Water, Sanitation and Hygiene in Lower-Level Health Care Facilities of Dar es Salaam Region in Tanzania: Status towards Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals and Way Forward

Background: Improving Water, Sanitation and Hygiene in health care settings is a critical prerequisite for achieving national health goals and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The World Health Organization (WHO) has set a target for each United Nations member state to reach by 2030. Each member state is required to reach by 2022, 2025 and 2030 at least 60%, 80% and 100%, respectively of basic level of service of the five elements which are water, sanitation, hygiene, waste management and environmental cleaning. Methods: This study aimed to evaluate and document the current state of basic water, sanitation, and hygiene services in all lower-level health care facilities in the Dar es Salaam region of Tanzania as of July 2022. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 99 public dispensaries in the Dar es Salaam region’s five councils: Ubungo, Kigamboni, Kinondoni and Temeke Municipalities, and Ilala City. The interviewee form and observational checklists were both digitalized using the Kobo tool software. The respondents were health care facility in-charges or nurse in-charges. Data were downloaded, validated, and imported to Stata version 15 for analysis. Results: The basic WASH level per JMP is far below the target in 2022. Each member state by 2022 is required to reach at least 60% of the basic level of service of each element. We found a low coverage of basic WASH in the 99 dispensaries included in this study. The basic WASH coverage was met in only 10 (10.1%) of the dispensaries, while the remaining 89 (89.9%) dispensaries fall on limited WASH services. Conclusion: This study revealed lower coverage of basic WASH services in dispensaries. An urgent need is required to improve the status of WASH in all the dispensaries and facilitate the provision of quality health care services, patient safety and reduce health care associated infections.

Ideas for the realization of China＇s overall national basic pension of workers

At present, the overall low level of pensions, chaotic management, regardless of the central and local powers, capital depreciation of greater risk. Plus various regions of pension imbalances, leading to a pension ＂empty accounts＂ has become increasingly prominent. Therefore, to achieve the basic pension national urban, it is an effective measure to deal with these problems. Manpower is a systematic project, implementation may face difficulties. Therefore, the need to coordinate all aspects of the relationship, select the appropriate time to reform, optimize the overall path, and improve related measures is to ensure the smooth implementation of integrated basis.

A Study on Senior English Vocabulary Teaching Based on Prototype Category Theory

The emphasis is laid on expanding students’vocabulary in the new English Curriculum Standards.Without effective approaches to vocabulary learning,students can hardly form vocabulary networks in mind.Combining with modern educational technology,the author carries out experimental teaching to explore the effectiveness of vocabulary teaching based on prototype category theory and presents some samples of vocabulary teaching.The study shows that these teaching methods can effectively enhance students’cognition abilities,stimulate association,promote vocabulary processing,form a categorized network schema,and finally improve students’lexical competence and long-term memory.

Noise Exposure Levels in Basic School Environments in a City in Ghana

Basic schools that are located in heavily populated residential and commercial areas in Ghana are exposed to environmental noise that can have detrimental effects on the academic attainments of children. Limited studies have been conducted on noise level in basic schools to date in Ghana. The objective of the study was to assess noise levels in and around learning spaces in basic schools in Ghana with a focus on Kumasi. A survey employing the use of interviews and an empirical monitoring of noise levels in and around learning spaces in four selected basic schools were adopted. The study revealed that mean outdoor and indoor noise levels exceed the World Health Organisation permissible limits by 30 - 40 percent and 90 - 107 percent respectively for schools in the commercial zones and schools that are located near highways. The school that is sited in an educational environment with a setback from the highway attained mean noise levels ranging from 1.2 percent below to 3.7 percent above the permissible limits for outdoor and between 64 - 105 percent for indoor. The outcome of the study is expected to engender the design of environmental noise resilient buildings to facilitate teaching and learning in basic schools in Ghana.

Assisting Nurses in Basic-Level Hospitals to Improve Three Capacities

The importance of scientific study has received more and more attentions from various levels of hospitals,while paper writing,topic declaring,and achievement and patent grasping have become the fundamental tasks for the hospitals. As nurses in basic-level hospitals,howto find and implement excellent scientific research thoughts in busy work has become a challenge in front of them. Nursing of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western M edicine attempts to establish a Special Fund for Nursing of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western M edicine( "Special Fund"for short),aiming to support and assisting nurses in basic-level hospitals to conduct nursing-associated scientific research project approval,achievement declaration and publication,and to promote the co-improvement of scientific research level,academic level and quality of journals in domestic nursing field of integrated traditional Chinese and western medicine by assisting the nurses in basic-level hospitals to improve their declaring,executing and summarizing capacities on nursing research topics.

面向订单装配系统(ATO)两阶段随机库存优化研究

基于零部件的基本库存水平补货策略,在多周期订单产品需求不确定情况下构建两阶段随机优化模型:第一阶段在需求未知情况下,规划不同零部件基本库存水平决策变量,实现系统收益最大化;第二阶段针对订单交货期约束创新性设计订单指派决策变量,考虑在不确定需求收益和订单延期惩罚情况下,最大化订单期望收益.通过采样获取不同需求场景,并将不确定需求转成期望需求,针对该期望需求下的单阶段确定性模型求解,并与随机模型结果进行对比.数值实验表明,随机模型的优化结果远差于确定性模型,即未知信息具有一定的价值;同时通过对模型中参数的灵敏度分析,得到了实际中提升系统收益的策略.

The Project System and the Mobilization of Basic Level Governments: A Sociological Study of the Project-oriented Operation of Social Management

Given the shortage of administrative resources at the basic level, higher level authorities are making more and more use of the project system to mobilize basic level local governments. Compared with the traditional bureaucratic system, the project system offers higher level departments centralized financial management power, special personnel arrangements and highly efficient mobilization procedures, enabling them to see results faster. The promotion of the project system in basic level governments has resulted in a restructuring of the bureaucratic system and has seen an internal government mobilization shift from ＂hierarchical mobilization＂ to ＂multiple-line mobilization＂ and a project-centered model of administrative resource allocation. In addition, the ＂self-aggrandizing＂ effect of the project system means that it has gone deep into the government system, where it has a sustained and increasing influence.

基于Visual Basic实现徕卡DNA03电子水准仪数据处理

基于Visual Basic平台研发电子水准仪数据处理软件,并利用Visual Basic与Microsoft Word进行交互,一键输出信息完整、简单明了、符合测绘成果归档要求的水准测量成果文档。软件实现了从原始数据到成果文档的自动化处理,包括数据提取、数据计算、超限数据提示、成果文档输出等功能,大大提高了电子水准测量内业资料整理效率和准确性,具有一定的实用性。

浅谈大学生如何备考全国计算机等级考试(二级)——Visual Basic科目

全国计算机等级考试(二级)V isual Basic科目作为一种计算机应用能力水平考试,现已成为高校非计算机专业最重要的考试之一,受到在校大学生和社会各界的重视。本文从树立正确的复习思路、合理分配复习时间和采取有效的复习方法等方面提供了值得借鉴的经验。

基于Visual Basic的水文数据格式的自动转换

结合推进水利部门信息化的工作需要，本文利用当前的快速应用程序开发工具Visual Basic实现了水文水位数据传输系统的数据后处理一自动格式转换，大大提高了部门工作效率，让计算机程序顶替了原来的手工操作，对于水利领域乃至其他行业中的数据格式转换工作具有一定的参考价值。

政策工具视角下我国基本医保市级统筹推进的政策文本分析与启示

目的:通过对我国261份基本医保市级统筹政策文本进行量化分析,发现在政策时间、政策工具类型和政策目标不同维度上的分布特征,为进一步完善基本医保市级统筹、推进省级统筹提供参考。方法:通过内容分析和定量分析方法,构建“政策工具类型—政策目标—政策时间”三维框架,对地市级层面医保统筹政策条目进行多维分类和交叉分析。结果:从政策工具类型维度来看,需求型和环境型政策工具不断完善,医保与医疗服务协同、权责关系划分等日益得到重视,但局部政策子工具缺失等问题突出;从政策目标维度来看,政策目标多维覆盖,但缺乏协同性;从政策时间维度来看,政策工具的发展呈现循序渐进、行政指令层级扩散的特点。启示:优化多种政策工具,完善政策内容与目标适配性,形成政策合力;总结基本医保市级统筹政策变迁及政策工具应用的经验,为我国推进省级统筹提供参考。

A Study of Dispelling Lexical Fossilization for English Learners

Fossilization was first proposed by the famous British linguist Larry Selinker in his article Interlanguage in 1972.NonEnglish majors make many lexical errors in the process of English writings in universities.Therefore,their writing levels may reach a plateau and fail to make progress.Once English vocabulary is fossilized,it will prevent the development of students' writing competence.Inspired and stimulated by the observation of lexical errors in the university,the author intends to explore effective and feasible methods of dispelling lexical fossilization from the perspective of the theories of prototype and basic-level category and tries to provide a useful supplement in this area.

高校优秀基层教学组织建设与实践——以南京邮电大学信息与计算科学系为例

基层教学组织是高校落实教学任务、促进教师教学发展、组织开展学术研究、承担群体性教学活动的最基本单元,其建设水平直接关系到高校的教学质量和人才培养质量。南京邮电大学优秀基层教学组织信息与计算科学系,在加强党建引领、深化专业改革、强化师资队伍培养、优化组织管理等方面进行了探索和实践。在创新党建新模式、提升人才培养质量、促进教师团队可持续性发展、提高教研保障条件等方面取得了良好效果。信息与计算科学系重视基层教学组织的建设,着力培养具有创新精神和实践能力的高素质人才,为学院和学校的建设和发展贡献力量,为今后基层教学组织的进一步发展奠定了良好的基础。

药学基础研究国际合作中我国城市参与度定量测度

目的定量测度我国城市在药学基础研究国际合作中的参与度。方法通过Web of Science数据库检索2021年1月至2023年8月我国发表的药学基础研究相关论文,提取发文机构及其所在城市,统计发文量排名前列的城市和机构的国际合作论文数量及占比,构建全球合作网络,计算其在国际合作网络中的度、加权度、接近中心性、中介中心性和聚类系数,并采用优劣解距离(TOPSIS)法将上述指标汇总生成综合指标,比较不同城市和机构的重要性。结果北京、上海和广州的国际合作论文数量及TOPSIS得分连续3年全国排名前3,其次是南京、杭州、武汉、成都等城市;深圳是我国非港澳台地区国际合作论文占比最高的城市,但缺乏实力相对突出的机构;苏州和西安近几年的TOPSIS得分排名逐年提升。浙江大学、复旦大学、首都医科大学、上海交通大学、广州医科大学、北京大学等为国际合作中表现较好的机构。结论我国不同城市在药学研究国际合作中的参与度存在明显差异,以北京、上海、广州、南京、杭州、武汉、成都、深圳等城市表现较突出,苏州和西安也处于上升趋势。

“院校合作、医教协同”模式培养新时代基层医生的实践研究

职业教育领域不同专业类别的人才培养模式不尽相同,但根本目的都是把职业教育改革落到实处,提高职业教育资源的利用率和覆盖率,为社会发展提供高质量人力资源。借此契机,襄阳职业技术学院临床医学专业创新体制机制改革,探索实施新时代基层医生“院校合作、医教协同”培养模式,为高职临床医学专业人才的高质量培养提供参考。

多层级视角下基础研究社会-技术系统的主体、要素及作用机制

基础研究是整个科学体系的源头,其创新发展和突破将从根本上助推国家创新能力和国际科技竞争力提升,也是中国“加快建设科技强国,实现高水平科技自立自强”的根本前提。本文从社会-技术系统角度出发,运用多层级视角分析框架,探讨中国基础研究社会-技术系统的构成主体和构成要素,在此基础上系统分析基础研究社会-技术系统景观层、体制层和利基层三个层级协同互动推动基础研究创新的作用机制,以及三个层级的多重要素协同并发促进基础研究创新的作用机制。研究结果表明:推进基础研究需要基础研究社会-技术系统各个层级之间相互协调配合,要加强景观环境的引导和利基空间的防护培育,还应当注重体制层系统多维度的变革和调整,以突破基础研究社会-技术体制的路径依赖和锁定。

护理专升本《基础护理理论与实践》课程教学研究

目的了解护理专升本学生对《基础护理理论与实践》课程教学的感受,为提高教学和学习效果提供参考依据。方法选取2021年3—7月新疆医科大学698名专升本护生为调查对象,采用问卷调查的方式,探讨《基础护理理论与实践》课程的授课内容、教学方法及考核方式等。结果1)在护理专升本学生中,女生609名(87.25%)占比大于男生89名(12.75%);北疆379名(54.30%)高于南疆271名(38.83%)和疆外48名(6.88%);对专业感兴趣的为481名(68.91%),不感兴趣的为75名(10.74%)。2)在理论学习方面,学生认为排列在前3位的重要内容为:静脉输液与输血633名(90.69%)、病情观察及危重症患者的管理607名(86.96%)、给药598名(85.67%)。实验项目中,学生认为心肺复苏最重要626名(89.68%),其次为静脉输液620名(88.83%)及各种注射法616名(88.25%)。3)授课方式方面:理论授课中选择案例式教学法最多623名(89.26%),实验授课中选择演示法最多607名(86.96%)。4)在考核评价方式方面:选择线上考核的形式的学生最多,共565名(80.95%)。结论专升本的学生在性别、生源地、对专业的兴趣度及选择专升本的原因存在多元化,学生在学习中对教学内容、教学方法及考核评价方式的选择存在差异,教师应根据学生实际情况,调整教学内容、教学方法及考核评价方法,以提高教学效果。

县级融媒赋能基层治理现代化:角色认知、功能定位与治理实践

在基层治理视角下,对于县级融媒的角色认知,应放置到社会建构和国家政策的宏观框架中加以理解,它决定了对于县级融媒核心功能的定位。县级融媒体中心“引导群众”和“服务群众”是一种“互融互嵌”的关系,是基层治理中不可分割的两个部分。“引导群众”的本质,是通过内容生产、意见沟通,为基层宣传思想工作赋能,为国家主流意识形态的传播、地方社会治理和文化共识的形成提供功能性支撑;“服务群众”的核心,是通过深度嵌入现代化治理体系,推动基层治理现代化的创新性发展。

不同智力障碍程度儿童BMI水平与基本动作技能关系研究

对60名9~12岁智力障碍程度不同的儿童进行身体质量指数(BMI)和基本动作技能的测试与评价,以探讨不同智力障碍程度儿童BMI水平与基本动作技能间的关系.结果发现:不同智力障碍程度儿童的超重与肥胖的检出率较高,轻度和重度智力障碍儿童的超重与肥胖检出率高于边缘性智力障碍儿童;智力障碍程度不同的儿童在身高、体重和BMI等方面存在显著差异;智力障碍儿童的基本动作技能水平受到多种因素影响,其中智力障碍程度、性别和BMI水平是关键因素;基本动作技能、位移技能和物体控制技能与BMI呈负相关关系,其中位移技能对BMI的影响更为显著.研究表明:提升基本动作技能的锻炼可以改善智力障碍儿童的超重与肥胖水平,提高其身体健康素养.

功能与能力匹配视角下我国基本医疗保障制度高质量发展路径探索

全面深化医疗保障制度改革,实现医疗保障高质量发展关键在于全面建成多层次医疗保障体系。基本医疗保障作为多层次医疗保障体系的核心内容,在社会主要矛盾发生变化的形势下,出现了功能与能力不匹配的严峻问题。文章深入剖析了基本医疗保障高质量发展面临的外部需求挑战和内部能力制约,切实提出了推进基本医疗保障高质量发展的实现路径,即按“二十大”要求推动多层次医疗保障体系的建设,将协同治理引入医疗保障制度改革,既最优化发挥基本医疗保障的核心功能,也最大化发挥商业健康保险的重要功能。并以此为基础,针对功能与能力不匹配提出三种破解途径,并按照全面深化医疗保障制度改革“1+4+2”框架提出推进基本医疗保障高质量发展的制度框架,为新时期医疗保障制度深化改革提供有价值的建议。