Faced with the proliferation of quarries extracting silty sand and river sand used in the building and public works sector in Togo, recognition of the granular properties of these materials remains a major challenge f...Faced with the proliferation of quarries extracting silty sand and river sand used in the building and public works sector in Togo, recognition of the granular properties of these materials remains a major challenge for builders. This study aims to take stock of the use of sand in construction in Togo. One hundred and eighteen (118) sand quarries in operation, including thirty-eight (38) silty sand quarries and eighty (80) river sand quarries, were identified following surveys carried out among stakeholders involved in the chain of construction on 40% of the national territory. It appears from these surveys that river sands (59.43% to 84.68%) are prioritized over silty sands (15.32% to 40.57%). Three (3) main reasons are behind the choice of sand type;namely, proximity (28%), cleanliness (25%), good appearance (25%). These three (03) reasons partly explain the strong dependence of users on the sands located in their vicinity as well as the related expenses. Thus, making data available on the characteristics of sand, the materials most used in construction in Togo, would contribute to improving the housing conditions of the Togolese population. .展开更多
The development of rural area in suburban(RAS)is comprehensively influenced by the mixed processes of non-farming,local urbanization and rural industrialization and has distinctive multifunctional features on the soci...The development of rural area in suburban(RAS)is comprehensively influenced by the mixed processes of non-farming,local urbanization and rural industrialization and has distinctive multifunctional features on the socioeconomic and resource utilization.Multifunctional reconstruction in the RAS is mainly manifested by changes in the quantity and structure of the construction land use(CLU).We took Tongshan District of Jiangsu Province as the study case.Following the logic of identifying,clustering,and diagnosing,we assessed the functional features of CLU and analyzed the differentiation of the scale and structure of CLU in RAS,with the aim of identifying the types and characteristics of multifunctional development in these regions.This study found that:1)typical RAS were experiencing multifunctional space reconstruction,and their multifunctional value was emerging and highlighted.The CLU was rapidly expanding,and the types of CLU were evolving from single to multiple uses;2)based on the dominant function of diverse rural CLU,we classified RAS into five types,dominated by the following functions,respectively:commercial services,industrial production,residential living,basic support and public service;3)according to the dominant function and spatial pattern,the development types of RAS were classified into agricultural service,comprehensive services,and integrated industries service,showing a circular spatial pattern from the suburbs to distant suburbs.The results can provide policy implication by creating new development impetus from rural multifunction perspective to promote the RAS revitalization.展开更多
This paper makes a comprehensive analysis on the characteristics and influencing factors of regional allocation of new construction land use indicators,and determines the primary indicators from social,economic,extern...This paper makes a comprehensive analysis on the characteristics and influencing factors of regional allocation of new construction land use indicators,and determines the primary indicators from social,economic,external and internal factors.Using Delphi method and correlation analysis,this paper selects indicators and establishes evaluation indicator system.Using entropy method and AHP,this paper determines the weight of indicators,rationally allocates new construction land,and uses the actual data in Huai'an City for case studies,so as to provide a reference for land use planning.In addition,this paper makes a comparative analysis on the land use internal factors as important factors,in order to make the weight assigning more in line with the actual situation of construction land in Huai'an.展开更多
Most current object-oriented programming courses offered by domestic colleges and universities generally focus on the object-oriented programming language itself,i.e.,the programming grammar of the language,but ignore...Most current object-oriented programming courses offered by domestic colleges and universities generally focus on the object-oriented programming language itself,i.e.,the programming grammar of the language,but ignore the design pattern.However,design patterns are essential to software engineering because they can solve common problems in software design and improve code reuse,readability,extensibility,and reliability.Our Object-oriented Software Construction Course is creative since it aims at cultivating students’object-oriented thinking as well as basic abilities required to construct high-quality,object-oriented software.Specifically,we exploit the 5E teaching principle during the education of this course,and present the whole pipeline in the paper.We also provide one case of the factory pattern to further demonstrate the implementation of the 5E teaching principle in the course.The effect of the 5E teaching principle has also been demonstrated.展开更多
Zoning system is the basic mode of establishment of overall land use planning. In this study,the zoning mode and practice in the three rounds of overall land use planning that have been carried out in China were analy...Zoning system is the basic mode of establishment of overall land use planning. In this study,the zoning mode and practice in the three rounds of overall land use planning that have been carried out in China were analyzed and summarized firstly,and then some obvious problems existing in the implementation of the zoning mode were analyzed. Finally,countermeasures and suggestions were put forward to provide necessary reference for further development and improvement of the zoning mode and the development of overall land use planning at all levels in China.展开更多
[Objective] The study aimed at analyzing the dynamic variation of land-use types of the constructed wetland before and after oil-field water irrigation based on 3S technology. [Method] At semi-arid and arid areas in t...[Objective] The study aimed at analyzing the dynamic variation of land-use types of the constructed wetland before and after oil-field water irrigation based on 3S technology. [Method] At semi-arid and arid areas in the west of Jilin Province, water resource balance between the amount of oil-field water supply and ecological water requirement in the constructed wetland irrigated by oil-field water during 2001-2010 was investigated firstly. Afterwards, based on 3S technology, the partition and dynamic variation of land-use types of the constructed wetland before and after oil-field water irrigation in 2001, 2006, 2008 and 2010 were analyzed. [Result] The annual ecological water requirement of the constructed wetland from 2003 to 2010 varied from 1.62×106 to 2.24×106 m3, and the annual amount of oil-field water supply in the region changed from 2.12×106 to 2.84×106 m3, which showed that the supply amount of oil-field water could meet the basic ecological water requirement of the constructed wetland. Meanwhile, compared with 2001, the areas of water region and paddy field in 2010 increased by 2.3 and 10.0 times, and the areas of forest and marsh rose by 40.15% and 29.5.0% respectively. [Conclusion] Water shortage and ecological environment problem of arid and semi-arid areas had been improved by oil-field water irrigation.展开更多
There are frequent failures in the project delivery in time and increasing the waste in Oman construction industry.Lean Construction(LC)principles which are lean thinking in design and construction process may be a po...There are frequent failures in the project delivery in time and increasing the waste in Oman construction industry.Lean Construction(LC)principles which are lean thinking in design and construction process may be a possible solution.Hence,the paper is aimed on exploring the status of the LC practices and its impact on Omani Construction Industry(OCI).The paper presents barriers,potential benefits,and the measures of suitability and acceptability of LC principles.A quantitative research approach was adopted and research data was collected using an online questionnaire survey in Oman.The data were analysed and results are presented in tables and charts followed by critical discussions.The survey found that onethird of the construction professionals have a good awareness and half of them having a higher level awareness about LC practices.More than one third of the construction organisations are adopting LC principles with a high consensus on the suitability and acceptability,and they recognised that time commitment is necessary for the successful implementation and achieve benefits.The study concludes that the reduction in project delivery time and construction at site waste is the key advantage of implementing LC priciples in design and construction stages in the omani construction industry.展开更多
This review looks over the current construction and demolition waste management(C&DWM)situations by scrutinizing the definition,classification,components,compositions,generated sources and causes,impacts of genera...This review looks over the current construction and demolition waste management(C&DWM)situations by scrutinizing the definition,classification,components,compositions,generated sources and causes,impacts of generated construction and demolition wastes(C&DWs),waste management hierarchy(WMH),3R principles(Reduce,Reuse,and Recycle),Circular Economy(CE),frameworks,tools,and approaches of C&DWM.After reviewing the literature this study contributes to the literature by the following means:(a)suitable working definitions of C&DW and C&DWM are provided,(b)an expanded WMH for construction and demolition operations is presented,(c)frameworks of C&DWM are identified and listed as follows:frameworks based on WMH,including 3R principles and CE concept,frameworks focusing on the quantification,estimation,and prediction of generated C&DW,frameworks focusing on effective and sustainable C&DWM,frameworks focusing economic,social,and environmental performance assessment,frameworks based on multi-criteria analysis(MCA),frameworks based on post-disaster recovery period,and other miscellaneous frameworks,and(d)four categories of tools utilized in C&DWM are identified and explained,namely,approaches employed in C&DWM,information technology(IT)tools employed in C&DWM,multi-criteria decision analysis(MCDA)tools employed in C&DWM,and C&DWM technologies.Moreover,this study also found that CE,and green rating system(GRS)are widely used approaches,Building Information Modeling(BIM),Radio Frequency Identification(RFID),Geographic Information System,and Big Data are the extensively used IT tools,Analytical Hierarchy Process,FUZZY,TOPSIS(Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to the Ideal Solution),Weighted Summation,Elimination and Choice Expressing the Reality II,Elimination and Choice Expressing the Reality III,Evaluation of Mixed Data,and REGIME(REG)are the widely used MCA tools in C&DWM,and Prefabricated Construction and Modular Construction are broadly used C&DWM technologies.Furthermore,it has been observed that the application of the Analytic Networking Process(ANP)and hybridization of ANP,FUZZY,and TOPSIS tools do not catch considerable attention in the literature for conducting MCA,although it yields more precise outcomes.Additionally,most previous research has focused on the estimation of generated C&DW,but less attention has been given to forecasting the generated C&DW due to inadequate available C&DW data.This review article also assists C&DWM practitioners,academics,stakeholders,and contractors in choosing appropriate frameworks and tools for C&DWM while managing C&DW.展开更多
We tested the hypothesis that introduced populations may have higher resource capture ability and utilization efficiency than native ones of invasive plants. We compared ecophysiological traits including maximum photo...We tested the hypothesis that introduced populations may have higher resource capture ability and utilization efficiency than native ones of invasive plants. We compared ecophysiological traits including maximum photosynthetic rate (Pmax), apparent quantum yield (Q), specific leaf area (SLA), photosynthetic energy use efficiency (PEUE), photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency (PNUE), water use efficiency (WUE), mass-based and area-based leaf construction cost (CCmass and CCarea), and mass-based and area-based leaf nitrogen concentration (Nmass and Narea) between native (Argentina) and introduced (USA) populations of two varieties (North Apa and South Apo) of Alternanthera philoxeroides under common garden conditions in China. For Apo and Apa, Pmax, Q, Nmass and WUE were not significantly different between native and introduced populations;introduced populations had significantly lower SLA and lower CCmass but significantly higher Narea and CCarea than native ones. For Apa, the introduced populations showed significantly lower PEUE and lower PNUE while for Apo, PEUE and PNUE were not significantly different between native and introduced populations. The results indicated that introduced populations of A. philoxeroides do not show higher resource capture ability and resource utilization efficiency than their native ones in the common garden experiment, suggesting that these traits may not necessarily contribute to successful invasion of invasive plants.展开更多
Based on Bloom's taxonomy of educational objectives,this paper puts forward the construction of curriculum system in the primary stage,intermediate stage and advanced stage by promoting teaching using competition,...Based on Bloom's taxonomy of educational objectives,this paper puts forward the construction of curriculum system in the primary stage,intermediate stage and advanced stage by promoting teaching using competition,and provides a theoretical and practical basis for the curriculum construction by promoting teaching using competition,which is of great practical significance to promoting the construction of applied universities.展开更多
This paper analyzed feasibility,mode,and significance of heritage corridor construction along the right bank of the Yalu River.It stated that the region along the right bank of the Yalu River conforms to characteristi...This paper analyzed feasibility,mode,and significance of heritage corridor construction along the right bank of the Yalu River.It stated that the region along the right bank of the Yalu River conforms to characteristics of heritage corridor and is suitable for heritage corridor theory.For Liaoning and Jilin provinces integrating their tourism into the One Belt and One Road strategy,and promoting harmonious use of regional tourist resources,vigorous development of tourism,and targeted poverty alleviation through tourism,the heritage corridor construction is of profound significance.展开更多
It is need to establish site project department during the construction of electric power project.The head office should design and build the main structure,continually improve structure of project department,meantime...It is need to establish site project department during the construction of electric power project.The head office should design and build the main structure,continually improve structure of project department,meantime,positively apply principle of automatic control to improve the site management of electric power construction.In this article,the application strategy of principle of automatic control is analyzed focusing on the site work of electric power construction.展开更多
Pyramids,symbols of the Ancient Egyptian civilization,are visited by tourists and studied by researchers from all around the world.However,the techniques used by Ancient Egyptians to construct the pyramid,specifically...Pyramids,symbols of the Ancient Egyptian civilization,are visited by tourists and studied by researchers from all around the world.However,the techniques used by Ancient Egyptians to construct the pyramid,specifically,how such a tall structure could have been constructed from huge blocks of stone with the limited productive forces at the time,remains a mystery to the world.Though numerous theories,such as the use of ramps,levers,pulleys,fluid buoyancy,and cast-in-place concrete,have been proposed in academia,no consensus has been reached to date.Based on mechanical principles and the productive forces available at the time,the famous Pyramid of Khufu is used as a case study in this paper to propose a theory of pit-aided construction.The main steps include the digging of the pit,the transportation of stone blocks into the pit,the layer-by-layer construction,and the layer-by-layer filling of soil until the top of the pyramid is completed.The main idea of the pit-aided construction was to use the self-weight of the stone material to achieve the transportation of stone blocks by converting potential energy to kinetic energy,thereby avoiding the large amounts of work that must be done to elevate the huge blocks of stone.The proposed theory of pit-aided construction is consistent with the cultural custom of burial that is associated with tomb construction,namely laying the deceased to rest through burial,and is also consistent with the productive forces available in Ancient Egypt at the time.展开更多
To introduce foreign capital for the municipal highway construction is a great measure to meet the development of the socialist market economy and to reform the investment system for the municipal highway construction...To introduce foreign capital for the municipal highway construction is a great measure to meet the development of the socialist market economy and to reform the investment system for the municipal highway construction. The aim of the reform lies in taking the construction and management of the municipal highway facilities as an industry to operate, widening the investment channel of the municipal highway construction and gradually forming a benign cycle of investment-construc-展开更多
CSB14Sh,which is isogenic for its recurrent parent TM-1 except for chromosome 14 short arm,was crossed with TM-1,and the F2 population was produced.A total of 3800 SSR primer pairs covering the whole genome were used ...CSB14Sh,which is isogenic for its recurrent parent TM-1 except for chromosome 14 short arm,was crossed with TM-1,and the F2 population was produced.A total of 3800 SSR primer pairs covering the whole genome were used to screen polymorphism among two parents,TM-1 and CSB14Sh,展开更多
The urban forest is the main body for the urban forestry management. There are not unified rules and standards for the planning of the urban forest yet in China. This paper discusses the planning principles of the urb...The urban forest is the main body for the urban forestry management. There are not unified rules and standards for the planning of the urban forest yet in China. This paper discusses the planning principles of the urban forest: the priority of the ecological function, the adaptation to local conditions, the optimization in the whole system, the mutual dependence of forest and city, the culture continuance and recreation satisfaction, sustainable development and operability, etc. This paper takes Changsha as an example to elaborate the planning principles of the urban forest. Firstly, Changsha urban forest ecosphere is composed of the eco-garden, the round-the-city forest belt, the ecological isolation belt, the green channel, the landscape of the rivers and streams, the forest park, the biodiversity reserve and the eco-forest in suburb area. It aims to make every kind of ecological essential factors organically merge into the complex city ecosystem to build an eco-city, to strengthen the connection of wide-open space with various habitats spots, to promote resident’s accessibility, to perfect landscape ecology, and to make full use of the ecological function of urban forest. When we construct the urban forest, we must optimize the comprehensive benefit and make the urban forest structure and the layout in the best condition in order to build the harmonious green city for both man and nature to realize the whole optimization of the city system by the complex functions of the urban forest in ecology, environmental protection, landscape, recreation, etc.展开更多
In order to recover the strip pillar coal resources, reduce the amount of gangue mountain and realize remediation of the goaf environment in the old mining area, the raw gangue filling mining technology was proposed. ...In order to recover the strip pillar coal resources, reduce the amount of gangue mountain and realize remediation of the goaf environment in the old mining area, the raw gangue filling mining technology was proposed. According to the previous practical experience, the feasibility of the implementation of raw gangue filling mining technology in the coal-pressed area was analyzed. Through the filling gangue compaction test, the deformation under different loading stages was obtained. Further, a reasonable prediction of the deformation beyond the experimental limited loading load was made based on the experimental results. Through the deformation source analysis of the whole process of gangue filling, the key factors for controlling deformation before, during, and after filling were determined. Additionally, the proportion of deformation during different stages was quantified. Considering the protection of surface buildings, mining fullness of the working face and mining technology, the production parameters of 1209 and 1210 filling working faces were preliminarily determined. Through numerical simulation, the rationality of mining scheme was verified. Based on the practice of 1209 working face and the key factors to control the deformation of gangue filling, the mining system and process in 1210 working face were optimized. According to the measured surface rock movement, raw gangue filling mining technology can meet the requirements of surface building protection level. Especially, this paper provides a method to quantitatively calculate the equivalent mining height (EMH) of raw gangue filling and its mining deformation, which has reference significance for old mining areas.展开更多
According to generalized variational principles suitable for linear elastic incompatible displacement elements given by Professor Chien Wei-zang, using crack tip singular element and isoparametric surrounding element ...According to generalized variational principles suitable for linear elastic incompatible displacement elements given by Professor Chien Wei-zang, using crack tip singular element and isoparametric surrounding element given by the author of this paper, we will study the St. Venant's torsional bar with a radial vertical crack and compare the present computed results with the results of reference [2], The present computed results show that, using the method provided in this paper, satisfactory convergent solution can be obtained under lower degree of freedom.展开更多
This paper presents a Method for the squaring of a circle (i.e., constructing a square having an area equal to that of a given circle). The construction, when applied to a given circle having an area of 12.7 cm<sup...This paper presents a Method for the squaring of a circle (i.e., constructing a square having an area equal to that of a given circle). The construction, when applied to a given circle having an area of 12.7 cm<sup>2</sup>, it produced a square having an area of 12.7 cm<sup>2</sup>, using only an unmarked ruler and a compass. This result was a clear demonstration that not only is the construction valid for the squaring of a circle but also for achieving absolute results (independent of the number pi (π) and in a finite number of steps) when carried out with precision.展开更多
文摘Faced with the proliferation of quarries extracting silty sand and river sand used in the building and public works sector in Togo, recognition of the granular properties of these materials remains a major challenge for builders. This study aims to take stock of the use of sand in construction in Togo. One hundred and eighteen (118) sand quarries in operation, including thirty-eight (38) silty sand quarries and eighty (80) river sand quarries, were identified following surveys carried out among stakeholders involved in the chain of construction on 40% of the national territory. It appears from these surveys that river sands (59.43% to 84.68%) are prioritized over silty sands (15.32% to 40.57%). Three (3) main reasons are behind the choice of sand type;namely, proximity (28%), cleanliness (25%), good appearance (25%). These three (03) reasons partly explain the strong dependence of users on the sands located in their vicinity as well as the related expenses. Thus, making data available on the characteristics of sand, the materials most used in construction in Togo, would contribute to improving the housing conditions of the Togolese population. .
基金Under the auspices of National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41971221,42171248)Postgraduate Research and Practice Innovation Project of Jiangsu Normal University(No.2021XKT0108)Jiangsu Graduate Research and Practice Innovation Program(No.KYCX22_2856,KYCX22_2789)。
文摘The development of rural area in suburban(RAS)is comprehensively influenced by the mixed processes of non-farming,local urbanization and rural industrialization and has distinctive multifunctional features on the socioeconomic and resource utilization.Multifunctional reconstruction in the RAS is mainly manifested by changes in the quantity and structure of the construction land use(CLU).We took Tongshan District of Jiangsu Province as the study case.Following the logic of identifying,clustering,and diagnosing,we assessed the functional features of CLU and analyzed the differentiation of the scale and structure of CLU in RAS,with the aim of identifying the types and characteristics of multifunctional development in these regions.This study found that:1)typical RAS were experiencing multifunctional space reconstruction,and their multifunctional value was emerging and highlighted.The CLU was rapidly expanding,and the types of CLU were evolving from single to multiple uses;2)based on the dominant function of diverse rural CLU,we classified RAS into five types,dominated by the following functions,respectively:commercial services,industrial production,residential living,basic support and public service;3)according to the dominant function and spatial pattern,the development types of RAS were classified into agricultural service,comprehensive services,and integrated industries service,showing a circular spatial pattern from the suburbs to distant suburbs.The results can provide policy implication by creating new development impetus from rural multifunction perspective to promote the RAS revitalization.
文摘This paper makes a comprehensive analysis on the characteristics and influencing factors of regional allocation of new construction land use indicators,and determines the primary indicators from social,economic,external and internal factors.Using Delphi method and correlation analysis,this paper selects indicators and establishes evaluation indicator system.Using entropy method and AHP,this paper determines the weight of indicators,rationally allocates new construction land,and uses the actual data in Huai'an City for case studies,so as to provide a reference for land use planning.In addition,this paper makes a comparative analysis on the land use internal factors as important factors,in order to make the weight assigning more in line with the actual situation of construction land in Huai'an.
基金supported by Guangdong Hardware and System Teaching and Research Office(Quality Engineeringproject No.HITSZERP22002)+2 种基金Guangdong Province Education Science Planning Project(Higher Education Project,Project No.2022GXJK431)Harbin Institute of Technology(Shenzhen)Course Ideological and Political Project(Project No.HITSZIP21003)Construction Project of Teachers College of Harbin Institute of Technology(Shenzhen)(Project No.HITSZSFXY202201)。
文摘Most current object-oriented programming courses offered by domestic colleges and universities generally focus on the object-oriented programming language itself,i.e.,the programming grammar of the language,but ignore the design pattern.However,design patterns are essential to software engineering because they can solve common problems in software design and improve code reuse,readability,extensibility,and reliability.Our Object-oriented Software Construction Course is creative since it aims at cultivating students’object-oriented thinking as well as basic abilities required to construct high-quality,object-oriented software.Specifically,we exploit the 5E teaching principle during the education of this course,and present the whole pipeline in the paper.We also provide one case of the factory pattern to further demonstrate the implementation of the 5E teaching principle in the course.The effect of the 5E teaching principle has also been demonstrated.
文摘Zoning system is the basic mode of establishment of overall land use planning. In this study,the zoning mode and practice in the three rounds of overall land use planning that have been carried out in China were analyzed and summarized firstly,and then some obvious problems existing in the implementation of the zoning mode were analyzed. Finally,countermeasures and suggestions were put forward to provide necessary reference for further development and improvement of the zoning mode and the development of overall land use planning at all levels in China.
基金Supported by 2007 Environmental Protection Project of Jilin Provincial Department of Environmental Protection(2007-09)
文摘[Objective] The study aimed at analyzing the dynamic variation of land-use types of the constructed wetland before and after oil-field water irrigation based on 3S technology. [Method] At semi-arid and arid areas in the west of Jilin Province, water resource balance between the amount of oil-field water supply and ecological water requirement in the constructed wetland irrigated by oil-field water during 2001-2010 was investigated firstly. Afterwards, based on 3S technology, the partition and dynamic variation of land-use types of the constructed wetland before and after oil-field water irrigation in 2001, 2006, 2008 and 2010 were analyzed. [Result] The annual ecological water requirement of the constructed wetland from 2003 to 2010 varied from 1.62×106 to 2.24×106 m3, and the annual amount of oil-field water supply in the region changed from 2.12×106 to 2.84×106 m3, which showed that the supply amount of oil-field water could meet the basic ecological water requirement of the constructed wetland. Meanwhile, compared with 2001, the areas of water region and paddy field in 2010 increased by 2.3 and 10.0 times, and the areas of forest and marsh rose by 40.15% and 29.5.0% respectively. [Conclusion] Water shortage and ecological environment problem of arid and semi-arid areas had been improved by oil-field water irrigation.
文摘There are frequent failures in the project delivery in time and increasing the waste in Oman construction industry.Lean Construction(LC)principles which are lean thinking in design and construction process may be a possible solution.Hence,the paper is aimed on exploring the status of the LC practices and its impact on Omani Construction Industry(OCI).The paper presents barriers,potential benefits,and the measures of suitability and acceptability of LC principles.A quantitative research approach was adopted and research data was collected using an online questionnaire survey in Oman.The data were analysed and results are presented in tables and charts followed by critical discussions.The survey found that onethird of the construction professionals have a good awareness and half of them having a higher level awareness about LC practices.More than one third of the construction organisations are adopting LC principles with a high consensus on the suitability and acceptability,and they recognised that time commitment is necessary for the successful implementation and achieve benefits.The study concludes that the reduction in project delivery time and construction at site waste is the key advantage of implementing LC priciples in design and construction stages in the omani construction industry.
文摘This review looks over the current construction and demolition waste management(C&DWM)situations by scrutinizing the definition,classification,components,compositions,generated sources and causes,impacts of generated construction and demolition wastes(C&DWs),waste management hierarchy(WMH),3R principles(Reduce,Reuse,and Recycle),Circular Economy(CE),frameworks,tools,and approaches of C&DWM.After reviewing the literature this study contributes to the literature by the following means:(a)suitable working definitions of C&DW and C&DWM are provided,(b)an expanded WMH for construction and demolition operations is presented,(c)frameworks of C&DWM are identified and listed as follows:frameworks based on WMH,including 3R principles and CE concept,frameworks focusing on the quantification,estimation,and prediction of generated C&DW,frameworks focusing on effective and sustainable C&DWM,frameworks focusing economic,social,and environmental performance assessment,frameworks based on multi-criteria analysis(MCA),frameworks based on post-disaster recovery period,and other miscellaneous frameworks,and(d)four categories of tools utilized in C&DWM are identified and explained,namely,approaches employed in C&DWM,information technology(IT)tools employed in C&DWM,multi-criteria decision analysis(MCDA)tools employed in C&DWM,and C&DWM technologies.Moreover,this study also found that CE,and green rating system(GRS)are widely used approaches,Building Information Modeling(BIM),Radio Frequency Identification(RFID),Geographic Information System,and Big Data are the extensively used IT tools,Analytical Hierarchy Process,FUZZY,TOPSIS(Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to the Ideal Solution),Weighted Summation,Elimination and Choice Expressing the Reality II,Elimination and Choice Expressing the Reality III,Evaluation of Mixed Data,and REGIME(REG)are the widely used MCA tools in C&DWM,and Prefabricated Construction and Modular Construction are broadly used C&DWM technologies.Furthermore,it has been observed that the application of the Analytic Networking Process(ANP)and hybridization of ANP,FUZZY,and TOPSIS tools do not catch considerable attention in the literature for conducting MCA,although it yields more precise outcomes.Additionally,most previous research has focused on the estimation of generated C&DW,but less attention has been given to forecasting the generated C&DW due to inadequate available C&DW data.This review article also assists C&DWM practitioners,academics,stakeholders,and contractors in choosing appropriate frameworks and tools for C&DWM while managing C&DW.
文摘We tested the hypothesis that introduced populations may have higher resource capture ability and utilization efficiency than native ones of invasive plants. We compared ecophysiological traits including maximum photosynthetic rate (Pmax), apparent quantum yield (Q), specific leaf area (SLA), photosynthetic energy use efficiency (PEUE), photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency (PNUE), water use efficiency (WUE), mass-based and area-based leaf construction cost (CCmass and CCarea), and mass-based and area-based leaf nitrogen concentration (Nmass and Narea) between native (Argentina) and introduced (USA) populations of two varieties (North Apa and South Apo) of Alternanthera philoxeroides under common garden conditions in China. For Apo and Apa, Pmax, Q, Nmass and WUE were not significantly different between native and introduced populations;introduced populations had significantly lower SLA and lower CCmass but significantly higher Narea and CCarea than native ones. For Apa, the introduced populations showed significantly lower PEUE and lower PNUE while for Apo, PEUE and PNUE were not significantly different between native and introduced populations. The results indicated that introduced populations of A. philoxeroides do not show higher resource capture ability and resource utilization efficiency than their native ones in the common garden experiment, suggesting that these traits may not necessarily contribute to successful invasion of invasive plants.
基金Supported by the 12 th Teaching Reform and Research Project of Taishan University—"Talent Training Mode Optimization and Practical Research in National First-Class Major Tourism Management by Promoting Teaching Using Competition"(201934).
文摘Based on Bloom's taxonomy of educational objectives,this paper puts forward the construction of curriculum system in the primary stage,intermediate stage and advanced stage by promoting teaching using competition,and provides a theoretical and practical basis for the curriculum construction by promoting teaching using competition,which is of great practical significance to promoting the construction of applied universities.
文摘This paper analyzed feasibility,mode,and significance of heritage corridor construction along the right bank of the Yalu River.It stated that the region along the right bank of the Yalu River conforms to characteristics of heritage corridor and is suitable for heritage corridor theory.For Liaoning and Jilin provinces integrating their tourism into the One Belt and One Road strategy,and promoting harmonious use of regional tourist resources,vigorous development of tourism,and targeted poverty alleviation through tourism,the heritage corridor construction is of profound significance.
文摘It is need to establish site project department during the construction of electric power project.The head office should design and build the main structure,continually improve structure of project department,meantime,positively apply principle of automatic control to improve the site management of electric power construction.In this article,the application strategy of principle of automatic control is analyzed focusing on the site work of electric power construction.
文摘Pyramids,symbols of the Ancient Egyptian civilization,are visited by tourists and studied by researchers from all around the world.However,the techniques used by Ancient Egyptians to construct the pyramid,specifically,how such a tall structure could have been constructed from huge blocks of stone with the limited productive forces at the time,remains a mystery to the world.Though numerous theories,such as the use of ramps,levers,pulleys,fluid buoyancy,and cast-in-place concrete,have been proposed in academia,no consensus has been reached to date.Based on mechanical principles and the productive forces available at the time,the famous Pyramid of Khufu is used as a case study in this paper to propose a theory of pit-aided construction.The main steps include the digging of the pit,the transportation of stone blocks into the pit,the layer-by-layer construction,and the layer-by-layer filling of soil until the top of the pyramid is completed.The main idea of the pit-aided construction was to use the self-weight of the stone material to achieve the transportation of stone blocks by converting potential energy to kinetic energy,thereby avoiding the large amounts of work that must be done to elevate the huge blocks of stone.The proposed theory of pit-aided construction is consistent with the cultural custom of burial that is associated with tomb construction,namely laying the deceased to rest through burial,and is also consistent with the productive forces available in Ancient Egypt at the time.
文摘To introduce foreign capital for the municipal highway construction is a great measure to meet the development of the socialist market economy and to reform the investment system for the municipal highway construction. The aim of the reform lies in taking the construction and management of the municipal highway facilities as an industry to operate, widening the investment channel of the municipal highway construction and gradually forming a benign cycle of investment-construc-
文摘CSB14Sh,which is isogenic for its recurrent parent TM-1 except for chromosome 14 short arm,was crossed with TM-1,and the F2 population was produced.A total of 3800 SSR primer pairs covering the whole genome were used to screen polymorphism among two parents,TM-1 and CSB14Sh,
文摘The urban forest is the main body for the urban forestry management. There are not unified rules and standards for the planning of the urban forest yet in China. This paper discusses the planning principles of the urban forest: the priority of the ecological function, the adaptation to local conditions, the optimization in the whole system, the mutual dependence of forest and city, the culture continuance and recreation satisfaction, sustainable development and operability, etc. This paper takes Changsha as an example to elaborate the planning principles of the urban forest. Firstly, Changsha urban forest ecosphere is composed of the eco-garden, the round-the-city forest belt, the ecological isolation belt, the green channel, the landscape of the rivers and streams, the forest park, the biodiversity reserve and the eco-forest in suburb area. It aims to make every kind of ecological essential factors organically merge into the complex city ecosystem to build an eco-city, to strengthen the connection of wide-open space with various habitats spots, to promote resident’s accessibility, to perfect landscape ecology, and to make full use of the ecological function of urban forest. When we construct the urban forest, we must optimize the comprehensive benefit and make the urban forest structure and the layout in the best condition in order to build the harmonious green city for both man and nature to realize the whole optimization of the city system by the complex functions of the urban forest in ecology, environmental protection, landscape, recreation, etc.
文摘In order to recover the strip pillar coal resources, reduce the amount of gangue mountain and realize remediation of the goaf environment in the old mining area, the raw gangue filling mining technology was proposed. According to the previous practical experience, the feasibility of the implementation of raw gangue filling mining technology in the coal-pressed area was analyzed. Through the filling gangue compaction test, the deformation under different loading stages was obtained. Further, a reasonable prediction of the deformation beyond the experimental limited loading load was made based on the experimental results. Through the deformation source analysis of the whole process of gangue filling, the key factors for controlling deformation before, during, and after filling were determined. Additionally, the proportion of deformation during different stages was quantified. Considering the protection of surface buildings, mining fullness of the working face and mining technology, the production parameters of 1209 and 1210 filling working faces were preliminarily determined. Through numerical simulation, the rationality of mining scheme was verified. Based on the practice of 1209 working face and the key factors to control the deformation of gangue filling, the mining system and process in 1210 working face were optimized. According to the measured surface rock movement, raw gangue filling mining technology can meet the requirements of surface building protection level. Especially, this paper provides a method to quantitatively calculate the equivalent mining height (EMH) of raw gangue filling and its mining deformation, which has reference significance for old mining areas.
文摘According to generalized variational principles suitable for linear elastic incompatible displacement elements given by Professor Chien Wei-zang, using crack tip singular element and isoparametric surrounding element given by the author of this paper, we will study the St. Venant's torsional bar with a radial vertical crack and compare the present computed results with the results of reference [2], The present computed results show that, using the method provided in this paper, satisfactory convergent solution can be obtained under lower degree of freedom.
文摘This paper presents a Method for the squaring of a circle (i.e., constructing a square having an area equal to that of a given circle). The construction, when applied to a given circle having an area of 12.7 cm<sup>2</sup>, it produced a square having an area of 12.7 cm<sup>2</sup>, using only an unmarked ruler and a compass. This result was a clear demonstration that not only is the construction valid for the squaring of a circle but also for achieving absolute results (independent of the number pi (π) and in a finite number of steps) when carried out with precision.