The Socialist Rule of Law with Chinese Characteristics and Human Rights Protection

Law is the fundamental method of governance and the rule of law symbolizes modern civilization. The socialist rule of law is the rule of law rooted in the Chinese tradition, and designed and led by the Communist Party of China(CPC). It is not only a tool for government, but also a driver of social progress. Meanwhile, the Chinese human rights system is also designed by the CPC. Both concepts—the socialist rule of law and the human rights system——are different from the West in terms of theory, path and systems. Human rights are the fundamental values of and the ultimate goal pursued by the rule of law; and the rule of law is the recognition of and guarantee for human rights. Efforts must be made to advance legislative, administrative and judicial protection of human rights.

Revisiting the Spirit of the UDHR and Discussing Human Rights Development——Summary of Views from the Seminar Commemorating the 75th Anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights

On December 4,2023,the China Society for Human Rights Studies hosted a seminar in Beijing commemorating the 75^(th) Anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.Participants discussed topics such as the significance of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights,China’s theories and practices in respecting and safeguarding human rights,the three global initiatives and global human rights governance,human rights protection in the digital age,and telling Chinese stories of human rights in the new era.The discussions led to a broad consensus and achieved positive results.

The Development of Human Rights Protection in Cross-border Personality Rights and Tort Conflict Laws

Personality rights are basic rights related to human dignity in the concept of human rights protection,and respect for personality rights is the basic prerequisite for safeguarding other human rights.Human rights protection exerts a profound impact on the value of legislation and enforcement practices of private international laws in the field of cross-border personality rights infringement in various countries,which is mainly manifested in the integration of substantive justice and the humanistic care concept of protecting the rights of vulnerable groups into formal justice,and expands the development space of human rights protection ideas in cross-border personality rights and tort conflict laws.the diversity of human rights protection values determines that cross-border personality rights infringement may lead to conflicts between personality rights and other basic rights,such as freedom of speech.to reconcile such conflicts,a workable method is to prioritize personality rights protection in accordance with the hierarchy of rights theory in the value judgment of public order reservation or to clarify the limits of the right holder’s tolerance obligation through the limited application of the principle of proportionality.China’s current cross-border personality rights and tort conflict law can optimize the protection of the rights of vulnerable groups by diversifying the options of available legal methods,and establish a balancing mechanism between personality rights and freedom of speech,so as to improve China’s legal protection system for human rights in the field of foreign-related civil and commercial affairs.

Forty Years' Construction of Rule of Law and the Legalization of Human Rights Protection in China

A market economy requires the individual rights of citizens be protected, and that the exercising of those rights be regulated, whose realization depends on the legalization of human rights protection On the one hand, individual rights must be protected by law On the other hand, a law-based society needs to be built so the boundaries of individual rights are clear, the exercising of those rights are regulated, conflicts between rights can be resolved through the courts, and the personal infringement of others’ rights and the overall interests of the society is prohibited by law During the 40 years of China’s ref orm and opening-up in China, the promotion of the legal protection of human rights mainly lies in three aspects: first, the important role of the rule of law plays in protecting human rights has been clarified; second, the four steps of the rule of law(scientific legislation, strict law enforcement, judicial justice and observance of the law by all Chinese citizens) have been strengthened to safeguard human rights fully and effectively; third, the Chinese human rights system under the rule of law has gradually been aligned with international norms.

Persist in Law-based Protection of Human Rights and Improve the Mechanism for the Protection of Human Rights by the Rule of Law

General Secretary Xi Jinping delivered an important speech on China’s Path of Human Rights at a group study session of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee on February 25,2022.Persisting with the law-based protection of human rights and improving the mechanism for the protection of human rights by the rule of law are essential for unswervingly following the development path of human rights in China.The improvement of the mechanism for the protection of human rights by the rule of law necessitates adhering to the principle of respecting the dominant role of the people and removing the institutional obstacles in rule of law protection of human rights;to comprehensively strengthen the implementation of the Constitution,advance the filing and examination of the Constitution,and safeguard the authority of the Constitution;to accelerate the theoretical innovation of human rights and the construction of the discipline system,the academic system and the discourse system of human rights that meet the needs of the new era in China,and to actively participate in and contribute to the global governance on human rights,etc.Improving the mechanism for the protection of human rights by the rule of law can provide a solid protection for people enjoying a better life.

Human Rights Protection in the Context of Ruling the Country by Law

At a conference in Beijing on December 4, 2012 marking the 30th anni- versary of the adoption of the current Constitution, General Secretary of the CPC Central Committee Xi Jinping pointed out, ＂To fully implement the Constitution is the primary task and the basic work in building a socialist nation ruled by law.＂ He also said, ＂A country ruled by law should be first ruled by the Constitution, and lawful governance should be based on the Constitution.＂

Enhancing the Rule of Law in China,Improving Judicial Protection for Human Rights

The Third Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China （CPC） was a vi-tally important meeting during the decisive stage of China constructing a well-off society in an all-round way. It endorsed the CPC Central Committee＇s ＂Decision on Certain Key Issues on Comprehensively Deepening Reform＂ （hereafter, ＂the decision.＂） The decision condensed the thinking and wisdom of the entire Party and society regarding comprehensively deepening reform and made a series of new breakthroughs in theory and politics related to reform.

Rule by Criminal Law is a Seismograph for the Protection of Human Rights

Criminal law involves crucial rights of the public,including property rights,political rights,freedom,and even life.As a result,on the one hand,any change to the rule by criminal law may have a significant impact on people’s lives;on the other hand,any change to the rule by criminal law is a highly sensitive issue.In view of these points,the rule by criminal law is often referred to as the seismograph for the protection of human rights,indicating the utmost importance of rule by criminal law

Advancing Rule of Law in Human Rights Protection While Developing a “Socialist Rule of Law System with Chinese Characteristics”

It is very timely and necessary for us to hold this seminar in the beautiful Suzhou Campus of Renmin University of China to deeply study and implement the decisions of the Fourth Plenary Session of the 18th Communist Party of China(CPC)Central Committee,push forward the construction of China’s rule of law and jointly discuss the development of China’s human rights cause.

Advocating Human Rights Protection by Rule of Law, Supporting Human Rights Undertaking with a Giant Hand——Deep Condolences to Dear Former President Luo Haocai

Chairman Luo Haocai served as the president of CSHRS from 2007 to 2016.During those nine years, he built deep friendships with researchers on human rights.Because President Luo served as vice chairman of the National Committee of CPPCC for a long time, we were used to calling him "Chairman Luo." Chairman Luo was a leader with strategic and overall awareness, a scholar-official, an elder with a young mentality, and a motivator and protector of young people.

Protection of Human Rights through Administrative Litigation——An interview with Professor Zhan Zhongle,School of Law,Peking University

Question： Would you elaborate on the progress China has made under the state policy of reform and opening-up in improving the system of administrative litigation？ Answer： Efforts-in this reguard began in 1982, with publication of the Law of Civil Procedures （for trial implementation）.

From Power to Rights: Interpreting Inscribing “To Respect and Protect Human Rights” in the Amended Criminal Procedure Law

Human rights are one of the widely acknowledged value systems in the international ,community. The core of human rights lies in the life and dignity of human beings. On the one hand, criminal procedure law is related to life and freedom, which is the concern of everybody. On the other hand, it involves direct dialogue between national power and citizens＇ fights.

The Analysis of the Refugee Determination System of China in the New International Situation

The refugee determination system directly affects whether or not an asylum seeker can obtain a country’s legal protection. The rational construction of China’s refugee determination system is not only the need to comply with China’s obligations under the International Refugee Convention, but also the requirement for the protection of the legitimate rights of refugees in China. Under the current framework of international law and domestic law, we should gradually improve China’s legal system of refugee status determination, and we should determine refugee screening agencies and define their division of labor and powers rationally, according to the actual situation of China. In the meantime, we should attach importance to undertaking China’s international obligations and strengthening international cooperation in refugee relief.

Public Security Penalties Law Respects, Protects Human Rights

On August 28, 2005, China＇s highest legislature adopted the Law on Penalties in Respect to Public Security Management （hereinafterrefen＇ed to as the Public Security Penalties Law for short）. The Law, adopted at the 17th meeting of the Standing Committee of the Tenth National People＇s Congress, shall become effective for implementation on March 1, 2006 to replace the Regulations on Penalties in Respect to Public： Security Management （Herein after referred to as the Public Security Penalties Regulations for short） that has been in practice for 18 years.

习近平加强人权法治保障论述的理论品格与实践要求

习近平加强人权法治保障论述包含法治是人权最有效的保障、宪法在人权保障中具有重要作用、法治建设是人权保障的关键、政法队伍建设是人权法治保障的基础等核心要义,是马克思主义人权与法治关系学说的重要理论突破,具有政治性与法治性有机融合、价值目标与实现路径双向结合、内容丰富与逻辑严谨整体协调的鲜明理论特色。贯彻落实习近平这一重要论述,要进一步重视发挥法治在加强人权保障中的重要作用,加强立法执法司法守法的联动,以开放的视野充分借鉴国际法治经验和现代人权思想,促进我国人权法治保障水平的整体提升。

中国式刑事法治现代化视野下轻罪治理路径研究

在近些年中国的社会转型下,中国的犯罪结构、刑事立法、刑事政策都发生了巨大的变化,轻罪治理问题开始变的日益迫切。中国式刑事法治现代化视野下的轻罪治理强调在习近平法治思想的引领下推动轻罪治理的法治化、协调化和现代化。在立法层面,轻罪治理坚持以人民为中心的根本立场,将“尊重和保障人权”规定在刑法中,并推动犯罪分层模式、刑事一体化机制以及犯罪附随后果的规范化与协调化。在司法层面,轻罪治理首先强调司法理念应以实现公正与效率的兼顾为目标,并努力从以往治罪为目的的司法理念转向治理为目的的司法理念,实现法律效果、政治效果和社会效果的统一,其次司法强调解释方法上通过先形式后实质的解释进路贯彻刑事政策,在维护罪刑法定原则的基础上实现对公民基本权益的最大保障,最后司法上应强调手段的多元化,加强数字司法建设,从而通过效率的提高实现轻罪治理更高水平的数字正义。

国际人权法对引渡原则的影响

国际人权法在各国国内的实施,促进了保障人权的国际标准在世界范围被广泛接受,并推动了国际法的人本化过程。国际人权法通过被纳入引渡条约和国内法并适用于引渡案件中,对引渡的制度与实践产生了结构性影响。这不仅强化了罪行特定原则、双重犯罪原则与禁止双重危险原则等原有引渡原则对人权的尊重和保障,而且还直接产生了以保障被引渡人的人权为导向的引渡原则——禁止歧视原则和酷刑不引渡原则。国际人权法对引渡原则的影响在兼顾国家引渡利益的同时,强调了国家对人权保障义务的履行,改变了现代引渡制度的整体风貌。

人类辅助生殖技术法律规制边界和限度问题研究

人类辅助生殖技术的发展给不孕不育夫妻带去希望的同时,也对社会公序良俗和生命伦理产生了一定的影响,对人类辅助生殖技术的讨论离不开对人工胚胎的法律规制以及对生育权益的法律保障。因此,基于当前对生育权益的保护现状,在对公主体授权以及生命科技立法时需要遵循比例、不伤害、允许、尊重以及公众参与原则。本文最后从立法例的选择、人类胚胎的法律地位和保护以及对男性生育权益的保护三个方面讨论法律介入人类辅助生殖技术的边界和限度,以期促进人类辅助生殖技术的健康有序发展。

“民法帝国主义”的虚幻与宪法学的迷思——第三只眼看“根据宪法,制定本法”的争论

我国宪法学界和民法学界曾就《物权法》(草案)没有规定"根据宪法,制定本法"是否属于形式违宪,展开过激烈的争论,而且这种争论并没有因《物权法》的通过而停息。分析双方共识难以达成的原因,进而找出一个较为合理的答案就显得重要而紧迫。尽管民法学出于对法治的向往和对市民社会的渴望,但由于选择了一种不是很合适的论证路径和方式,因而得出了一个值得商榷的结论。毫无疑问,在一国的法律体系中,只有宪法才是"惟一根本法"。但是,"宪法是根本法"却并不意味着一定要在法律制定中有诸如"根据宪法,制定本法"之类的条款,宪法学界在此问题上的坚守可能是对"宪法是根本法"这一命题的误解。围绕《物权法》的制定所生发出来的学术争鸣既折射了我国法治建设所面临的种种复杂与艰难之境遇,也彰显了学科之间进行交流与沟通的必要性。

改革开放以来法治与人权关系的历史发展

改革开放以来,法治与人权关系的历史发展大体经历了分离、结合与融合三个历史阶段。在上世纪早期法治实践之中,法治与人权在十年左右的时间内处于分离状态,无论在理论研究还是在实践之中法治与人权都未建立有效关联。上世纪九十年代伊始,以1991年《中国的人权状况》白皮书、党的十五大报告、"国家尊重和保障人权"入宪为标志,法治与人权由分离向结合转变。此时,法治与人权在理论层面或实践层面都互有所指,处于价值互涉的状态。以党的十八大尤其是十八届四中全会为界,法治与人权趋于融合。由此开始,法治的人权保障价值与人权的法治保障方式高度融合,处于无法隔离的状态。