The Emperor's Shadow: Another Interpretation of History

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Building Blocks of Nature

By means of a representation of the elementary objects by the Lagrange density and by the commutators of the communication relations, correlations can be formed using the Fourier transform, which under the conditions of the Hamilton principle, describes correlation structures of the elementary objects with oscillator properties. The correlation structures obtained in this way are characterized by physical information, the essential component of which is the action. The correlation structures describe the physical properties and their interactions under the sole condition of the Hamilton’s principle. The structure, the properties and the interactions of elementary objects can be led back in this way to a fundamental four dimensional structure, which is therefore in their different modifications the building block of nature. With the presented method, an alternative interpretation of elementary physical effects to quantum mechanics is obtained. This report provides an overview of the fundamentals and statements of physical information theory and its consequences for understanding the nature of elementary objects.

William Morris Davis: Father of Geomorphology or Father of Geology’s Unrecognized Paradigm Problem

An often unrecognized problem is the geology and glacial history paradigm’s inability to explain topographic map drainage system and erosional landform evidence, which means geology research studies rarely address that type of topographic map evidence. The problem originated in the late 19th century with William Morris Davis who is sometimes called the father of geomorphology and was one of the first geologists to interpret what in the late 19th century were newly available topographic maps. An 1889 Davis paper describes selected drainage system evidence observed on an advance copy of the 1890 Doylestown (Pennsylvania) topographic map and an 1892 Ward paper written after discussions with Davis describes additional selected drainage system evidence seen on the same map. Both papers fail to mention the majority of the Doylestown map’s drainage system features including most barbed tributaries, asymmetric drainage divides, and through (dry) valleys crossing major drainage divides. Had Davis used all of the map’s drainage system and erosional landform evidence he should have recognized the map evidence shows headward erosion of an east-oriented Neshaminy Creek valley captured southwest-oriented streams which headward erosion of the south-oriented Delaware River valley and its east-oriented tributary Tohickon Creek valley had beheaded. Consciously or unconsciously, Davis chose not to alert future investigators that Doylestown topographic map evidence did not support his yet-to-be-published Pennsylvania and New Jersey erosion history interpretations and instead Davis proceeded to develop and promote erosion history interpretations which the map evidence did not support.

A retrospective view on the history of natural sciences in XX-XXI

The presented paper is dedicated to a new ret-rospective view on the history of natural sci-ences in XX-XXI cc, partially including the sci-ence philosophy (mainly, the problems of the scientific realism, i.e. the correspondence of science to reality) and also a novel scheme for different classes of sciences with different ob-jects and paradigms. There are analyzed the chosen “great” and “grand” problems of phys-ics (including the comprehension of quantum mechanics, with a recently elaborated new chapter, connected with time as a quantum obs- ervable and time analysis of quantum processes) and also of natural sciences as a whole. The particular attention is paid to the interpretation questions and slightly to the aspects, inevitably connected with the world- views of the res- earchers (which do often constitute a part of the interpretation questions).

The Function of Generalization in Art History:Understanding Art across Traditions

艺术史述说例证着巴克桑德尔(Michael Baxandall)所称的对绘画的"推论式批评",而巴氏则又可谓沃尔海姆(Richard Wollheim)所谓"作为救回的批评"的一个例证,本文试图探讨如何评估这些述说的充分性。问题在于,我们要如何对阐释设定更为普遍的"科学"限制,让这些述说的阐释性质以及那些要提供跨文化跨历史理解的诉求一致起来。针对格尔兹探讨的阐释的人种志中提出的问题,本文清理了沃尔海姆有关巴克桑德尔的说法,亦即沃氏认为巴氏所述乃"个案内的概括"而非"跨个案的概括"。为此,针对格尔兹所谓的"个案内的概括",本文提出一种"实用主义的"解读。这样的解读目标在于提供一个"可理解的框架",以便确定一套推定的能指的位置;这个框架存在的理由在于能够服务于我们的阐释实践所植根的认知兴趣。本文认为,巴氏对"推论式批评"的辩护应该视为一种类似于"实用主义"方式的辩护方法。为此,本文从启发式原则的角度,分析了巴氏的论述。

A General View of the Equivalence Between Chinese and English

This paper briefly presents a study of the relationship between English and Chinese, which is put forward from the point of the equivalence in both languages. By observing and analyzing the examples in the parts of full equivalence and partial equivalence, we can surely conclude that English and Chinese have close relationship with each other. However, the equivalence reflected in the languages is, to some extent, greatly influenced by their respective culture, which still needs us to do more research about it.

Basic theories and development of Miao medicine

Miao is an important ethnic minority in China.Miao medicine(MM)is a pivotal of traditional Chinese medicine.It is an accumulation of the Miao people's experience fighting against diseases for thousands of years and has been an important part of the Miao culture.The origin of MM is closely related to Miao culture,customs,and habits.MM gradually formed a traditional medical theoretical system with obvious regional characteristics,distinctive cultural characteristics,and unique efficacy.In this paper,we intro-duce and review the unique theoretical system of MM,including the basic theory of MM,the theory of medicine,nature,taste,and channel tropism,and the theory of entering the shelf.In addition,we summarize the development of MM to provide an overview of the theoretical characteristics and industrialisation of MM that is accessible to everyone.

On the Right to the Protection of Personal Data as a Constitutional Right

The right to the protection of personal data is an important human right in the era of big data and a constitutional right based on the national protection obligation and the theory of human dignity,making it of special significance for the realization of citizenship in a digital society.It can be seen from an examination of the constitutional texts of various countries in the world that the right to the protection of personal data as a constitutional right has rich normative connotations,and the key legal link to realize this right lies in the national legislature actively fulfilling its obligation to shape and specify the protection of personal data in accordance with the entrustment of the constitutional norms.Given the constitutional principles of fundamental rights protection,i.e.,realizing the constitutional status of the right to the protection of personal data as a basic right by means of institutional guarantees,the legislature should first adhere to the constitutionality principle of data protection legislation.Second,a multi-level data protection legal system centered on the right to the protection of personal data should be established.Finally,the institutional guarantee mechanism for the protection of personal data should be continuously improved through constitutional interpretation.

Zhang Chi,Revaluation of Politics:Understand the History of 18th-Century France

(张弛:《重估政治:理解18世纪法国史》),Hangzhou:Zhejiang University Press,2021,ISBN:9787308213325.The French Revolution marked a pivotal event in the modern world history,reviewd frequently in discourses on core political concepts such as absolutism versus democracy,class versus equality,and oppression versus freedom.A central question in French historical studies is the application of various historiographical theories in analyzing and interpreting the French Revolution.

民事司法解释的历史性进步——最高人民法院《合同编通则司法解释》亮点评述

《合同编通则司法解释》是民事司法解释历史性进步的重要标志。《合同编通则司法解释》坚守民事司法解释的法律定位,较为准确地把握了《民法典》立法原意,压缩了《民法典》有关条款或多或少的争议或歧义空间,其中,合同解释规则堪称典范。《合同编通则司法解释》充实民事司法解释的基本功能,以更为具体、明确、肯定的行为规则强化《民法典》有关条款的确定性,其中,清晰合同行为的识别标准、填充合同行为的场景因素尤为出色。《合同编通则司法解释》运用40余年的民事司法解释积累的经验,自觉避免以往时有的路径选择不当的情形,形成固定词句含义与范围、指引合同行为与裁判、强化裁判程序与功能的鲜明特色。《合同编通则司法解释》的历史性价值与意义应当得以彰显和认同,以便未来的民事司法解释自觉前行。

行为经济学视角下担保型以物抵债的界定

《合同编通则司法解释》所采取的“债务履行期届满前/后”之标准无法清楚界定担保型以物抵债。界定担保型以物抵债的意义在于准确适用流担保禁止规则,无法清楚界定的深层次原因在于对流担保禁止规则的正当性基础存在认识偏差。从行为经济学和心理学的研究来看,流担保禁止规则的正当性基础应当是避免债务人因过度自信和盲目乐观而受损。从这个角度出发,可以对以物抵债协议进行再类型化:若债务人最终给付内容不是由其的履行能力决定,或债务人最终给付内容的不确定不会对其造成损失,则以物抵债协议不需要被限制;在其他情况下,有必要对以物抵债协议的效力予以限制。若当事人存在担保的意思,则应通过流担保禁止规则限制以物抵债协议的效力,否则就适用违约金酌减规则。

论人工智能透明度原则的法治化实现

随人工智能应用范围不断扩大,透明度原则成为破解“算法黑箱”难题的钥匙。透明度原则包括形式透明和实质透明。形式透明是对人工智能基础信息的披露,使人工智能的部署使用处于非秘密状态。实质透明与人工智能的可解释性息息相关,强调对披露信息以可被理解的方式进行有意义解释,从而打破知识壁垒,使相关信息实现真正可知。透明度原则应在法治化实现上进行精细考量:在考虑现有技术条件的基础上,有必要根据监管机关和社会公众的能力不同有区别地对披露和解释的信息内容提出义务要求,并针对不同人工智能的风险程度采取分级分类分场景的执行标准,从保护用户与公众知情权行使、确保国家监管权落实两方面推动透明度原则实现。

论河西简文“胡驿(胡译)”“羌译”“羌胡译”“匈奴译”

居延汉简“译”“胡驿”简文,应是显示身分的语词。“胡驿”应当就是“胡译”,涉及在民族语言交流中的特殊职任。悬泉置出土汉简除“译”的身分外,又有“羌译”“羌胡译”“匈奴译”等。“羌译”“羌胡译”“匈奴译”应是胜任中原语言与西北民族语言对译的专职人员。有简例可见出身“羌”者。在西北边地行政生活中,其作用受到重视。“译人”在汉代民族文化交流中有重要的作用。考察丝绸之路的历史作用,应当注意“译人”之表现的积极的社会文化意义。相关研究有助于深化对西北民族关系史及丝绸之路史的认识。

研究日据时期中国台湾人民抗日斗争历史的五点认识——《日据时期台湾人民抗日斗争史》导言

日据时期中国台湾人民抗日斗争是近代中国人民反抗帝国主义侵略的重要组成部分。通观日据时期中国台湾人民抗日斗争的历史,可以得出五点认识:第一,日本对中国台湾省的军事占领是帝国主义时代的产物;第二,日据时期中国台湾人民的抗日斗争是甲午战争的延续,是中国人民抗日斗争的一部分;第三,日据时期中国台湾人民抗日斗争可以1915年、1937年为节点分为三个历史时期,各个时期各有不同特点;第四,日据时期中国台湾人民的抗日斗争往往以祖国为依靠或者受祖国人民民主革命的启发;第五,日据时期中国台湾人民的抗日斗争始终坚持了中国人的立场。历史昭示现实,坚持一个中国原则,是完成国家统一的全部历史和法理依据。

“拼死吃河豚”的饮食史意义

中国人食用河豚的庶民“拼死吃河豚”、士人“值得一死”试河豚、市民普及吃河豚历史三阶段性的观点;庶民一直是历史上河豚食用者的主体族群,兼有活命原始义和享受美味伴生义的两重意义。社会精英阶层的染指河豚基本不属于果腹需求,初期时段则主要是心理好奇、情感刺激和个性张扬需求,美味安慰是后期发展,并因之促成了市民普及吃河豚历史发展。对中国人食河豚中毒、防毒、解毒历史记录做了深入分析,指出症结历史局限的社会原因。

俄国文学研究的中国声音——刘文飞教授访谈录

俄国文学研究者、翻译家刘文飞教授在总结自身学术实践的基础上,创造性地提出“中俄文学外交”“俄国文学史研究的中国学派”“俄国文学的中国阐释”等概念,主张让中国的俄国文学研究同时对接俄苏本土的文学研究传统和欧美的俄国文学研究传统,并注重对俄国文学在文化学、思想史方面的阐释。与此同时,刘文飞教授兼顾文学研究的社会性影响,他从学术、翻译、写作的三种路径出发,通过一系列著译作品和文化活动致力于推动俄国文学研究成果的大众化普及。刘文飞教授所代表的新一代俄国文学研究者们将以中国视点、中国阐释、中国特色于一身的最新研究理念融入多卷本《俄国文学通史》的撰写之中,是对中国俄国文学史书写的一次全面更新,在向世人展示中国近一个半世纪的俄国文学研究成果的同时,创建拥有我们自己民族风格和立场的斯拉夫学派,让国际斯拉夫学界听到中国的声音。

An Analysis of Japan＇s Interpretation of History over the Seven Postwar Decades

战后日本,虽有过集团性的忏悔“转向”,也不乏学术界的思想“反省”,但最终却没能完成政治上的价值“转换”。“明治近代”的优越意识和“正常国家”的复原梦想,决定了其扭曲的战争观念和错误的历史认知。结果,在战后最需要形成正确历史观的关键时刻,日本的国家意志却抛却了这种可能性。它制造中日摩擦,以所谓“中国威胁”来利用和倒逼美国对己松绑并试图摆脱战后国际秩序。日本的思想和行动,不但使“左翼”、“右翼”等国际社会的对日观察标准屡遭颠覆,也使亚太地区被再度置身于险象环生的境遇。

“史·著·论”视域下党史教育融入高校“原理”课的逻辑理路

中国共产党百年历史是最鲜活、最生动的教科书,是“马克思主义基本原理”课铸魂育人的最好营养剂。在“史·著·论”视域下,党史教育和高校“原理”课在教育目标、内容以及载体层面具有互通性、契合性和一致性。将百年光辉党史融入高校“原理”课是引导大学生树立正确党史观的迫切需要,是提升“原理”课教学成效的有效举措,是培育民族复兴时代新人的必然选择,既有利于促进大学生站稳政治立场、坚定政治信仰和强化政治担当,又有利于推动大学生自觉践行社会主义核心价值观和坚定文化自信,也有利于从思想和行动层面为民族复兴事业培育时代新人,具有重要的政治价值、文化价值和社会价值。基于此,高校要从理论性和实践性教学优化融合型育人课堂,从物质、精神和行为多层面形成融合型育人文化氛围,从学校、社会和家庭多方面发挥融合型育人主体的作用,从内容、形式和方法多维度打造融合型育人模式,推进党史教育有机融入高校“原理”课。