The Study on Trade Policy and Openness of Mongolia： Influences on Trade Flows Between China-Mongolia-Russia （Past and Future）

This paper aimed to highlight the effects of conflict in Mongolia on trade policy and openness, by estimating the trade flows with neighbor countries （China and Russia）. Fourteen years＇ （2000-2013） data of Mongolian imports and exports were collected and gone through principal component analysis （PCA） and empirical analysis for grouping various trades with China and Russia. The empirical analysis identified the determining factors of Mongolian trade flow and openness with China and Russia. Empirical analysis evidenced that Mongolian trade and openness policy raised bilateral trade between China and Russia, leaving a great influence on economic size. Two main questions represented as empirically tested by each sample country. How did Mongolian trade policy and openness influence trade flows between China and Russia and economic growth of Mongolia？ Did Mongolian trade policy and the bilateral trade with China and Russia increase on trade openness？ Finally, the study focused on the forecasts from 2016 to 2018 to examine Mongolian trade flows with China and Russia using ordinary least squares method and autoregressive-moving-average （ARMA） model. China-Mongolia-Russia trade flows will continue to dominate during the forecasted period. As shown by the structure of export and import, goods with China and Russia influenced the mutual trade amount. Moreover, China and Russia traded to continue with Mongolia for goods in long run. Trade policy and openness, the major contributor in Mongolian economy, are significantly playing roles in trade and economy.

Impact of Plastic Waste on the Human Health in Low-Income Countries: A Systematic Review

Background: Plastic pollution is the accumulation of waste composed of plastic and its derivatives all over the environment. Whether in the form of visible garbage or microparticles, as it slowly degrades, plastic pollution poses significant threats to terrestrial and aquatic habitats and the wildlife that call them home, whether through ingestion, entanglement or exposure to the chemicals contained in the material. Unfortunately, there is a lack of documentation on the impact of plastic waste on human health in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Methods: We searched five electronic databases (PubMed, Embase, Global Health, CINAHL and Web of Science) and gray literature, following the preferred reporting elements for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA), for the impact of plastic waste on human health in developing countries. We included quantitative and qualitative studies written in English and French. We assessed the quality of the included articles using the Mixed Methods Appraisal tool (MMAT). Results: A total of 3779 articles were initially identified by searching electronic databases. After eliminating duplicates, 3167 articles were reviewed based on title and abstract, and 26 were selected for full-text review. Only three articles were retained. The three articles dealt with practices likely to lead to oral exposure to plastic chemicals in human health, as well as the level of awareness of participants concerning the possible impact of plastic on human health, namely, the use of plastic baby bottles, the use of microwaves to cook food and reheat precooked food, the use of plastic bottles to store water in the refrigerator, water purifier containers with plastic bodies and plastic lunch boxes, the reuse of plastic bags and the inadequacy of treatment facilities. Conclusion: Plastic waste poses different risks to human health at every stage of its life cycle. Hence, strategies must be adopted to raise public awareness of the dangers of plastic waste to their health. Trial registration: The review protocol is registered in the PROSPERO international prospective register of systematic reviews (ID = CRD42023409087).

Fuzzy VIKOR Approach to Evaluate the Information Security Policies and Analyze the Content of Press Agencies in Gulf Countries

A news agency is an organization that gathers news reports and sells them to subscribing news organization, such as newspapers, magazines, radio and television broadcasters. A news agency may also be referred to as a wire service, newswire, or news service. The main purpose of this paper is to evaluate the security policies and analyze the content of five press agencies in gulf countries which are (Kuwait News Agency (KUNA), Emirates News Agency (WAM), Saudi Press Agency (SPA), Bahrain News Agency (BNA), and Oman News Agency (OMA)) by using a fuzzy VIKOR approach where linguistic variables are applied to solve the uncertainties and subjectivities in expert decision making. Fuzzy VIKOR approach is one of the best Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) techniques working in fuzzy environment. This study benefits security and content analysis experts know which press agency has the mandate and the competence to educate the public on news agencies. Besides, this paper contributes to Gulf agencies in helping them in their resolve to ensure the quality of content information and information security policies over the internet.

The Game between FDI and the Beneficial Policies of Host Country

Foreign direct investment （FDI） has great function to the growth of the economy in various countries. The beneficial policies of the foreign capitals are the main means to various countries to absorb FDI. Utilizing this means appropriately and designing beneficial policies, which can make the host country get the maximized revenue of utilizing FDI, are the key to absorb FDI effectively. In this paper, we set up a game model between the level of the host country＇s beneficial policies and the scale of FDI, and analyze what the key factors that influence the level of host country＇s beneficial policies are and how to decide the level of beneficial policies according to these key factors.

The Strict Swedish vs. the Loose Dutch System for Regulations on Prostitution and Drug Use

The author＇s research topics include economic and legal questions concerning prostitution and drug use. There are two extreme models in these two areas, one represented by Sweden and the other by the Netherlands. Sweden votes for the model of a ＂prostitution and drug free society＂, while the latter represents a looser, more liberal view. This presentation aims to answer the question whether the statistics support the presumptions of either model. To shed light on these issues, facts and figures published by the Swedish and Dutch statistics offices as well as other studies on the subject were analyzed. During the course of the past few decades. the income from the prostitution and drug markets in Sweden was virtually unchanged. This may be considered as a failure： prostitution and drug use could not be decreased further. It may also be considered as an achievement： while these two markets were growing in many countries, at least in the case of Sweden the situation did not become worse. It seems that the liberal regulation of drugs and prostitution in the Netherlands has not been a successful venture. It is no wonder that there are plans for changes and limitations to the prostitution sector with new regulations, although complete prohibition has not been raised as an issue. The consumption of drugs has been increasing. In this respect, alongside the liberal stance on the issue, increasing emphasis is placed on deterrence from light drugs.

An appraisal of the regulatory policies governing the use of herbal traditional medicine

The regulation of herbal traditional medicine(HTM)is of much importance as it ensures the safety,quality and efficacy thereof.However,there are variations in the regulation of HTM worldwide with some countries being more supportive of HTM than others.This literature review aimed to evaluate and compare the regulatory policies governing the use of HTM in developed and developing countries as well as to determine the regulatory challenges faced by regulatory authorities and governments across the world.The countries investigated in this study were Germany,the United States of America,Japan,South Africa,China and India.Variations were evident between countries,however,Germany and Japan were found to be more advanced with regards to the regulation of HTM.Germany and Japan had stricter regulatory policies and lesser safety concerns.South Africa and the United States of America appear to have inadequate or ineffective HTM regulatory systems which was seen by the countries’limited or lack of regulations and additional safety concerns.The findings showed the difference in HTM regulation between developed and developing countries were not as large as could be expected.The United States of America(developed country)was found to have poor HTM regulations,while China and India(developing countries)were found to have thorough regulations.The findings also show that both developed and developing countries continue to face challenges with regards to establishing regulations and registration procedures for HTM.

Finding the fragments:community-based epidemic surveillance in Sudan

Sudan faces inter-sectional health risks posed by escalating violent conflict,natural hazards and epidemics.Epidemics are frequent and overlapping,particularly resurgent seasonal outbreaks of diseases such as malaria,cholera.To improve response,the Sudanese Ministry of Health manages multiple disease surveillance systems,however,these systems are fragmented,under resourced,and disconnected from epidemic response efforts.Inversely,civic and informal community-led systems have often organically led outbreak responses,despite having limited access to data and resources from formal outbreak detection and response systems.Leveraging a communal sense of moral obligation,such informal epidemic responses can play an important role in reaching affected populations.While effective,localised,and organised—they cannot currently access national surveillance data,or formal outbreak prevention and response technical and financial resources.This paper calls for urgent and coordinated recognition and support of community-led outbreak responses,to strengthen,diversify,and scale up epidemic surveillance for both national epidemic preparedness and regional health security.

Does environmental policy stringency alter the natural resourcesemissions nexus?Evidence from G-7 countries

Natural resource management is indispensable keeping in view their positive economic impacts as well as their detrimental environmental consequences.To achieve certain SDGs,it is inevitable to manage natural resources through effective policies that help to inhibit adverse environmental impacts.Based on this approach,the current empirical analysis aims to probe whether environmental policy stringency intensifies,meagres,and/or halts the abysmal environmental impact of natural resources in G-7 countries(United Kingdom,United States,Canada,Italy,France,Japan,and Germany)for the period from 1990 to 2020.To that end,we rely on the second-generation panel data approaches and panel quantile regression.The outcomes reveal that natural resources increase carbon dioxide emission whereas the synergy of natural resources and environmental policy stringency plunges emissions across the quantiles.These findings suggest adoption of a strict environmental policy for attaining the targets of SGD-08(economic growth),SDG-09(innovations),SDG-11(sustainable cities),SDG-12(responsible consumption of natural resources),and SDG-13(climate action).

Study on Sesame Export for Sudan Based on Gravity Model

This study aimed to investigate the effect of social and economic differences between importer and exporter countries on trade flows of Sesame seed product. The analysis was carried out by estimating the gravity model. The sample covered a total of 14 countries for the period from 1997 to 2009. The results showed that the social and economic differences between countries have a significant and positive or negative effect on Sesame seeds trade. Furthermore, we found that the same language, distance and sesame production in export country have positive effect for the sesame export from Sudan.

Investigating Economic Growth, Trade Issues and Future Energy Strategies for Central Asian Countries

We examine the economic growth, energy development policies and strategies for the CAC from various perspectives. We apply statistical data analysis techniques and mathematical modelling methodologies focusing upon regression model analysis in order to deal with the economic and energy related data during the period 1990-2014, and to investigate the relationship among economic growth, energy production, and the trade of energy resources in order to find future desirable policies and strategies for the CAC. Findings show that energy production growth would bring statistically significant positive impact on GDP growth in fossil-fuel rich Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan while we also find negative impact of GDP growth on the trade balance of the CAC except for Turkmenistan. Another finding follows that the foreign direct investment has a significant influence on the trade balance in the cases of Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan, which institute import substitution policies right from their initial years of independence. Based on these quantitative investigations on economy, energy, and trades we propose future energy strategies for the CAC, stressing the importance of diversification of economies.

Research Report on China's Policy toward Central/East European Countries

With the admission of eight Central/East European countries in May 1, 2004 in sight, realization of the objective of EU’s first phase eastern extension will signify a major step toward the concept of "a Europe kept far away from war" through promoting regional integration.

Tax Policy and Planning:Lessons From Developed Countries

One of the fundamental issues in developing countries is how to evolve tax policies that can generate sufficient revenue for government activities.Consequent upon the above,this study examined tax policies and planning in developing sub-Saharan African countries.It adopted table content analysis and descriptive statistics in its methodology.The study observed that aggressive tax planning which the Multi-National Corporations execute through royalty payment,interest payment,strategic transfer pricing and treaty shopping,among others,has caused countries around the globe huge revenue losses annually and has become a matter of serious concern to both the developed and developing economies.The implication of this is that achievement of objectives of tax policies and their reforms will remain a mirage in sub-Saharan African countries.The study concluded that the prevalence of illicit financial outflows in the form of tax evasion and avoidance in the guise of aggressive tax planning by multinational corporations,however,makes Africa’s tax policies worse.It was recommended that the Organization for Economic Corporation and Development,and the G-20 should involve developing countries in the Base Erosion and Profit Shifting project as they are the worst victims of these activities.

美国、欧盟和日本农业合作社发展经验及其借鉴

农业合作化是农业发展的必然趋势,是共同富裕的关键一环,也是乡村振兴的必由之路。本文选取美国、欧盟和日本这三个农业合作社发展最为成功的典型国家和地区,对其农业合作社发展的经验进行系统总结,并归纳出可资借鉴的经验。首先,简要阐述了美国、欧盟和日本农业合作社的历史、职能和现状。其次,扼要分析了美国、欧盟和日本农业合作社内部组织结构和治理模式。再次,概括说明了美国、欧盟和日本政府对农业合作社所提供的法律、资金、税收、金融和教育咨询等方面的政策支持。最后,归纳总结了美国、欧盟和日本农业合作社发展经验及对中国的启示:一是完善农业合作社的治理机制,坚守成员所有、成员控制和成员受益的原则,增加和强化普通成员在重大事项上的话语权。二是借鉴权责明晰的现代企业制度,充分发挥其优势用于农业合作社的内部治理。三是政府应继续对农业合作社给予强有力的政策支持,但支持政策应更精准化、更精细化。四是借鉴他国农业合作社发展经验时要充分考虑自身实际,走出一条具有中国特色的农业合作化道路。

数字化转型背景下G7成员国数字教育政策比较研究——基于政策主体、工具与主题的三维分析

教育数字化转型正推动着教育体系变革和劳动力市场重塑,以G7成员国为代表的发达国家通过政策调整以适应这一新形势。基于政策文本分析视角,以G7成员国的七份数字教育政策为样本,构建“政策主体—政策工具—政策主题”分析框架,对文本逐篇编码,多维度分析各国数字教育政策趋势与异同。研究显示:政策主体维度,各国已基本形成多主体参与的网络治理结构;政策工具维度,供给型、环境型和需求型政策三种政策工具整体运用相对均衡,但内部结构呈现出重供给型、轻需求型的失衡状态;政策主题维度,各国关注点多样,旨在利用现代数字技术来改变教育的组织架构、教学模式和学习方式,解决教学质量问题实现教育可持续发展。借鉴G7成员国数字教育政策经验,可从推动多主体共同参与、理性挑选政策工具箱、动态性调整政策内容等方面持续优化数字教育政策。

教育强国背景下中外合作办学提升高等教育国际影响力策略研究

在加快建设教育强国进程中,中外合作办学对提升高等教育国际影响力具有重要作用,且在提升拔尖创新人才培育力、国际学生吸引力、科研学术引领力、跨境教育“中国方案”影响力等方面具备了一定基础。然而,目前我国中外合作办学尚存在结构布局不够均衡、拔尖创新人才培养质量有待提高、服务国家和地方发展能力亟须提升、高效能治理体制机制尚需完善等问题。为此,中外合作办学应加大改革创新力度,补齐短板,在适度统筹规模和效益、调整优化结构布局,加大支撑保障力度、多渠道提升人才培养质量,聚焦科技前沿和国家关切、把好引进和审批准入关,完善合作办学治理体系、探索中国特色的合作办学模式等方面持续发力,不断提高中外合作办学水平,切实提升我国高等教育国际影响力。

中国—东盟教育共同体视域下的国际中文教育及其未来发展进路

中国—东盟教育共同体的建立为“一带一路”倡议背景下国际中文教育的高质量发展提供了重要契机。现阶段应聚焦国际中文教育在国家战略、区域发展、事业发展以及个人能力发展等方面的时代要求,总结国际中文教育发展事业中的政策制定及其阶段性特征,在宏观层面构建一个强有力的政策治理体系,为中观层面的政策实施提供机制保障。同时,从微观层面着眼于教育合作的多方参与者,关注参与人员的规模、交流活动的成效以及教育发展的态势等。未来,还应从完善语言治理体系、构建项目合作集群、探索师资队伍建设、着力立体化人才培养、加强数智战略对接等方面推进高质量共建“一带一路”教育合作共同体背景下国际中文教育事业的创新发展。

新时代我国教育强国政策的文本分析

为系统分析新时代以来我国为加快推进教育强国建设而颁行的政策,揭示它们在教育强国建设进程中发挥的关键作用,选取2013—2023年颁行的32份政策进行文本分析。这32份政策可归纳为教育现代化、教育信息化、基础教育、高等教育、职业教育和教师队伍等六个主题,并且它们具备以下突出特征:一是下位政策遵循上位政策的指引,二是政策颁布主体多元化,三是政策内容多样化,四是政策目标以教育公平与教育质量为价值取向,五是政策导向满足高素质人才需求。进一步分析梳理可知,我国已在教育规模、教育质量、教育公平、教育服务能力、教师队伍建设及教育国际化进程等方面取得了显著成效。这些成就不仅反映了新时代以来我国推进教育强国建设相关政策的历史贡献,也为未来教育改革和发展提供了宝贵的经验和启示。

教育强国建设进程中民办教育的规范与发展

经过一个阶段的集中规范,我国民办教育的公益属性得到彰显、办学行为更加合规、比例结构渐趋合理、教育生态有所恢复。尽管当前我国教育发展格局已发生显著变化,但在教育强国建设进程中,发展民办教育在扩大优质教育供给、丰富教育服务业态、深化教育综合改革以及推动行业自我变革等方面都具有特殊的意义和特定的价值。新形势下,服务教育强国建设,引导规范民办教育发展要坚持实事求是、需求导向、依法治理的原则,在稳定市场预期的前提下,采取切实有效措施,积极稳妥推动各级各类民办学校实现公益性办学、互补型定位、高质量发展、结构性重组、科学化治理。

数字化背景下的欧盟劳动力市场变革

数字经济为欧盟各国劳动力市场带来诸多新的挑战,如高、低技能人才需求增加,中等常规技能人才需求减少的极化问题,空间就业不平等加剧,劳动力市场人才技能错配,数字鸿沟与性别工资差距加大。欧盟各国采取各种措施积极应对,包括支持数字教育和技能培训投资,推动职业过渡和职业道路多样化,加强社会保障,应对新型劳动关系。这对我国制定劳动力市场相关政策有一定的借鉴意义。

小国视角下立陶宛对台政策的转变:原因、途径与影响

近年来,部分中东欧国家对华立场出现倒退,尤其是对台政策发生了转变。立陶宛作为这些国家的典型代表,不仅利用国际舆论诋毁中国,更企图在台湾问题上破坏中国主权,支持台湾当局争取所谓“国际空间”。立陶宛政府一方面以贸易为手段,以攫取经济利益为主要目的,不断加深与台湾当局的实质关系,另一方面,为了提升自身在欧盟内的话语权,博取美国的关注和支持,对中国实施冲突性行为。立陶宛的上述表现与其小国属性有关。鉴于部分中东欧国家与立陶宛具有一定相似性,其对台政策的变化不但会破坏中欧关系发展,还有可能造成负面的“示范效应”,因此必须给予足够的重视和防范。