Impact of Smoke-Free Legislation on Acute Myocardial Infarction and Subtypes of Stroke Incidence in Shenzhen,China,2012-2016:An Interrupted Time Series Analysis

Objective This study assesses the impact of smoke-free legislation on the incidence rate for acute myocardial infarction(AMI)and stroke in Shenzhen.Methods Data on ischemic(n=72,945)and hemorrhagic(n=18,659)stroke and AMI(n=17,431)incidence covering about 12 million people in Shenzhen from 2012 to 2016 were used.Immediate and gradual changes in incidence rates were analyzed using segmented Poisson regression.Results Following the smoke-free legislation,a 9%(95%CI:3%-15%)immediate reduction was observed in AMI incidence,especially in men(8%,95%CI:1%-14%)and in those aged 65 years and older(17%,95%CI:9%-25%).The gradual annual benefits were observed only in hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke incidence,with a 7%(95%CI:2%-11%)and 6%(95%CI:4%-8%)decrease per year,respectively.This health effect extended gradually to the 50-64 age group.In addition,neither the immediate nor gradual decrease in stroke and AMI incidence rates did not show statistical significance among the 35-49 age group(P>0.05).Conclusion Smoke-free legislation was enforced well in Shenzhen,which would generate good experiences for other cities to enact and enforce smoke-free laws.This study also provided more evidence of the health benefits of smoke-free laws on stroke and AMI.

Family Environment Factors to Impact on the Effect of the Smoking Prevention Educational Program for Elementary and Junior High School Students

Smoking is a major health problem in many countries. It has been reported on the effects of education on youth with a reduced smoking rate and developed awareness of avoiding smoking verified as a result of educational intervention. The aim of this study was to verify the relationship between sex, school age, and family smoking and the effectiveness of smoking prevention education program (SPEP) as factors that impact the effectiveness of SPEP in elementary school and junior high school students. The participants in this survey were 6676 students, who attended elementary and junior high schools in Tokushima Prefecture between 2011 and 2015, and attended the SPEP. As factors that influence the effectiveness of the SPEP, we examined school types, sex, smokers in the family. Participants were asked the following questions before and after the SPEP to measure awareness of and attitudes toward smoking: “intention not to smoke cigarettes as adults”, “intention to refuse cigarettes when offered”, “attitude of staying away from smokers”, and “desire that their family will not smoke”. The number of survey collected was 6676, with effective responses from 5974 (90%). Among the 5974, there were 2963 (50%) males and 3011 (50%) females, 5106 elementary school students (86%), and 868 junior high school students (15%). In the case of smoker mother, it was difficult to improve these children’s “intention not to smoke as adults”, “intention to refuse cigarettes when offered”, and smoker father, it was difficult to improve these children’s “attitude of staying away from smokers”, and “desire that their family will not smoke”. Especially, in the case of smoker parents, it was particularly difficult for the SPEP to be effective in improving awareness of and attitudes toward smoking among elementary and junior high school students.

Contemporary female smokers in the us are younger and of lower socioeconomic status

Smoking is the most common cause of prema-ture cardiovascular disease in women, but con-temporary data is lacking. We sought to inves-tigate the differences between female smokers and nonsmokers in the US. Methods: Using a registry of almost 19,000 women who attended free public heart screenings sponsored by Sis-ter to Sister between 2008 and 2009 in 17 large US cities, we compared the means for lipid val-ues, cardiometabolic measures, and differences in sociodemographic information between smok-ers and nonsmokers. Secondary outcomes were age and race-adjusted odds for obesity, the metabolic syndrome, hypertension, a non-HDL > 160 mg/dl, and a serum glucose ≥ 126 mg/dl between smoking and nonsmoking women. Results: The final sample included 18,892 women (49.8 ± 14.3 years, 37% black, and 32% white, 14% Hispanic), with 1,216 (6.4%) current smokers. Smokers were younger than non-smokers (45.6 ± 13.0 vs 50.1 ± 14.4 years, p 160 mg/dl (OR 1.19;1.01 - 1.39). Insurance and income data showed a sig-nificant inverse relationship between smoking prevalence and increasing household income. Conclusions: In this richly diverse sample of women, female smokers were younger and of lower socioeconomic status than nonsmokers with significant differences in cardiometabolic risk factors.

Teaching tools in the web dealing with prevention of cancer

Teaching tools available on the internet presented in this paper may help the students in the study of cancer prevention to understand the consequences of lifestyle on health.They are all in English,they have been downloaded for free and consist mainly in scientific texts and other documents,tables,graphics,atlases and animations.

The Protective Effects of Preventive Atomisation Inhalation of Edaravone on the Lung Tissues of Rats with Smoke Inhalation Injury

Objective: To investigate the protective effects of the atomisation inhalation of edaravone on the lung tissues of rats with smoke inhalation injury. Methods: Forty male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into four groups of ten rats each: normal control group (group A), normal saline atomisation group (group B), edaravone aerosol group (group C) and edaravone atomisation prevention group (group D). Barring group A, the groups were used to create a model of severe smoke inhalation injury. However, before developing the model, group D rats were made to inhale edaravone (3.6 mg/mL) for 10 min. Six hours following smoke inhalation injury, abdominal artery blood samples were centrifuged, the lung tissue homogenate was prepared and carotid artery blood samples were used for blood gas analysis and oxygenation index (PaO2/FiO2) calculation. The levels of tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL) 6 and IL-10 in serum and the levels of cysteine protease 3 (caspase-3), malondialdehyde (MDA), myeloperoxidase (MPO) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in lung tissues were examined. The wet-dry ratio (W/D) and water content of the lung tissue were calculated, and the TUNEL method was used to determine the rate of lung tissue apoptosis in each group. Tissue specimens were obtained from the partial lung for histopathological examination. Results: Compared with those in group A, the water content of the lung tissue, the rate of lung tissue apoptosis, W/D and the caspase-3, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10, MDA and MPO levels were significantly greater in other groups (PP< 0.05). Compared with those in group B, the levels of W/D, the water content of the lung tissue, the rate of lung tissue apoptosis and the levels of caspase-3, TNF-α, IL-6, MDA and MPO were significantly low (P and the levels of IL-10, SOD and PaO2/FiO2 were significantly high in groups C and D (P The expression of the aforementioned factors was more evident in Group D (P < 0.05). Histopathological examination revealed that groups C and D had greater levels of inflammatory granulocytes than group B. This was more evident in group D. Conclusions: The inhalation of edaravone can reduce smoke inhalation-induced lung injury. This may be related to the inhibition of apoptosis, the reduction of peroxidation injury and the production/release of inflammatory mediators/free radicals. It exerts a remarkable preventive effect.

Study on Design of Pressure Chamber in a Linear-Jet Type Air Curtain System for Prevention of Smoke Spread

Death toll by smoke in fire is estimated at 70% which emphasizes the importance of smoke control system to deal with the fire smoke. In advanced countries, the studies on method to prevent smoke spread by forming the air curtain using high velocity jet flow are underway now. In this study, a linear-jet type air curtain system is proposed to prevent the smoke spread and analysis of flow characteristics of pressure chamber, which is the core component, is conducted through numerical analysis and experimental approach. Consequently, the pressure was increased in 2D functional way to input air flowrate and about 595 Pa pressure was formed at pressure chamber inlet in response to 30 m/s nozzle jet velocity.

Smoking prevalence in the area of responsibility of the German Ministry of Defense——results of the employee survey in the context of occupational health management

Background:Tobacco use,correlated with reduced physical fitness,is one of the leading causes of avoidable death worldwide.It increases the risk of dementia and can shorten the lifespan by 10 years.For the German Armed Forces(Bundeswehr),figures on smoking behavior have not been comprehensively captured.This study analyzes current data in a large sample from this population.Methods:Based on an employee survey as part of the Occupational Health Management System,data on smoking behavior from 13,326 participants were analyzed in relation to age,gender,professional status,education level and membership in military operational units versus other agencies.Results:Smoking behavior varied significantly(P<0.001)by age group(younger>older),gender,professional status,military agency membership status,and education level(the lower the education level,the higher the smoking rates).With the exception of the downward trend in smoking behavior with increasing age among civilian employees,these results were all significant(P<0.005).Conclusions:This data analysis shows that smoking prevalence among personnel in the area of responsibility of the Federal Ministry of Defense is comparable to the current data from corresponding surveys of the German population.Depending on gender,they generally show values that are slightly above those of the German population.The well-known trend in the general population of decreasing smoking prevalence with increasing age is also seen in this analysis.However,there are considerable differences in the smoking prevalence among individual subgroups(professional status,agency,gender,education level).The data show that particular young soldiers in the armed forces should be the target group for further preventive measures.

Education is the key to protecting children against smoking: What parents think and do

The purpose of this study was to examine parents’ communication with their children about the topic of smoking. A qualitative descriptive design was used. Twenty-nine parents who lived in rural communities and who had children in kindergarten to Grade 6 were interviewed. The data were analyzed for themes. A large majority of parents communicated with their children about smoking through verbal interaction, using any one of three approaches: discussing smoking with their children, telling their children about smoking, or acknowledging their children’s understanding of smoking. Those parents also had shown disapproval of smoking, which took different forms and varied from explicit messages in their verbal communication to implicit messages in their behaviours. Three parents had not verbally communicated at all with their children about smoking. Overall, the parents’ communication patterns with their children varied in terms of quality and coherence with recommendations in the literature.

Study on Detection of Negative Corona Discharge Generated in Rod-Plane Air Gap by Using External Electrode Method

A detective method of a negative corona discharge by means of an external electrode is presented. The relationship between an area of the external electrode and a detected voltage waveform is examined experimentally. This experimental study is carried out with the use of a rod-plane air gap. The results obtained will be applicable to problems associated with silos, ducts, and high-voltage equipment.

松软薄煤层条带消突下斜定向钻孔成孔护孔技术研究与应用

针对松软薄煤层煤巷条带消突长距离下斜钻孔,存在成孔难、易钻遇煤层顶底板、积水堵塞瓦斯抽采通道的难题,提出了氮气排渣下斜定向钻进成孔与护孔技术,采用高压氮气排渣、大功率气动螺杆钻具定向、“波浪式”轨迹控制和三层管护孔排水技术,在河南省平煤股份一矿开展现场试验,完成8个孔深超300 m下斜定向长钻孔,煤层钻遇率90%以上,全孔段下三层护排水管,平均下入深度302 m,支管平均抽采纯量1.66 m^(3)/min,平均瓦斯浓度17.5%。试验结果表明:该技术可有效解决松软薄煤层下斜钻孔长距离定向成孔、全孔段筛管护孔和排水的技术难题,提高了钻孔成孔深度和煤层钻遇率,实现了下斜孔全孔段护孔和排水,保障了瓦斯抽采效果,为松软薄煤层煤巷条带长距离消突提供技术保障,在类似地层条件具有广泛的应用推广价值。

三峡大坝运行20年泄洪安全评价

近年来国内外高坝泄水建筑物破坏事故时有发生,三峡大坝泄洪流量和落差大,泄洪功率居世界第一,其泄洪安全备受关注。结合三峡大坝自2003年蓄水以来的历次水力学原型观测和以往水工模型试验结果,围绕泄水建筑物布置、泄流能力、动水压强、水流空化、水流掺气与通气风速、空蚀磨损、消能防冲7个要素指标,依据有关技术标准和工程经验建立了一套完整的高坝泄洪安全评价方法,提出了定性标准和量化阈值,并据此对三峡大坝深孔、表孔、排沙孔和排漂孔进行泄洪安全评价。结果表明:大坝泄水建筑物布置是合理的;大坝实际泄流量与设计值符合良好;大坝泄洪流道未见空蚀磨损破坏;三峡大坝运行20 a,泄水建筑物和坝下消能区运行性态正常,泄洪安全可靠。

矿井带式输送机火灾烟流特性及其预警防控综述

为有效防控煤矿井下带式输送机火灾事故,保障煤矿工作人员的生命财产安全,系统分析矿井带式输送机火灾的起火原因、燃烧特性、烟流特性、监测预警技术及防治措施,并基于当前研究现状提出展望。结果表明:引发带式输送机火灾的主要原因是摩擦温升、电气设备故障及明火;研究带式输送机火灾燃烧和烟流特性采用的巷道火灾模型及数值模拟相关参数具有一定局限性,需综合考虑运输巷道实际工况及环境等参数;国内虽有针对带式输送机火灾的监测预警系统,但其尚有不足,需引入5G、大数据及人工智能等新兴技术予以完善,并结合硬件探测及人员管理等方面,健全煤矿带式输送机火灾防治体系,进而全面推动煤矿安全智能化建设。

公铁合建双层盾构隧道设计关键技术

为解决公铁合建双层盾构隧道面临的总体布置、结构设计、汽车与地铁车辆联合振动以及通风排烟等技术难题,以武汉长江公铁隧道和济南黄河济泺路隧道工程实践为基础,采用方案综合比选、2.5维数值计算等方法,对公铁合建双层盾构隧道设计关键技术进行系统研究。结果表明:1)通过对隧道平面、纵断面和横断面的合理优化布置,并在废水泵房段、疏散楼梯段采取特殊布置方案,可减少公铁合建盾构隧道地下空间占用,并提高断面利用率,减小盾构隧道外径;2)采用半预制半现浇的管片+非封闭内衬结构型式,能充分发挥内部结构与管片衬砌的联合承载作用,显著减小河床冲淤作用;3)汽车与地铁联合振动作用对隧道影响较小,隧道基底饱和粉细砂地层不会发生液化;4)地铁隧道采用分段纵向烟道,可解决地铁长大区间无风井条件下的排烟难题,同时提高疏散便捷性,并大幅降低建设难度;5)公铁合建隧道在运营管理上不可避免地会出现交叉和影响,建议在管理界面划分和投资分劈上提前研究,便于决策。

水电工程主厂房防火防烟分区划分的探讨

鉴于《水电工程设计防火规范》修编过程中,对主厂房防火分区、防烟分区和疏散距离存在不同认识,本文从防火设计的基本理念出发,分析了水电工程的特殊性,同时采用性能化设计数模理论,确定了规范中防火分区、防烟分区面积,以及疏散通道长度的依据,探讨了水电工程的特点,为特殊工程防火设计规范编制提供参考。

内蒙古河套灌区农田排水污染特征及防控措施

内蒙古河套灌区农田排水引起的面源污染是乌梁素海的首要污染源,具有独特的污染特征及产排路径。通过文献查阅和现场调查,总结了河套灌区灌排系统和制度现状,分析了农田排水污染特征,明确了农田排水污染物的产排路径,并基于农田排水污染的影响因素提出了具体的防控措施。结果显示:1)河套灌区排水系统在农田排水污染物输送方面发挥着至关重要的作用,但近年来排水功能逐渐减弱;2)河套灌区非生长期灌溉用水量占全年用水量的55%~60%,其中每年秋浇洗盐用水量占全年灌溉用水量的1/3,灌溉水资源利用率较低;3)农田排水中化学需氧量、氨氮、总氮等污染物来自河套灌区内部,秋浇期面源污染风险最高;4)河套灌区农业生产活动主要以氮素污染为主,氮素通过土壤下渗并随浅层地下水迁移排放;5)河套灌区灌溉制度、农田内排水过程、排水沟外排水过程是农田排水污染的主要影响因素。针对河套灌区农田排水污染特征、产排路径以及主要影响因素,建议因地制宜采取措施构建综合治理模式,如源头水分调控、排水沟优化以及生态系统过程拦截,以改善乌梁素海流域的水环境。

组合式防烟缓冲区对着火层中性面的数值模拟研究

为研究典型长廊型高层建筑中组合式防烟缓冲区对着火层中性面的影响,用FDS软件建立长廊型高层建筑火灾烟气运动模型。在机械排烟和加压送风的基础上设置组合式防烟缓冲区,分析比较组合式防烟缓冲区对着火层中性面高度、温度分布、CO分布和烟气蔓延情况的影响。结果表明,机械排烟结合加压送风模式下,在机械排烟口EP右侧增设挡烟垂壁使中性面提高0.18 m,在走廊前室门前增加空气幕配合前室加压送风使中性面提高0.35 m,挡烟垂壁加空气幕配合加压送风的组合式防烟缓冲区使走廊中性面消失,达到烟气抑制临界条件。组合式防烟缓冲区延缓了烟气蔓延,把火灾烟气阻挡在缓冲区前,使走廊平均温度降低8.2%,平均CO物质的量浓度降低37.7%,确保前室处于无烟状态,为人员安全疏散提供有利条件。

细菌生物被膜及其防控策略研究进展

生物被膜是细菌在压力环境下形成的一种嵌在胞外聚合物基质中的多细胞三维聚集物,它的形成依赖于环境因素的变化。生物被膜结构的发展包括可逆附着、不可逆附着与早期结构发展、生物被膜成熟、细胞分散等4个主要阶段。生物被膜导致常规抗生素难以渗透,使细菌对抗生素不再敏感。生物被膜的耐药机制有外排泵、群体感应等。了解生物被膜形成机制对成功防控生物被膜至关重要,目前的预防策略侧重于阻断生物被膜的形成过程,包括阻止细菌附着在底物上,阻止生物被膜基质的合成阶段,抑制群体感应信号级联以及中断细菌之间的通信等。治疗策略主要是控制和消除形成的生物被膜,方式包括噬菌体、抗菌肽、天然药物、纳米复合材料、光动力疗法、联合用药等。生物被膜的防控策略包括但不限于以上方法,未来的研究可能集中在提高这些方法的效率、纳米材料的临床应用可行性、拓宽噬菌体宿主谱、提高抗生物被膜制剂的稳定性、联合使用多种策略、新型的防控策略等多个方面。同时,进一步深入研究生物被膜的形成机制与调控机制,将为开发新的防控策略提供理论基础。

防坠性工具式卸料平台在高层建筑中的应用研究

以济南中央商务区4–14地块项目1号主楼施工为研究对象,提出一种防坠性工具式卸料平台,分析其工艺原理,并给出相应的设计和施工方法,研究其工程应用效果。研究结果表明,防坠性工具式卸料平台可以有效地解决超高层建筑卸料平台的搭设问题,平台安装一次到位,通过动力装置沿预设轨道,与附着式升降脚手架随层爬升,无需进行拆装,在保证了施工进度的同时兼顾安全性,大幅提高了施工效率,减少了操作时间,较传统卸料平台可节约成本22700元,节约工期约60d,达到了降本增效的目的。

空气幕防烟效果研究现状及展望

鉴于空气幕优良的防烟性能,本文基于目前国内外对于空气幕的研究成果,从空气幕流场结构、空气幕防烟性能、空气幕特性参数、传统防排烟技术与空气幕耦合防烟4个方面介绍了空气幕防烟的研究现状,分析了空气幕的流场结构与空气幕的射流轨迹,得到了造成烟气渗漏的主要原因;对比了评估空气幕防烟性能的方法,认为挡烟动量比是评估空气幕防烟性能普适性较好的参量;总结了对空气幕射流特性参数的研究,得到了空气幕特性参数的确定方法;分析了传统防烟设施对空气幕防烟性能的影响,得到了空气幕与传统防排烟设施耦合防烟时的布置方法。分析了当前研究存在的不足,希望以此为空气幕防烟的设计与研究提供参考。