration of national identity, in Canada and elsewhere, has implications for understanding obesity policy support that might assist policy makers in making more informed decisions in addressing obesity.

Mortgage of Land Management Right in the Rural Area Under the Policy Context

The aim of this study is to explore the necessity to consider the specialty of policy context in ethnic minority area during the policymaking process.Case analysis is applied to study the policy context in microscopic aspect.The information came from two sources:questionnaires or phone calls,and related documents.Study suggested that the mortgage of land management lies in the negligence of temporal dynamic balance when it comes to the mastering of policy context.Optimal plan of method design was given in the end of this paper.

Evolving National Security: A Roadmap from Present to Future in Renewable and Nonrenewable Energy Policies (A Technical Review)

This comprehensive exploration delves into the intricate dynamics of national security policies in the realm of renewable and nonrenewable energy sources.From the present landscape characterized by the diversification of energy portfolios to the long-term vision encompassing nuclear fusion,this article navigates through the nuanced interplay of technology,resilience,and environmental responsibility.The synthesis of established nuclear fission technologies and evolving renewable sources forms the cornerstone of a strategic approach,addressing challenges and opportunities to ensure a secure,sustainable energy future.

National Environmental Policy Act of the United States and Its Application in Climate Litigation——Evaluating Litigation Case by Friends of the Earth on Export-Import Bank of the United States and Overseas Private Investment Corporation

Because that American government and congress hold a negative attitude on responding to climate change issue, people transfer the battle stage of climate change to the court,and hope to promote government and large energy companies actively responding to climate change issue via litigation form. A large amount of related litigation appears,and a kind of special litigation type is gradually formed, namely climate change litigation. National Environmental Policy Act of the United States is one of important legal weapons used by prosecutor in climate change litigation. In National Environmental Policy Act, it stipulates environmental impact evaluation system which has close relationship with climate change litigation. The system requires that federal agency ＂ should compile detailed environmental impact report （EIS） on major federal action which significantly affects human survival environment quality＂. Litigation case of Export - Import Bank of the United States and Overseas Private Investment Corporation by Fdends of the Earth, Green Peace, Boulder City, etc. is typical one related to the act. We try to evaluate and analyze text and case of the act.

Impacts of the Benefit Sharing Mechanism(BSM)Policy Implementation on Forest Protection and Sustainable Use of Non-timber Products at Bach Ma National Park

This study aimed to evaluate the impacts of the benefit sharing mechanism(BSM)pilot policy on sustainable use of non-timber forest products(NTFPs)and natural resources conservation in co-management forest of Bach Ma National Park.Evaluation methods were route and permanent plot survey,household interview,in-depth interview,village meeting,group discussion and workshop at commune level.Results showed that:(1)the BSM policy had brought favorable conditions for local people in sustainable use and development of the NTFPs,as well as minimised the threats to biodiversity in co-managed forest;(2)the harvest amounts of seven selected NTFPs after two years of the BSM policy implementation were higher than growth rate of every NTFP and the permitted harvest amounts of the benefit sharing plans(BSP);(3)although there was a risk of over-exploitation of the NTFPs,the annual yields in 2013 and 2014 were much lower,but more sustainable than that before the BSM implementation;(4)the forest protection status in the co-management areas was also better than before.Additionally,this study has also defined and recommended that in order to continue the BSM,it is necessary to ensure the sustainable exploitation of NTFPs,as well as implement more enforcement activities inside the co-management forest area.

On the Function, Subject, and Capacity of the Religious Property System in China

To construct our religious property system, we must first define its purpose and function, and then clarify the connotation, subject, and capacity of religious property, the premise of which is to scientifically understand the nature, purpose and function of religions. The"religious purpose"of the religious property system is different in its appeal to different subjects: The state, religious groups and believers. For different types of property, religious purposes differ in directness and indirectness, but they are unified in the realization of the basic religious policy of the Party and the state.

An Assessment of Nigeria’s Foreign Policy and the African Union Security Architecture:Neo-conservative Perspectives

The beginning of the 21st century witnessed a strategic shift in Nigeria’s foreign policy.After the return of Nigeria to civilian rule in 1999,new multilateral diplomacy had to be embarked upon towards the promotion of democracy,peace,and security in Africa.One notable and distinctive feature of the country’s foreign policy from the inception of the Fourth Republic(1999)has been its promotion of African stability through the democratisation process.Nigeria has consistently used the African Union(AU)to pursue an agenda which can be described as neo-conservative,in restoring democracy,peace,and security,in Africa.Given this,this paper examines the neo-conservative foreign policy objectives and the role of the Nigerian state within the African Union security architecture towards the nurturing and advancement of democracy,peace,and security since the return to the civilian rule in 1999.

The Analysis of High Exchange Reserve and High National Saving in China

High resident saving and high foreign exchange reserve are the inevitable products in China during the period from planned economy to market economy, and there is high correlation between them. On the one hand, this kind of economic phenomenon can＇t persist in a long time; on the other hand, to implement relevant fiscal and monetary policy, foreign trade policy, and foreign exchange management policy to change them in view of their negative effects to present economy is one of the present economic tasks.

American Foreign Policy and Diplomacy During and After the Arab Spring, the Challenge of Democratization ＆ the Legacy of President Obama＇s Administration

Recent scholarship on great-power foreign policy and diplomacy undermines President Obama＇s realist approach compared to his predecessor Bush＇s neoconservative idealism approach to the Middle East＇s geopolitical enduring Arab-Israeli conflict, the rising power of political Islam, the unexpected events of the Arab Spring, along with the challenge of democratization. This article genealogically examines President Obama＇s foreign policy and diplomacy in response to the chronology of the unfolding events of the Arab Spring in Egypt, Tunisia, Libya, Syria, Bahrain, and Yemen that witnessed the Arab Spring of 2011. President Obama and his top diplomats＇ performances in response to each country recounting events were assessed, critically analyzed, and compared to the other in terms of the U.S. bilateral relations with each country, U.S. national interests, and her strategic goals in the Middle East region. The researcher analyzed the aforementioned issues within the complicated realities of the Palestinian/Arab Israeli conflict, the rising power of political Islam on the Middle East＇s ground manifested by the Muslim Brotherhood rise to power in Egypt, ISIS in Iraq and Syria, and Libya, and the rivalry between Sunni and Shia＇a---supported by Iran in Lebanon, Syria, Bahrain, and Yemen. The research findings indicate that in a broader sense Obama＇s foreign policy and diplomacy has been a movement away from the U.S. foreign policy and diplomacy since World War II, particularly when he （Obama） decided that the U.S. should abstain from exercising the veto power at the United Nations （UN） on resolution 2334 in support of the Palestinian right to have their own state, thus following the consensus of other permanent members of the UN security council and international law.

＂Half-a-Day＂ Syndrome： A Mode of Internalization of Vocational and Technical Education by the Youths in the 20th Century Nigeria

This research focused on ＂half-a-day＂ as a mode of internalizing vocational and technical education by the youths in Nigeria. It traced the origin of ＂half-a-day＂ linking it with the ingenuity of the youths to make the formal education that they have acquired operational. It also discussed the traditional education with its apprenticeship system as being modified through the ＂half-a-day＂ syndrome. The study is historical and descriptive therefore, social survey method was employed using unscheduled interview and consulting relevant literature. It was discovered that, apart from the failure of the educational system due to lack of proper infrastructure, the youths, especially those from the lower class, have reasoned that the salaries from the white-collar jobs may not be enough to sustain them. It is, therefore, recommended, among others, that： Government can institutionalise the ＂half-a-day＂ as a form of summer school and certify both the centres of learning and learners.

Priority Directions of National Policy of Regulation of Mutual Relations Between Youth and Mass Media： The Theoretical and Empirical Researches

The study was concerned with the problem of the Russian youth, with a special emphasis on the history of the theoretical and empirical researches devoted to the youth issues. The research delineates the term thesaurus and its connection with the formation of youth＇s outlook. The central focus of the research is social and cultural value orientations of the young Russian. The study presents a detailed analysis of impact that mass media plays in socialization of youth, its generations, its influence on public opinion formation and priority directions of national policy of regulation of mutual relations between youth and mass media. It attempts to examine the presence of mass media in youth＇s everyday life. The research provides a detailed analysis of contemporary state of the youth＇s trust to the mass media and degree of dependence on it. The study also presents a detailed analysis of the traces of mass media＇s influence on young Russians. The completed research is fundamental for the sociological and the philosophical generalisations that underline comparative research on the youth problems in Russia, its social and cultural value orientations and the influence on public opinion formation and priority directions of national policy of regulation of mutual relations between youth and mass media.

Who Governs Public Health？ Donor Retreat and the Shifting Spheres of Influence in Southern African HIV/AIDS Policy Making

For the last decade, discussions about who governs policy on prevention and treatment of HIV/AIDS have revolved around the controversial relationship between Western donors and the power they have over their recipient governments. While these debates were once politically germane, recent trends show a decline of donor funding, as well as an increase of financial ownership of the epidemic within Southern Africa. Commensurate with this shifting financial influence, some well-governed, wealthy African states are beginning to deviate from global M＆E （monitoring and evaluation） indicators. These policy movements, away from global M＆E indicators, also correlate with increases in HIV prevalence, which signals the need for further investigation into policy efficacy.

Contributions on Selective Waste Collection and Recycling Cooperatives in Municipalities in the State of São Paulo,Brazil

The collection and proper disposal of MSW(Municipal Solid Waste)is one of the biggest challenges faced by Brazilian public managers.Dry recyclable waste represents about 33.6%of the gravimetric composition of MSW,with a tendency to increase in the next few years,due to the increasing consumption of processed products,with short life cycles and excess packaging.The inadequate management of these residues results in a series of social,environmental and economic problems.In recent years,there has been a great advance in Brazilian laws,assigning responsibilities and regulating waste management in the country,optimizing the use of infrastructure and human and financial resources.Scarce resources and insufficient infrastructure demand actions based on a lot of planning.One of the main limiting factors for the planning and development of public policies for the sector is the lack of reliable data and information on the generation and management of waste,that allow the creation of future scenarios and the definition of adequate strategies for minimization,valorization of waste and final disposal of waste that no longer can be processed.Thus,this work sought to analyze the current situation of selective waste collection and recycling cooperatives in 211 municipalities in the State of São Paulo,evaluating the issues and opportunities for the applicability of Law n.12,305/2010,Brazilian PNRS(in Portuguese)(National Policy of Solid Waste)in the management of this waste in small,medium and large cities.A bibliographic research was carried out on the panorama of solid waste management in Brazil and in the State of São Paulo,as well as a contextualization on selective waste collection and recycling cooperatives.Following that,data from 211 municipalities taking part in the survey Solid Waste Management—Municipalities of the State of São Paulo were analyzed,focusing on answers that correlated with the topics covered in this research.For this work,questions were used in order to obtain a basic overview of solid waste management in the municipalities,identifying the characteristics of selective waste collection and recycling cooperatives in the municipalities and to verify the similarity,benefits and difficulties of selective waste collection and waste cooperatives in the municipalities studied.After tabulating and analyzing the data,a matrix was prepared to compare the results obtained in relation to selective waste collection and recycling cooperatives and the guidelines of the PNRS(National Solid Waste Policy)in urban environmental management,which allowed the conclusion that all municipalities participating in the research have a good understanding of solid waste management practices,as well as seek to comply with the guidelines of the PNRS.However,the results of this matrix indicated that there are important points that need to be considered in the planning of actions for a better management of recyclable waste,such as the implementation of inter-municipal consortiums in the management of solid waste,investment in environmental education,stimulation to create recycling cooperatives and adoption of social inclusion regulations for informal waste collectors.

Exploration of Water and Soil Conservation's Function in Construction of Eco-environment

Eco-environment lays foundation for human existence and development, and social and economy evolvement. Therefore, it is a fundamental principle to pro- tact and construct eco-environment and achieve sustainable development. With ur- ban development, and destruction on natural environment, however, the issue of water and soil losses has become a serious problem, affecting people＇s life and production. The research, therefore, explored the role of water and soil conservation in ecological civilization construction, including bomprehensive treatment of water storage and sand reduction, improving agricultural structure and advancing rural econ- omy, relieving the conflict between supply and demand of water resources, improv- ing eco-environment in mountainous regions and accelerating eco-construction.

Effects of China's National Essential Medicines Policy on the Use of Injection in Primary Health Facilities

The overuse of injection exists more than 20 years since economic reform in China.It is a persistent problem and seems becoming a new challenge in the new health reform period.This study was designed to assess the effect of national essential medicines policy(NEMP) on injection use at primary health facilities in China by investigating their prescription information.Questionnaires were designed and disseminated to collect empirical data on injection use at 120 primary health facilities in 6 provinces from January to September in 2010 and 2011.The injection use was measured as the indicator as the percentage of prescriptions with one or more injections.The results showed that the percentage of prescriptions with one or more injections was decreased from 38.91% to 36.82%(2 =11.158,P=0.001) in the all survey areas during the NEMP reform.The difference in level of the injection use in 2011 was significant among the eastern,central and western regions(2 =223.584,P=0.000);level of the injection use in western region was the lowest(27.73%),while that in the central region was the highest(43.10%).The level of the injection use in 2011 among different provinces was also of great difference(26.00%-58.25%,range:32.25%).The level of the injection use in 2011 was still much higher than the standard suggested by WHO for developing countries(13.4%-24.1%).It was concluded that NEMP has improved injection use in China,but the injection abuse situation remains serious,indicating that one of the priorities to the next stage of NEMP is to promote the rational use of drugs,especially the injection use.