The Quality Difference of Tobacco Leaves Between Different Flue-curing Processes in Honghe Tobacco-growing Area

[Objectives] This study was conducted to compare the effects of different curing processes,in order to optimize the local supporting intensive fluecuring process.[Methods] A comparative experiment was carried out in Mile,Luxi and Jianshui on the four-layer tobacco-packed intensive curing process(K1)and the eight-point precise and intensive curing process(K2).[Results]The results showed that according to the appearance evaluation of the tobacco leaves,K1 was higher than K2 in respective scores of color,maturity,leaf structure and defects and the total score,while K1 equaled K2 in the scores of identity,oil content,chroma and length.The differences in respective scores of the two processes were not significant.According to the results of sensory evaluation,the two tobacco enterprises got different evaluation results of unblended cigarettes made of the middle leaves due to different raw material requirements of the enterprises by different processes.K1 was higher than K2 in the sensory evaluation of China Tobacco Yunnan Industrial Co.,Ltd.,while it was lower than K2 in that of China Tobacco Zhejiang Industrial Co.,Ltd.,and the difference in the total score between the two processes was significant.From the content of chemical components,in the conventional chemical component contents including total sugar,reducing sugar,chlorine and starch,K1 was higher than K2,while in the contents of potassium,total phytonine,total nitrogen and petroleum ether extract,K1 was lower than K2,but the differences were not significant.K1 was lower than K2 in the contents of neutral aroma components including ketones,alcohols,aldehydes,heterocyclics,neophytadiene and total content,while K1 was higher than K2 in the contents of esters,phenols,but the respective differences were not significant.Except the significant difference in the total score in the sensory evaluation of China Tobacco Zhejiang Industrial Co.,Ltd.,there were no significant differences in other items in the appearance evaluation,sensory evaluation and chemical composition of tobacco leaves between K1 and K2.[Conclusions] The supporting intensive curing process can be further optimized on the basis of this study.

Curing Technology for Improving the Quality of Upper Tobacco Leaves

In order to improve the curing quality and industrial availability of upper tobacco leaves,the effects of different temperature differences between dry and wet bulbs in yellowing stage on the chemical composition,aroma substances and economic characters of upper tobacco leaves were investigated using field test and indoor test. The results showed that when the dry bulb temperature was 38℃ and the temperature difference between dry and wet bulbs was 1. 5℃,the coordination of chemical constituents and the content of aroma substances in the upper tobacco leaves were increased,the appearance quality and sensory evaluation quality were significantly improved,and the economic characters after curing were improved,thereby improving the yield and quality of the upper tobacco leaves.

Life Sciences and the Overall Quality of Society

Human survival and develop-ment are closely linked with the lifesciences. Agriculture, population,medicine, the environment andecology, all of them are inseparablefrom the development of life sci-ences and technologies, and it is onlife sciences that the human racedepends for sustainable economicdevelopment in the future.

Improved Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index scores on first postoperative night achieved by propofol anesthesia in patients undergoing ambulatory gynecologic surgery

BACKGROUND Sleep disturbance on the first postoperative night commonly develops for patients after day surgeries. The choice of either total intravenous anesthesia by propofol or total inhalation anesthesia with sevoflurane has become an issue for preventing sleep disturbance.AIM To compare sleep quality on the first postoperative night for female patients after total intravenous anesthesia by propofol and total inhalation anesthesia with sevoflurane.METHODS We enrolled 61 American Society of Anesthesia(ASA) class Ⅰ-Ⅱ outpatients who underwent minor gynecologic surgeries by either propofol or sevoflurane anesthesia. Sleep quality of the very night was assessed by the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index(PSQI) on the next day, and PSQI scores were compared by the Wilcoxon signed-rank test and paired t-test pre-operatively and postoperatively.RESULTS For the propofol group, the mean postoperative global PSQI score(3.3 ± 1.3) was lower than the mean preoperative global PSQI score(4.9 ± 2.3)(P < 0.001);for the sevoflurane group, the mean postoperative global PSQI score(6.5 ± 2.8) was higher than the mean preoperative global PSQI score(5.5 ± 3.2)(P = 0.02). Eighty percent of patients receiving propofol anesthesia subjectively reported improved sleep quality, but only 17% of patients receiving sevoflurane anesthesia reported improved sleep quality.CONCLUSION Sleep quality assessed by the PSQI is better improved in ASA class Ⅰ-Ⅱ female patients receiving propofol anesthesia other than sevoflurane anesthesia for undergoing minor gynecologic surgeries.

Community Governance in Urban Areas from the Perspective of Social Quality Theory

Social quality theory,as a new theory of social development research,is aim ed at studying the overall social situation through a series of social indicators system from which includes four elem ents: socio-econom ic security,social inclusion,social cohesion,social empowerment and participation. Community governance is the basic platform of society governance. The application of social quality approach to study community governance will give us not only a new analytical tool to assess the effect of com munity governance but also decision-making source to formulate community development policy,so as to give a future vision and direction to community development.

Canonical Correlation between the Leaf Quality Indicators of "Moderate Aroma" Flue-cured Tobacco

In order to find out the correlation between tobacco quality evaluation indicators in China's traditional " moderate aroma" tobaccoproducing areas and simplify the tobacco quality evaluation indicators,we evaluate the appearance quality and smoking quality of 143 flue-cured tobacco leaf samples in China's " moderate aroma" tobacco-producing areas,test the physical traits and chemical component,and analyze the canonical correlation between four quality evaluation indicators. The results show that there is significant or extremely significant canonical correlation between four evaluation indicators( tobacco smoking quality,chemical component,appearance quality and physical trait quality); the cumulative variance contribution rate of evaluation indicators is in the order of chemical component( 69. 17%) > appearance quality( 68. 76%) > physical traits( 64. 13%); appearance quality is most closely related to physical traits( 93. 84%). The individual indicators for tobacco quality evaluation make different contribution to the correlation between quality evaluation indicators. The chemical component evaluation indicators mainly include total sugar and ratio of total sugar to betaine; sensory taste indicators mainly include aroma volume,smoke concentration,irritation and softness degree; physical trait evaluation indicators mainly include leaf weight,leaf length and leaf density; appearance quality indicators mainly include leaf organizational structure,color,maturity and identity. Studies have shown that in the large-scale ecoregion,using canonical correlation analysis to simplify tobacco quality evaluation indicators is feasible.

Analysis of the Appearance Quality of Tobacco Leaves in the Tobacco-growing Areas of Qujing City

In order to set up the digitization indices system of appearance quality of flue-cured tobacco leaves in Qujing. According to the relevant standards,the quantitative analysis on appearance quality of 39 cutter and upper tobacco leaf samples which were collected from eight fluecured tobacco production regions of Qujing City,Yunnan Province were carried out in 2011,respectively. The results showed that the difference in evaluation score of appearance quality of flue-cured tobacco in eight regions was not significant. The tobacco leaves had high maturity,high oil content,loose structure and good appearance quality. The scores of appearance quality of flue-cured tobacco in Shizong County and Malong County are higher than other regions. The two regions are suitable for tobacco plantation. The preliminary digitization indices provide reference and guidance to tobacco production and standards system of tobacco leaves base.

Climatic Characteristics of Hubei Tobacco Area and Its Influence on the Quality of Upper Leaves

In order to provide a more suitable environment for tobacco leaf growth, this study collected meteorological information and tobacco leaf quality information from the main tobacco-producing counties in the province and conducted relevant analysis to find out the main meteorological factors affecting the growth, development, yield, and quality of upper tobacco leaves. Clarify the suitable climatic conditions for the growth and development of the upper leaves, and clarify the influence of various meteorological factors on the quality of the upper leaves. The results showed that the nicotine and total nitrogen content of the upper leaves were significantly positively correlated with the average daily temperature during the maturity period, and negatively correlated with the rainfall during the maturity period;the rainfall in July was significantly positively correlated with the upper leaf clutter score, which was sufficient in the mature period. Moisture conditions are conducive to alleviating the upper leaf clutter;the number of sunshine hours in August is the main factor affecting the content of aroma substances in the upper leaves, and it is also significantly positively correlated with the content of aroma substances.

Study on Loading Leaves Density with Cage Clamp on Quality of Cured Tobaccos in Bulk-Curing Barn

In order to determine the best loading density of tobacco leaf with cage clamp in bulk-curing barns, a curing test was conducted on middle-part tobacco leaves. The results showed that for good appearance quality of cured tobacco, the loading density at 59.52 kg/m2 （4 000 kg/barn） was the best, fol owed by 66.96 kg/m2 （4 500 kg/barn） and 74.40 kg/m2 （5 000 kg/barn）. As leaf loading density increased, the contents of leaf nicotine and total nitrogen increased, sugar content had smal changes, the ratio of sugar to nicotine decreased and tended to be balanced and the content of neutral aroma substances was decreasing, but the difference among treatments was not significant. With the increase of loading density, the sensory quality of cured leaf was better. When leaf loading density was 66.96 kg/m2 （4 500 kg/barn）, apperance quality of cured leaf improved considerably, with prominent aro-ma. Therefore, the best loading density of tobacco leaf in cage clamp of bulk-curing barn would be 66.96 kg/m2 （4 500 kg/barn） .

Effects of Two Curing Methods on Quality of Yellow Sun-cured Tobacco

[Objective] The aim was to research effects of bamboo split curing method and steely barn curing method on quality of yellow sun-cured tobacco, providing scientific references for optimization of curing technology of yellow sun-cured tobacco. [method] The tobaccos were divided into two groups treated with two methods and the related indices of treated tobaccos were then measured to evaluate effects of curing methods on quality of yellow sun-cured tobacco. [Result] Tobaccos treated with two methods were all dominated by reddish yellow and yellow; exterior quality differed little. In detail, total sugar and reducing sugar in an average level in three locations were all higher with method A than those with method B, but nicotine and total N were lower; comprehensive chemical components in group with method B proved more appropriate with higher K. In addition, sensory qualities of leaves in moderate and bottom locations were better with method B compared with method A; sensory quality of top leaves was better; comprehensive sensory quality of leaves treated with method B proved better. On the other hand, cost for method A was 2.82 times of method B; the area of sun-curing field was 3.27 times and manage- ment work was 1.77 times, which indicated that method B is low-cost and time-saving, which would be a guarantee of tobacco quality. [Conclusion] The research provides scientific references for rational use of tobacco resources and optimization of sun-curing technology.

Effects of Different Flue-curing Barns on Aroma Quality of Upper Flue-cured Tobacco Leaves of K326

[Objective] This study was conducted to compare the aroma quality of up-per leaves of K326 flue-cured in different barns, and provide theoretical references for the development and optimization of bulk curing barn and the supporting tech-niques. [Method] The upper leaves of K326 were flue-cured in a commonness barn, a four-shelf bulk curing barn and a three-shelf bulk curing barn separately, and then the contents of aroma components and taste quality indices of the finished leaves were measured and compared. [Result] The contents of total aroma components, chromoplast pigment degradation products, phenylalanine aroma components and neophytadiene showed no significant differences in the leaves flue-cured in four-shelf bulk curing barn and commonness barn, but were significantly or very significantly higher than those in the leaves flue-cured in three-shelf bulk curing barn. The con-tents of carotenoid degradation products, Mail ard reaction products, cembranes aro-ma components and total aroma components （except neophytadiene） showed no significant difference among the three treatments. The results of sensory evaluation revealed that the sensory taste of the leaves flue-cured in four-shelf bulk curing barn was the best, as the finished leaves had rich, delicate aroma, comfortable and clean aftertaste. The leaves flue-cured in commonness barn was better than those flue-cured in three-shelf bulk curing barn in aroma quality, amount and aftertaste. [Conclusion] The four-shelf bulk curing barn had a large volume for tobacco leaf processing, but a similar baking environment to the commonness barn, which is conducive to the formation and accumulation of aroma components, so the finished leaves had similar appearance and quality with those flue-cured in commonness barn. The upper flue-cured leaves in three-shelf bulk curing bran had poorer quality than those flue-cured in the other two barns.

Strategies for the Revitalization of Urban Centers: The Case Studies of Almada, Setúbal, and Batumi

Over time,urban centers begin to show signs of vulnerability and to lose their identity.These centers,often referred to as“devitalized”or“lost”urban centers,require urgent urban revitalization programs.Until today,most urban intervention actions were based on physical principles,which caused the disappearance of important dynamics of vitality and give rise to the concepts of urban renewal,rehabilitation,and requalification.These concepts create a utopian idea about the city.This article intends to define strategic guidelines that will transform a devitalized area to an area more attractive to socio-economic investment.These guidelines must meet the“right to the city”by promoting the urban center as a space of belonging,with values of citizenship,ethics,and aesthetics and that does not only focus on the functional level,but essentially social.It is against this background that some successful cases of urban revitalization actions in the medium port cities of Almada and Setúbal in Portugal and Batumi in Georgia are presented.Presenting these cases is essential for understanding the situations,methods,and strategic actions to be applied in urban revitalization.This paper gathered that obtaining creative and innovative ideas would contribute to the promotion of urban revitalization.

Effects of Three Major Tobacco Curing Techniques on Raw Tobaccos

[Objective] The aim was to compare effects of three curing techniques （Chinese tobacco curing-method for improving tobacco quality and fragrance, Chi-nese （three-phase） tobacco curing technique, and Zimbabwe tobacco curing tech-nique） on quality of tobacco and to select optimal curing method. [Method] In Peng-shui county in Chongqing, tobacco variety K326 was chosen as test materials to conduct tobacco curing tests as per three techniques to analyze key components of raw tobacco, grade quality and evaluation quality. [Result] The content of starch in tobacco was reduced by Chinese tobacco curing-method for improving tobacco quality and fragrance, and the ratio of middle and high quality grade tobaccos improved by 1.8%-7.95%; average price increased by 1.64-3.21 yuan/kg; evaluation grade grew by 1.5-4.4. The technique is proved in enhancing tobacco fragrance quality and quantity as wel as improving and adjusting fragrance, taste and flavor. [Conclusion] Chinese （three-phase） tobacco curing technique improves tobacco quality and provides references for production demonstration areas of tobacco curing.

Comparative Analysis on Chemical Components and Sensory Quality of Aging Flue-Cured Tobacco from Four Main Tobacco Areas of China

Complicated changes are happening during the aging process of flue-cured tobacco （FCT） and understanding of the changing components is of great significance in improving the quality,shortening aging time,and enhancing production and economic efficiency in tobacco industry.The aging samples of FCT from four main producing areas of China,i.e.,Yunnan,Sichuan,Hubei,and Dongbei,were used to study the changing rule of the components such as alkali,acid,and carbohydrate as well as the aroma and their relationship with sensory quality;and based on the correlation among the components and the sensory quality index,multivariable models were established to predict the aging quality.The results showed that the sensory quality of FCT increased steadily during the aging time,and at the same time,the acidic components （total organic acids,volatile acids） increased gradually,while the alkaline substances （nicotine,volatile alkali）,carbohydrate （total sugars,reducing sugar） and pH values showed a downward trend.Correlation analysis found that the sensory quality and pH values were negatively correlated （P0.05）,while the sensory quality with total organic acids and aroma were positively correlated.The optimal model for predicting the quality of FCT was y=56.75-0.63x12＋50.09x2-13.27x22,（y：sensory quality;x1：pH;x2：total organic acids）.The average predicating error was 1.04% with maximum predicating error of 2.89% and the accuracy rate of above 97%.

Effect of Combined Application of Organic Fertilizer and Chemical Fertilizer in Different Ratios on Growth,Yield and Quality of Fluecured Tobacco

The effect of different ratio of organic and inorganic fertilizers on the growth and the yield and quality of flue-cured tobacco was studied.Using randomized blocks design,the data of the test materials K326 were analyzed by using variance analysis,significance test and other methods.The release efficiency of organic fertilizer in the soil was slower,and the effect of organic fertilizer on the growth of tobacco plants was worse than that of chemical fertilizers,and under 25% organic fertilizer + 75% chemical fertilizer treatment,the quality of the fluecured tobacco was good.Under the treatment of 50% organic fertilizer + 50% chemical fertilizer,the production of flue-cured tobacco was high and the ratio of first-class tobacco was high.It is suggested that the organic fertilizer application ratio should be 25%-50% in the agricultural production.

Comparison of Benefits of Different Tobacco Loading Methods and Matching Baking Processes in Intensive Curing Houses

[Objectives]To compare the benefits of different tobacco loading methods and supporting baking processes in intensive curing houses.[Methods]Flue-cured tobacco variety K326 was taken as material,and comparative experiment on baking effects of six tobacco loading methods(traditional hanging pole,loose leaf stacking,loose leaf binding and inserting,loose leaf inserting,loose leaf net basket,loose leaf grid)was conducted.[Results]Cost of dry tobacco loading equipment for hanging pole and loose leaf stacking was 0.01 and 0.1 yuan/kg,and cost of tobacco loading by loose leaf basket reached 0.36 yuan/kg.Labor cost for baking dry tobacco by direct stacking of loose leaves reached 2.02 yuan/kg,which was the lowest,while labor cost for binding and inserting loose leaves reached 2.44 yuan/kg,which was the highest.Energy consumption cost of dry tobacco baking with loose leaf grid was 1.06 yuan/kg,which was the lowest,while baking energy consumption cost of loose leaf stacking reached 1.23 yuan/kg,which was the highest.From the perspective of baking income,loose leaf inserting reached 21.36 yuan/kg,which was the lowest,while net basket reached 27.79 yuan/kg,which was the highest,followed by grid(23.46 yuan/kg)and loose leaf binding and inserting(22.5 yuan/kg).[Conclusions]It is worth popularizing the loose leaf binding and inserting and the loose leaf grid baking.

Effects of Amount of Green Manure Returned to Field on Yield and Quality of Flue-cured Tobacco

The effects of amount of green manure returned to field on yield and quality of flue-cured tobacco were studied by field experiment. The results showed that significant positive correlation existed between tobacco leaf yield and small or moderate amount of green manure returned to field. Path analysis showed that moderate amount of green manure returned to field affected yield and quality of tobacco leaves, small green manure returned to field mainly affected leaf yield, while large amount of green manure returned to field mainly affected leaf quality. Therefore, the effect of moderate amount of green manure returned to field on yield and quality of tobacco leaves was best, and moderate amount of green manure returned to field was recommended in production of flue-cured tobacco.

生长素与钼配施对烤烟上部叶生理代谢及品质的影响

为探究生长素与钼配施对烤烟生理代谢及品质的影响,以‘云烟87’为材料,通过田间试验研究生长素和钼肥对烤烟光合作用、碳氮代谢、物理特性和化学成分的影响。结果表明,与对照相比,打顶后喷施生长素并追施钼肥不同程度地提高了叶片光合色素(叶绿素、类胡萝卜素)含量、气体交换参数(净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率)值和碳氮代谢酶(淀粉酶、转化酶、硝酸还原酶、谷氨酰胺合成酶)活性;提高了烤后烟叶的叶长、叶宽、单叶重、填充值和抗张力,烟叶钾、总糖、还原糖含量显著增加,总氮、烟碱含量显著降低。生长素和钼肥对烤烟光合色素总变异的贡献率分别为68.85%、13.23%,对气体交换参数总变异的贡献率分别为50.66%、42.63%,对碳氮代谢酶总变异的贡献率分别为40.74%、34.02%,对物理特性总变异的贡献率分别为46.72%、49.55%,对化学成分总变异的贡献率分别为54.94%、36.22%。总的来看,生长素为主要效应因子,喷施生长素20 mg·kg^(-1)并追施钼肥4 mg·株^(-1)的处理在促进生理代谢和提高烟叶品质方面效果最佳。以上研究结果为激素和微量元素在烤烟生产中的合理应用提供了理论基础。

新质生产力理论:引领未来新型工业化的思想革命

在新一轮科技革命和产业变革期间,随着以中国为代表的一些发展中国家陆续完成了基本工业化,世界各国总体上面临一个持续未来工业发展的路径选择难题。实践中,以后工业社会理论为指导的西方后工业化,出现了经济服务化、金融化与虚拟化的趋向,带来了诸如“成本病”与实体经济空心化等各种现实问题。新质生产力理论应时代发展需求,改变了传统后工业社会理论对经济的服务化导向,擘画未来新型工业化中服务经济与实体经济融合发展的新路径;发展了马克思主义生产力理论,重新定义了生产力要素及其地位,开拓了马克思主义生产力理论新内容;赋予了生产力发展以新的时代价值诉求,明确了共同富裕的社会主义发展目标。新质生产力理论以三个核心观念指导中国新型工业化的具体实践,将引领一场持续新型工业化的思想革命。

箱式烘烤对烤后烟叶品质的影响

[目的]深入探讨箱式烘烤方式下烤烟综合品质特征,加快箱式烘烤技术在烤烟生产中的推广应用。[方法]以潍坊烟区NC55烟叶为试验材料,开展了箱式烘烤与传统挂竿烘烤对比试验,从外观质量、物理特性、常规成分、感官质量和化学成分多个维度系统分析了箱式烘烤下烟叶品质特性。[结果]与挂竿烘烤相比,箱式烘烤烟叶外观质量、物理特性和感官质量接近或高于挂竿烘烤;箱式烘烤中部烟叶总糖、还原糖、淀粉、糖碱比显著高于挂竿烘烤,总氮和氮碱比显著低于挂竿烘烤,上部烟叶中仅淀粉箱式烘烤显著高于挂杆烘烤;箱式烘烤糖醇类香气前体物含量显著高于挂竿烘烤,中部烟叶大部分香气前体物和香气物质含量箱式烘烤低于挂竿烘烤,上部烟叶中差异相对较小。[结论]箱式烘烤2个部位烟叶品质大都较挂竿烘烤有不同程度的提升,可在实际生产中推广应用。