International law obligations for the disposal of Fukushima nuclear-contaminated water under the principles of nuclear safety

The disposal of contaminated water from Japan’s Fukushima nuclear power plant is a significant international nuclear safety issue with considerable cross-border implications.This matter requires compliance not only with the law of the sea but also with the principles of nuclear safety under international law.These principles serve as the overarching tenet of international and China’s domestic nuclear laws,applicable to nuclear facilities and activities.The principle of safety in nuclear activities is fully recognized in international and domestic laws,carrying broad legal binding force.Japan’s discharge of nuclear-contaminated water into the sea violates its obligations under the principle of safety in nuclear activities,including commitments to optimum protection,as low as reasonably practicable,and prevention.The Japanese government and the International Atomic Energy Agency(IAEA)have breached the obligation of optimum protection by restricting the scope of assessments,substituting core concepts,and shielding dissenting views.In the absence of clear radiation standards,they have acted unilaterally without fulfilling the obligation as low as reasonably practicable principle.The discharge of Fukushima nuclear-contaminated water poses an imminent and unpredictable risk to all countries worldwide,including Japanese residents.Japan and the IAEA should fulfill their obligations under international law regarding disposal,adhering to the principles of nuclear safety,including optimum protection,the obligation as low as reasonably practicable,and prevention through multilateral cooperation.Specifically,the obligation to provide optimum protection should be implemented by re-evaluating the most reliable disposal technologies and methods currently available and comprehensively assessing various options.The standard of the obligation as low as reasonably practicable requires that the minimization of negative impacts on human health,livelihoods,and the environment should not be subordinated to considerations of cutting costs and expenses.Multilateral cooperation should be promoted through the establishment of sound multilateral long-term monitoring mechanisms for the discharge of nuclear-contaminated water,notification and consultation obligations,and periodic assessments.These obligations under international law were fulfilled after the accidents at the Three Mile Island and Chernobyl nuclear power plants.The implications of the principles of nuclear safety align with the concept of building a community of shared future for nuclear safety advocated by China.In cases of violations of international law regarding the disposal of nuclear-contaminated water that jeopardize the concept of a community of a shared future for nuclear safety,China can also rely on its own strength to promote the implementation of due obligations through self-help.

Appropriate Attitude and Principle for Strengthening Human Rights Protection——Speech at the opening ceremony of the 12th Sino-German Human Rights Symposium, July 13, 2014

Since 1999, there have been 11 Sino-German Human Rights symposiums. Due to the concept of peace and development and the principle of dialogue through consultation, non- confrontation and pragmatism with equality, which have been upheld by organizers, such symposiums have made great achievements. The dialogue mechanism for human rights topics between China and Germany has helped construct a common, accessible and interactive platform for pushing forward human rights legal advancement in both countries, which has brought about a positive influence on the develop- ment of the human rights cause in the two countries. Strengthening legal construction and ensuring hu- man rights are not only the shared aspiration of all the people in the world, but also the irreversible his- torical trend of human civilization. The symposium, with the theme of international law and human rights protection, encourages participants to discuss and share theories and practices in human rights studies, which makes a significant contribu- tion to enriching the modern human rights concept and building a new type of international cooperation. The international community always pays great attention to the relation- ship between human rights and legal governance. China always abides by international human rights con- ventions including the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which set up fundamental principles for promoting and ensuring human rights, and has endorsed 26 inter- national human rights conventions such as the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. Meanwhile, China, through legislation, jurisdiction and admin- istration, brings into full play the active role of international human rights conventions in ensuring hu- man rights in the country.

Multi-factor principle for electrolyte additive molecule design for facilitating the development of electrolyte chemistry

When I read the paper“Electrolytes enriched by potassium perfluorinated sulfonates for lithium metal batteries”from Prof.Jianmin Ma’s group,which was published in Science Bulletin(doi.org/10.1016/j.scib.2020.09.018),I felt excited as presented a multi-factor principle for applying potassium perfluorinated sulfonates to suppress the dendrite growth and protect the cathode from the viewpoint of electrolyte additives.The effects of these additives are revealed through experimental results,molecular dynamics simulations and first-principle calculations.Specifically,it involves the influence of additives on Li^(+)solvation structure,solid electrolyte interphase(SEI),Li growth and nucleation.Following the guidance of the multi-factor principle,every part of the additive molecule should be utilized to regulate electrolytes.This multifactor principle for electrolyte additive molecule design(EAMD)offers a unique insight on understanding the electrochemical behavior of iontype electrolyte additives on both the Li metal anode and high-voltage cathode.In these regards,I would be delighted to write a highlight for this innovative work and,hopefully,it may raise more interest in the areas of electrolyte additives.

The“Erga Omnes”of the Protection of Fundamental Human Rights and the“Complementary Protection”of Refugees Not Prescribed by the UN Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees

The United Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees 1951 and its Protocol in 1967 set Four Essentials to limit the definition of "refugee". The concept of complementary protection emerged in academia and practice for those who, though they do not have the essentials,are in need of protection. Complementary protection is considered not only a moral obligation, but also a legal obligation. Although as the result of developing the principle of "non-refoulement" in international law, "complementary protection" should be limited when economic and social rights are concerned. The development of the non-refoulement principle and the emergence of "complementary protection" are based on the Erga Omnes of human rights. The International Court of Justice has restricted the emergence and evolvement of obligations Erga Omnes within the scope of obligations concerning fundamental and non-derogable human rights, and therefore,the application of "complementary protection" in protecting economic and social rights has been limited. Only when the unbalance of economic and social rights has been serious enough to impact other fundamental human rights will the obligation of "complementary protection" ensue.

On the Right to the Protection of Personal Data as a Constitutional Right

The right to the protection of personal data is an important human right in the era of big data and a constitutional right based on the national protection obligation and the theory of human dignity,making it of special significance for the realization of citizenship in a digital society.It can be seen from an examination of the constitutional texts of various countries in the world that the right to the protection of personal data as a constitutional right has rich normative connotations,and the key legal link to realize this right lies in the national legislature actively fulfilling its obligation to shape and specify the protection of personal data in accordance with the entrustment of the constitutional norms.Given the constitutional principles of fundamental rights protection,i.e.,realizing the constitutional status of the right to the protection of personal data as a basic right by means of institutional guarantees,the legislature should first adhere to the constitutionality principle of data protection legislation.Second,a multi-level data protection legal system centered on the right to the protection of personal data should be established.Finally,the institutional guarantee mechanism for the protection of personal data should be continuously improved through constitutional interpretation.

An Academic Summary of the International Conference Series on “The Role of the Proportionality Principle in the Pandemic Prevention and Control”

Against the background of a complicated global pandemic situation and normalized pandemic prevention and control in China,leading human rights scholars from China,North America and Eurasia conducted fruitful discussions on the human rights jurisprudence during pandemic through the lens of the proportionality principle at the Sixth Session of the International Seminar Series on"Global Pandemic Prevention and Control and Human Rights Protection",which was organized by the Center for Human Rights Studies of Renmin University of China,under the guidance of the China Society for Human Rights Studies.Focusing on the pandemic-related human rights conditions and legal challenges in global context,participating scholars examined the role of the proportionality principle during the containment of COVID-19 in six topical dimensions,including the normative utility,practical logic,reasonable limits,necessary measures,balancing of interests,and proportional jurisprudence in the post-pandemic era.In oder to cohere human rights jurisprudence for the development of a global community of health for all,this international seminar fostered five fundamental proportionality consensuses from five interrelated perspectives,involving human rights—rule of law—balance—contexts—trends".

A Judicial Empirical Study on the Principle of “the Best Interests of the Child”——From the Principles of National Conventions to the Building of Adjudication Norms

“The best interests of the child”is an essential principle of the Convention on the Rights of the Child.Due to the abstractness and ambiguity of this principle,its application is inevitably subject to the judge’s personality.Through empirical analysis,we can find that the judicial documents invoking the principle of“the best interests of the child”by Chinese courts show a significant increase in the number of disputes,types of disputes,and pronounced regional characteristics.The application of this principle by the courts is highly consistent with the judicial interpretative documents issued by the Supreme People’s Court.The invocation of this principle plays the role of interpreting the provisions of the law,the value basis for discretion,and the value orientation for shaping new rules in adjudication.At the same time,it is plagued by a lack of guidelines for the application of principles,invocations that serve the will of judges,and imperfect thinking in weighing the various factors involved.The application of this principle should be improved by setting normative standards for the principle of“the best interests of the child”,increasing case guidance for invoking the principle,and enhancing the professionalism of judges.

Mechanical analysis of effective pressure relief protection range of upper protective seam mining

This paper analyzes the control mechanism of coal and gas outbursts and proposes the concept of an effective pressure relief protection range, based on the stress relief of the underlying coal-rock mass and the development of a plastic zone. Also this study developed a stress change and fracture development model of the underlying coal-rock mass. In addition, the stress and depth of fracture of any point in the floor were deduced with the application of Maple Calculation Software. The specific engineering parameters of the Pingdingshan No. 12 colliery were applied to determine the relationship between the depth of fracture in the floor and the mining height. The pressure-relief principle of the underlying coal-rock mass was analyzed while varying the mining height of the upper protective seam. The findings indicate that as the depth of fracture in the floor increases, the underlying coal-rock mass experiences a limited amount of pressure relief, and the pressure relief protection range becomes narrower.Additionally, the stress distribution evolves from a ‘‘U" shape into a ‘‘V" shape. A 2.0 m mining height of protective seam situates the outburst-prone seam, Ji_(15), within the effective pressure relief protection range. The fracture development and stress-relief ratio rises to 88%, ensuring the pressure-relief effect as well as economic benefits. The measurement data show that: after mining the upper protective seam, the gas pressure of Ji_(15) dropped from 1.78 to 0.35 MPa, demonstrating agreement between the engineering application and the theoretical calculation.

A Single-Ended Protection Principle for LCC-VSC-MTDC System with High Resistance Fault Tolerance

Line-commutated converter-voltage source converter(LCC-VSC)power transmission technology does not have the problem of communication failure very usually.It therefore can support the long-distance,long-capacity transmission of electric energy.However,factors such as topology,control strategy,and short-circuit capacities make the traditional protection principles not fully applicable to LCC-VSC hybrid transmission systems.To enhance the reliability of hybrid DC systems,a single-ended principle based on transmission coefficients is proposed and produced.First,the equivalent circuit of the LCC-VSC hybrid DC system is analyzed and the expression of the first traveling wave is deduced accordingly.Then,the concept of multi-frequency transmission coefficients is proposed by analyzing the amplitude-frequency,and the characteristics of each element.Finally,the LCC-VSCDC system model is built to verify the reliability and superiority of the principle itself.Theoretical analysis and experimental verification show that the principle has strong interference resistance.

Principle and engineering application of pressure relief gas drainage in low permeability outburst coal seam

With the increase in mining depth, the danger of coal and gas outbursts increases.In order to drain coal gas effectively and to eliminate the risk of coal and gas outbursts, we used a specific number of penetration boreholes for draining of pressure relief gas.Based on the principle of overlying strata movement, deformation and pressure relief, a good effect of gas drainage was obtained.The practice in the Panyi coal mine has shown that, after mining the C11coal seam as the protective layer, the relative expansion deformation value of the protected layer C13 reached 2.63%, The permeability coefficient increased 2880 times, the gas drainage rate of the C13 coal seam increased to more than 60%, the amount of gas was reduced from 13.0 to 5.2 m3/t and the gas pressure declined from 4.4 to 0.4 MPa, which caused the danger the outbursts in the coal seams to be eliminated.The result was that we achieved a safe and highly efficient mining operation of the C13 coal seam.

A Complete Analytic Model for Fault Diagnosis of Power Systems

现代大规模互联电网提高了电力系统运行的稳定性和经济性,同时也给电网的故障诊断增加了难度。对电网保护配置和断路器动作规则进行深入分析,提出一种新的电网故障诊断模型——完全解析模型,并为基于此模型的故障诊断提出一种实用有效的求解方法。在完全解析模型中,故障假说（即可疑故障设备的故障情况）与保护、断路器的动作情况及拒动和误动情况一同表示成逻辑变量,而保护配置和断路器动作规则以逻辑方程组形式进行充分表达,逻辑方程组的每个解析解对应一个故障模式（设备故障状态和保护动作、断路器跳闸状态及拒动/误动情况）,是对故障情形的完整解释。本模型对故障诊断规则和保护、断路器的动作逻辑进行完全解析,并完整保留了故障设备、保护动作和断路器跳闸之间的耦合关系,克服了已有解析模型的缺陷。算例表明,保留完整耦合关系的完全解析模型可有效提高故障诊断的准确性和容错能力。

Trust Model Based on Structured Protection for High Level Security System

In order to ensure the security of information systems, it's essential to make sure that system behaviors are trusted. By analyzing threats that exist in executing procedures, a trust model based on structured protection is proposed. We consider that functional components, system actions and message flows between components are three key factors of information systems. Structured protection requirements on components, connections and action parameters are also provided. Four trusted properties of the model are deducted through formal analysis, and trusted system behavior is defined based on these properties. Furthermore, decision theorem of trusted system behavior is proved. The developed prototype system indicates the model is practical. It is a general theory model built on logic deduction and independent on specific environment and the behaviors of the system designed and implemented following the model are trusted.

水资源保护利用“四水四定”的创新管理模式

系统识别了我国水资源保护利用“四水四定”管理中存在的问题,提出了以精准严格的管控指标、权威统一的监测系统、明确有力的管理体制、科学规范的管理制度以及协同高效的管理机制为五大核心体系,以水资源保护利用“四水四定”智慧水务管控平台为一个平台的水资源保护利用“四水四定”创新管理“5+1”模式;指出未来水资源保护利用“四水四定”管理的发展趋势包括统筹协调现有的水管理系统并实现升级,水量与水权结合面向“四水四定”激活交易市场,规范化建立“四水四定”的执行标准体系以及开展基于微观决策行为的水资源保护利用“四水四定”特定制度设计等方面。

基于可信计算的保护控制设备主动防护技术研究与实现

变电站保护控制设备在边界安全防护体系下得以安全稳定运行,但随着信息化、网络化技术不断应用,变电站网络安全要求也在发生变化,过度依赖边界防护的保护控制设备缺乏本体主动防护能力的问题逐渐突显。文章比较分析了不同主动防护技术后,选择了基于可信计算的主动防护技术进行研究,结合保护控制设备的高实时、高可靠等特点,给出了适合保护控制设备的可信计算双体系架构和具体硬软件实现方案。最后,保护监控设备主动防护效果通过了第三方检测机构的验证,且防护功能的增加并未对设备的功能和性能产生明显的影响,该方案具备工程化应用和推广价值。

基于区块链的农产品供应链溯源研究综述

中国的农产品供应链是一个多利益主体共同参与、多阶段多链路、动态可扩展网链的人机复合系统,使得基于区块链的农产品供应链溯源系统面临着链上信息泄露和溯源信息造假的管理实践挑战.本研究结合我国农产品供应链特点,从建设基于区块链的农产品供应链溯源系统的实际需求以及应用实践出发,对区块链技术及应用、区块链中的隐私保护与农产品信息安全、信任传递与融合方法这三个方面对国内外相关研究进行综述,并据此提出我国建设这类溯源系统的两个核心难题--“如何建”和“如何查”.针对这两个难题,从管理科学视角各提出四类关键科学问题,展望未来研究的发展趋势,并从应用实践层面提出基于区块链的农产品供应链溯源系统的发展建议.

基于零信任机制的工业互联网边界防护方案研究

随着互联网和信息技术的快速发展,传统的工业制造与新兴信息技术、互联网技术开始互相融合,“工业互联网”逐渐崭露头角,并广泛应用于能源、电力、交通、军工、航空航天、医疗等关系到国家安全、国计民生的重要行业。工业互联网涉及到众多国家关键基础设施,因此工业互联网的安全将影响到社会安全、公众安全甚至国家安全。该文对工业互联网中存在的网络安全风险进行分析,并提出一种基于“零信任”机制的边界防护方案,在兼容数量庞大、种类繁多的工业设备、操作系统以及生产应用的同时,为整个生产内网提供整体安全防护能力。基于零信任机制的工业互联网边界防护方案区别于传统防护思路,以白名单机制代替黑名单机制,以应用隐身代替技术对抗,以动态验证代替静态检测。最后,给出了基于零信任机制实现的工业互联网边界防护应用案例,并结合系统功能分析了该方案的技术优势。

不法原因给付与侵占罪的成否

受领人将不法原因给付物据为己有的行为是否成立侵占罪,涉及法益保护、法秩序的统一性等诸多问题。肯定说不符合法益保护原则与法秩序统一性的原理,各种两分说所采取的区分标准不明确或者不合理,其结论也有悖于刑法的谦抑性。民法上的合法行为,不可能成为刑法上的违法行为,就此而言,刑法判断不应当具有独立性。民法上的违法行为,并不当然具有刑法上的违法性,在此方面,应当强调刑法判断的独立性。即使某种行为的合法性在民法上存在分歧,基于刑法的谦抑性,也不应将这种行为作为犯罪处理。质言之,只要给付者基于不法原因将财物交付给他人,即使其是否属于不法原因“给付”在民法上可能存在争议,也不应将受领人的行为认定为侵占罪。

脉动燃烧器研究进展及其在病虫害防治中的应用

目前,Helmholtz型脉动燃烧器被广泛应用且前景良好。其具有环保节能、燃烧效率高、传热特性佳、热效率高以及排放污染少等诸多优点。将Helmholtz型脉动燃烧器应用于病虫害防治装备的研制,对稳定作物生产、提高作物品质、增加种植效益以及发展科学植保和绿色植保具有重要意义,有助于保障生态可持续。概述Helmholtz型脉动燃烧器的工作原理,梳理脉动燃烧器的研究发展现状,总结Helmholtz型脉动燃烧器在病虫害防治方面的应用研究。目前便携式脉动燃烧病虫害防治装备存在人机工程学缺陷、土壤蒸汽消毒机热动力源耦合关系不明确、脉动燃烧机理研究不够深入且脉动燃烧器结构简单、装备智能化程度低等问题。提出应用现代化技术研究脉动燃烧机理,研制脉动燃烧病虫害防治装备新型结构与机型,运用智能化、现代化技术开发大型车载式病虫害防治机械,发展脉动燃烧病虫害防治机械智能控制模块的发展对策。

人工智能时代个人数据保护的困境与出路

人工智能的发展离不开对大量个人数据的处理。只有妥当适用《个人信息保护法》中的目的限制原则和有关个人知情权、决定权的规则,才能有效保障人工智能安全发展。目的限制原则包括“两肢”,一是处理目的自身的限制,二是处理目的对处理方式的限制。目的限制原则与人工智能发展之间有紧张关系,面临适用困境。该原则丧失实效,既会造成最小必要原则等多项原则难以适用,又不利于个人知情权、决定权的行使,还易致使个人数据交易欠缺自愿性、公平性。我国目的限制原则采用“宽进严出”模式,个人数据处理者不必将人工智能发展和应用中对个人数据的每一步处理活动加以披露,而是应分别披露训练机器学习模型、制作用户标签和画像、提供个性化服务等不同处理目的、处理方式,并揭示其各自风险。经由人工智能制作用户标签和画像的,属于个人数据处理活动。该处理活动只有同时包含体现公平价值的设计,才具有充分的合理性。此外,还应构建程序性规则以保障个人能够以集体的方式行使个人对标签、画像享有的有限决定权。

人形机器人数据处理目的原则的再审视

人形机器人产业对数据的需求量急剧扩大,使得提前预知处理信息的目的变得更为困难。产业链条更为复杂与场景更为多元也给规制带来新挑战。处理个人信息的目的越来越不具有确定性,个人信息二次使用规则的缺位以及目的原则的判断标准不一,都要求从体系上对目的原则进行重新审视。将法律直接转化为代码面临重重困境。按照人形机器人的不同应用场景先行引入标准,摒弃水土不服的兼容性规则以及维持研究目的的开放性,是在技术快速变革的社会中把握支持性结构与适应性流变之间平衡的重要路径。