Game Theory Based False Negative Probability of Embedded Watermark Under Unintentional and Steganalysis Attacks

Steganalysis attack is to statistically estimate the embedded watermark in the watermarked multimedia,and the estimated watermark may be destroyed by the attacker.The existing methods of false negative probability,however,do not consider the influence of steganalysis attack.This paper proposed the game theory based false negative probability to estimate the impacts of steganalysis attack,as well as unintentional attack.Specifically,game theory was used to model the collision between the embedment and steganalysis attack,and derive the optimal building embedding/attacking strategy.Such optimal playing strategies devote to calculating the attacker destructed watermark,used for calculation of the game theory based false negative probability.The experimental results show that watermark detection reliability measured using our proposed method,in comparison,can better reflect the real scenario in which the embedded watermark undergoes unintentional attack and the attacker using steganalysis attack.This paper provides a foundation for investigating countermeasures of digital watermarking community against steganalysis attack.

Hypothesis testing analysis and unknown parameter estimation of GPS signal detection

Hypothesis testing analysis and unknown parameter estimation of both the intermediate frequency(IF) and baseband GPS signal detection are given by using the generalized likelihood ratio test(GLRT) approach,applying the model of GPS signal in white Gaussian noise,It is proved that the test statistic follows central or noncentral F distribution,It is also pointed out that the test statistic is nearly identical to central or noncentral chi-squared distribution because the processing samples are large enough to be considered as infinite in GPS acquisition problem.It is also proved that the probability of false alarm,the probability of detection and the threshold are affected largely when the hypothesis testing refers to the full pseudorandom noise(PRN) code phase and Doppler frequency search space cells instead of each individual cell.The performance of the test statistic is also given with combining the noncoherent integration.

Modeling Target Detection and Performance Analysis of Electronic Countermeasures for Phased Radar

Interference is a key factor in radar return misdetection.Strong interference might make it difficult to detect the signal or targets.When interference occurs in the sidelobes of the antenna pattern,Sidelobe Cancellation(SLC)and Sidelobe Blanking are two unique solutions to solve this problem(SLB).Aside from this approach,the probability of false alert and likelihood of detection are the most essential parameters in radar.The chance of a false alarm for any radar system should be minimal,and as a result,the probability of detection should be high.There are several interference cancellation strategies in the literature that are used to sustain consistent false alarms regardless of the clutter environment.With the necessity for interference cancellation methods and the constant false alarm rate(CFAR),the Maisel SLC algorithm has been modified to create a new algorithm for recognizing targets in the presence of severe interference.The received radar returns and interference are simulated as non-stationary in this approach,and side-lobe interference is cancelled using an adaptive algorithm.By comparing the performance of adaptive algorithms,simulation results are shown.In a severe clutter situation,the simulation results demonstrate a considerable increase in target recognition and signal to noise ratio when compared to the previous technique.

A Robust Fault Detection Algorithm for the GNSS/INS Integrated Navigation Systems

Integrity is an important index for GNSS-based navigation and positioning, and the receiver autonomous integrity monitoring (RAIM) algorithm has been presented for integrity applications. In the integrated navigation systems of a global navigation satellite system (GNSS) and inertial navigation system (INS),the conventional RAIM algorithm has been developed to extended receiver autonomous integrity monitoring (ERAIM). However, the ERAIM algorithm may fail and a false alarm may generate once the measurements are contaminated by significant outliers, and this problem is rarely discussed in the existing literatures. In this paper, a robust fault detection and the corresponding data processing algorithm are proposed based on the ERAIM algorithm and the robust estimation. In the proposed algorithm, weights of the measurements are adjusted with the equivalent weight function, and the efficiency of the outlier detection and identification is improved, therefore, the estimates become more reliable, and the probability of the false alarm is decreased. Experiments with the data collected under actual environments are implemented, and results indicate that the proposed algorithm is more efficient than the conventional ERAIM algorithm for multiple outliers and a better filtering performance is achieved.

Mitigation of primary user emulation attack using a new energy detection method in cognitive radio networks

A most promising solution to the expansion of spectrum efficiency is cognitive radio(CR)and this expansion is achieved by permitting the licensed frequency bands to be accessed by unlicensed secondary users(SUs)with a lack of interference with licensed primary users(PUs).This utilization of CR networks in the spectrum sensing causes vulnerable attacks like primary user emulation(PUE)attack and here PUs play the role of malicious user and do not permit other users to utilize PUs channel even in their unavailability.On the basis of the traditional single-threshold energy detection algorithm,a novel modified double-threshold energy detector is formulated in the CR network and the detection probability,miss detection probability,probability of false alarm,and their inter-relationship are analyzed.This paper develops a modified double threshold energy detection cooperative spectrum sensing technique to alleviate the PUE attack.Finally,performance-based evaluation is carried out between the proposed and the existing energy detection spectrum sensing method that had no consideration on PUE attack.The resultant of the simulation in MATLAB has revealed that the proposed model has significantly mitigated PUE attack by means of providing outstanding performance.

频谱检测门限与n-out-of-K融合规则的联合优化

为了减少计算复杂度,提出联合优化检测门限λ和n-out-of-K融合规则的算法。以λ和n为参数建立目标函数,并将参数以二进制形式表示,从而把算法转化为组合优化问题。接着,采用基于样值修改的互熵优化方法渐次逼近最优的参数。仿真表明,该算法在获得与已有算法几乎相当的总错误率情况下,可有效降低平均搜索次数,且随着K的增加搜索次数增加更平缓。

Robust and Low-Complexity Synchronization for Energy Detection UWB Receiver

A simple method using aided sliding rectangular windows for synchronization in energy detector （ED） receiver is proposed for impulse-based ultra wideband radios （IR-UWB） under binary pulse position modulation （PPM）, therefore grants an attractive solution for gaining low complexity while the accompanying performance loss in terms of UWB signal reception is comparatively low. Also, a method is developed to sup- press noise through accumulation of integrated results before synchronization point is reached. This proposed method can effectively reduce the impact of one of the major performance-degrading factors in ED receivers, i. e., noise caused by heightened noise floor due to large bandwidth product. Our theoretic work on this im- proved synchronization performance and relevant simulations are conducted on IEEE 802.15.4a channel mod- els, and results show that the proposed design scheme can effectively decrease both the probability of false alarm and probability of missed detection.

Optimization of Multiband Spectrum Sensing for Cognitive Radio Networks under Sensing Capability Constrains

This paper addresses the problem of joint optimization of subchannel selection and spectrum sensing time for multiband cognitive radio networks under the sensing capability constrains. In particular, we construct a multiband spectrum sensing framework, and derive the probabilities of detection and false alarm taking the different subchannel gain into account. Furthermore, we formulate the multi- band sensing as a two-parameter optimization prob- lem under the sensing capability constrains and guaranteeing the QoS of the secondary user. Moreover, we develop a semi-analytical optimization scheme to achieve the optimal solution.

Enhanced spectrum sensing using a combination of energy detector,matched filter and cyclic prefix

In this paper,we propose a sensing scheme based on energy detection,matched filter and cyclic prefix.Both Equal Gain Combining(EGC)and optimal combination of the aforementioned detectors are investigated in cooperative and non-cooperative spectrum sensing scenarios.In packet transmission systems such as OFDM(Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple access)systems,the proposed scheme takes advantage of utilizing more samples than individual detectors,i.e.,cyclic prefix,training or pilot samples,and data payload samples.The proposed combine-sensing scheme offers higher detection probability and lower false alarm probability,as compared with the performance of individual detectors over the same frame duration.Simulation results are congruent with the theoretical curves and confirm the validity of our derivations.

Generalized Approach to Signal Processing in CollaborativeWireless Sensor Systems for Target Detection

Collaboration in wireless sensor systems must be fault-tolerant due to the harsh environmental conditions at which such systems can be deployed. This paper focuses on finding the signal processing algorithms for collaborative target detection based on the generalized approach to signal processing （GASP） in the presence of noise. The signal processing algorithms are efficient in terms of communication cost, precision, accuracy, and number of faulty sensors tolerable in the wireless sensor systems. Two types of generalized signal processing algorithms, namely, value fusion and decision fusion constructed according to GASP in the presence of noise, are identified first. When comparing their performance and communication overhead, the decision fusion algorithm is found to become superior to the value fusion algorithm as the ratio of faulty sensors to fault free sensors increases. The use of GASP under designing the value and decision fusion algorithms in wireless sensor systems allows us to obtain the same performance, but at low values of signal energy, as well as under employment of the universally adopted signal processing algorithms widely used in practice.

基于杂波拖尾分布的雷达无人机检测性能分析

固定翼无人机(unmanned aerial vehicle,UAV)给雷达低空监视提出了严峻挑战。分析雷达对固定翼UAV的检测性能,可为雷达UAV检测能力评估和技术升级提供重要参考。本文结合雷达探测低空固定翼UAV外场实测数据,首先分析了低空固定翼UAV雷达接收信号幅度统计分布,采用多项式对杂波拖尾导致的虚警概率进行拟合建模;然后,根据虚警概率分布得到雷达检测门限;进而根据UAV回波+杂波幅度分布理论推导得到雷达检测概率;最后,将理论分析性能与传统性能分析结果、雷达实际检测性能进行对比。结果表明,采用多项式对杂波拖尾导致的虚警概率进行单独建模,由此获得的雷达检测门限精度更高,从而使雷达UAV检测性能分析结果较传统性能分析结果更准确。

基于主用户信号占空比的频谱感知阈值优化

传统的频谱感知决策阈值设置仅与虚警概率或检测概率有关,但实际中主用户信号的占空比也会影响阈值。针对该情况,提出了与占空比有关的频谱感知阈值优化函数,并推导了优化后的能量检测法阈值理论表达式。仿真结果表明,与能量检测法在传统阈值下的性能相比,主用户信号存在概率较高时,优化后的阈值具有更高的检测概率;当主用户信号存在概率较低时,优化后的阈值具有更低的虚警概率。

红外成像系统作用距离的估算

在红外成像系统中 ,任何虚假和不需要的信号统称为噪声。噪声的存在干扰了有用信号的探测 ,减少了系统的作用距离。从信号和噪声的统计特性出发 ,文中详细推导了虚警概率与门限信噪比、探测概率与信噪比的关系 ,基于此推导了红外成像系统对点源目标的作用距离公式。对面源目标 ,重新确定了温差的概念 ,综合考虑目标的面形尺寸、观察等级和探测概率的要求 ,以MRTD为基准计算作用距离。编制了相应的软件 ,可以快速计算出不同探测概率下的作用距离。

雷达网检测概率计算及性能评估

基于雷达方程,推导了任意虚警概率下的目标距离、雷达散射截面积、检测概率与脉冲积累数之间的关系,建立了一种高精度的雷达检测概率计算模型。根据该检测概率模型,提出了评估雷达网综合检测性能的方法。研究成果既可用于防御方对雷达网的优化部署,也可用于进攻方的突防路径规划。仿真结果验证了模型和方法的有效性。

一种改进的跳频信号信道化检测方法

在通信对抗中,对目标跳频信号进行有效检测是对该信号进行后续处理及实施干扰的前提,利用信道化检测方法实现对跳频信号的盲检测。侦察方作为通信非协作接收者,无法与目标信号发送端实现时间同步,导致信道化检测方法性能不佳,针对此问题,提出一种简单高效的判决门限改进算法。仿真结果表明:采用改进算法,虚警概率显著降低,在信噪比大于-2 dB时检测概率有一定的提高。最后给出了关于进一步提高信道化检测方法性能的几点策略。

DSP预警卫星探测能力评估

为合理评估DSP预警卫星的探测能力,提出了以卫星规定的探测概率、虚警概率、目标首次捕获时间和最低探测高度为指标并对卫星探测过程进行系统建模的仿真评估方法。通过建立卫星与导弹间位置参数模型、导弹目标红外辐射模型、导弹弹道模型、大气背景辐射模型和卫星探测器噪声模型,并结合STK软件构建了DSP预警卫星探测能力仿真评估系统。利用该系统开展仿真研究得出如下结论:在保持天气状况和卫星与导弹间的位置关系不变的前提下,卫星系统规定的探测概率越大或虚警概率越小,DSP预警卫星的可靠性越高,探测能力先减弱后保持不变;在保持卫星规定的探测概率和虚警概率以及卫星与导弹间的位置关系不变的前提下,DSP预警卫星晴天在2.7μm波段的探测能力比云天强;在保持卫星规定的探测概率和虚警概率以及天气状况不变的前提下,DSP预警卫星对高纬度目标的探测能力比对低纬度目标弱。

基于多尺度小波能量积累的雷达回波检测方法

提出了多尺度小波能量积累器的概念 ,并给出了相应的多尺度小波能量积累算法 ,将信号在不同分解尺度上的小波能量进行积累。在此基础上设计出一种用于弱信号检测的小波能量检测算法 ,对低信噪比信号检测进行了仿真实验。仿真结果表明 ,该检测算法对强白噪声及强色噪声背景下的低信噪比信号的检测非常有效 。

四Gm-APD探测器提高激光雷达探测性能的研究

提出了一种四Gm-APD单次探测的激光雷达系统,该系统采用2×2的光纤阵列同时接收回波脉冲,利用四通道实时比对得到目标的距离信息。计算了该系统探测概率、虚警概率和测距精度,并与传统单Gm-APD四次累积探测激光雷达系统进行相互比较。结果表明,四Gm-APD激光雷达系统不仅能够使探测速度提高到4倍,其探测性能也都明显优于单Gm-APD四次累积探测的激光雷达。探测概率从60.6%提高到了91.6%,虚警概率从1.9%下降到了0.2%,测距精度从1.771 m提高到了0.440 m。最后,分别对两个系统进行了64×64像素的距离像仿真,仿真结果验证了该方法的正确性。

一种大步进伪码快速捕获方法的研究

在无线电导航系统中,低信噪比的情况下长伪码序列的快速捕获和重捕成为系统必须解决的一个重要问题.针对该问题,提出了一种大步进伪码快速捕获方法,并给出了大步进伪码快速捕获的原理和实现方法,详细分析了该方法的检测概率、虚警概率和平均捕获时间.该方法易于采用大规模集成芯片和数字信号处理算法实现且已经应用到实际接收机系统中,仿真结果和实践证明该方法具有较快的捕获速度,捕获灵敏度高,能够在低信噪比下稳定工作.

一种改进的GPS信号捕获策略的性能分析

针对一种克服位翻转设计的GPS信号捕获策略缺乏理论评估,以及判决门限计算公式失配的问题,对该策略下的接收机捕获性能做了理论分析及定量评估,给出了虚警概率和检测概率的解析表达式,以及修正的判决门限计算公式。从理论上证明了这种策略在存在数据位翻转时的有效性,并指出当利用传统判决门限计算公式对该策略进行设计时,预期性能与实际捕获性能间存在较大偏差,而给出的修正计算公式可以得到与真实值吻合的分析结果。该结论对接收机研制有指导意义和实用价值。