A Mathematical Modeling of 3D Cubical Geometry Hypothetical Reservoir under the Effect of Nanoparticles Flow Rate,Porosity,and Relative Permeability

This study aims to formulate a steady-state mathematical model for a three-dimensional permeable enclosure(cavity)to determine the oil extraction rate using three distinct nanoparticles,SiO_(2),Al_(2)O_(3),and Fe_(2)O_(3),in unconventional oil reservoirs.The simulation is conducted for different parameters of volume fractions,porosities,and mass flow rates to determine the optimal oil recovery.The impact of nanoparticles on relative permeability(kr)and water is also investigated.The simulation process utilizes the finite volume ANSYS Fluent.The study results showed that when the mass flow rate at the inlet is low,oil recovery goes up.In addition,they indicated that silicon nanoparticles are better at getting oil out of the ground(i.e.,oil reservoir)than Al_(2)O_(3)and Fe_(2)O_(3).Most oil can be extracted from SiO_(2),Al_(2)O_(3),and Fe_(2)O_(3)at a rate of 97.8%,96.5%,and 88%,respectively.

Minimum 10-year follow-up outcomes of arthroscopic Bankart’s repair with metallic anchors:Reliable results with low redislocation rates

BACKGROUND With stiff competition from alternative albeit more expensive counterparts,it has become important to establish the applicability of metallic anchors for shoulder instability in the modern era.This can be accomplished,in part,by analysing long-term outcomes.AIM To analyse minimum 10-year outcomes from 30 patients following arthroscopic anterior stabilisation using metallic anchors.METHODS Prospectively collected data from arthroscopic Bankart repairs performed using metal anchors during 2007P-2010 were retrospectively analysed in this singlesurgeon study.Comprehensive data collection included historical and clinical findings,dislocation details,operative specifics,and follow-up radiological and clinical findings including shoulder scores.The primary outcomes were patientreported scores(Constant,American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons[ASES],and Rowe scores)and pain and instability on a visual analogue scale(VAS).RESULTS A 3% recurrence rate of dislocation was noted at the final follow-up.Total constant scores at 10 years postoperatively measured between 76 and 100(mean 89)were significantly better than preoperative scores(mean 62.7).Congruous improvements were also noted in the Rowe and ASES scores and VAS at the 10-year review.CONCLUSION Reliable long-term outcomes with metallic anchors in surgery for shoulder instability can be expected.Our results provide additional evidence of their continued,cost-effective presence in the modern scenario.

Sb-Cu alloy cathode with a novel lithiation mechanism of ternary intermetallic formation: Enabling high energy density and superior rate capability of liquid metal battery

Antimony(Sb) is an attractive cathode for liquid metal batteries(LMBs) because of its high theoretical voltage and low cost.The main obstacles associated with the Sb-based cathodes are unsatisfactory energy density and poor rate-capability.Herein,we propose a novel Sb_(64)Cu_(36)cathode that effectively tackles these issues.The Sb_(64)Cu_(36)(melting point:525℃) cathode presents a novel lithiation mechanism involving sequentially the generation of Li_(2)CuSb,the formation of Li_(3)Sb,and the conversion reaction of Li_(2)CuSb to Li_(3)Sb and Cu.The generated intermetallic compounds show a unique microstructure of the upper floated Li_(2)CuSb layer and the below cross-linked structure with interpenetrated Li_(2)CuSb and Li_(3)Sb phases.Compared with Li_(3)Sb,the lower Li migration energy barrier(0.188 eV) of Li_(2)CuSb significantly facilitates the lithium diffusion across the intermediate compounds and accelerates the reaction kinetics.Consequently,the Li‖Sb_(64)Cu_(36)cell delivers a more excellent electrochemical performance(energy density:353 W h kg^(-1)at 0.4 A cm^(-2);rate capability:0.59 V at 2.0 A cm^(-2)),and a much lower energy storage cost of only 38.45 $ kW h^(-1)than other previously reported Sb-based LMBs.This work provides a novel cathode design concept for the development of high-performance LMBs in applications for large-scale energy storage.

A Study on the Global Scenario of COVID-19 Related Case Fatality Rate, Recovery Rate and Prevalence Rate and Its Implications for India—A Record Based Retrospective Cohort Study

Importance: Corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the pandemic claiming millions of lives since the first outbreak was reported in Wuhan, China during December 2019. It is thus important to make cross-country comparison of the relevant rates and understand the socio-demographic risk factors. Methods: This is a record based retrospective cohort study. Table 1 was extracted from https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/ and from the Corona virus resource center (Table 2, Figures 1-3), Johns Hopkins University. Data for Table 1 includes all countries which reported >1000 cases and Table 2 includes 20 countries reporting the largest number of deaths. The estimation of CFR, RR and PR of the infection, and disease pattern across geographical clusters in the world is presented. Results: From Table 1, we could infer that as on 4th May 2020, COVID-19 has rapidly spread world-wide with total infections of 3,566,423 and mortality of 248,291. The maximum morbidity is in USA with 1,188,122 cases and 68,598 deaths (CFR 5.77%, RR 15% and PR 16.51%), while Spain is at the second position with 247,122 cases and 25,264 deaths (CFR 13.71%, RR 38.75%, PR 9.78%). Table 2 depicts the scenario as on 8th October 2020, where-in the highest number of confirmed cases occurred in US followed by India and Brazil (cases per million population: 23,080, 5007 & 23,872 respectively). For deaths per million population: US recorded 647, while India and Brazil recorded 77 and 708 respectively. Conclusion: Studying the distribution of relevant rates across different geographical clusters plays a major role for measuring the disease burden, which in-turn enables implementation of appropriate public healthcare measures.

Poly Ethylene Glycols as Efficient Media for the Synthesis of <i>β</i>-Nitro Styrenes from <i>α</i>, <i>β</i>-Unsaturated Carboxylic Acids and Metal Nitrates under Conventional and Non-Conventional Conditions

Poly ethylene glycols (PEG-200, 400, 600, 4000 and 6000) supported reactions were conducted with certain α, β-unsaturated acids in presence of metal nitrates under solvent free (solid state) and mineral acid free conditions. The reactants were ground in a mortar with a pestle for about 30 minutes. The aromatic acids underwent nitro decarboxylation and afforded β-nitro styrene derivatives in very good yield while α, β-unsaturated aliphatic carboxylic acids gave corresponding nitro derivatives. Addition of PEG accelerated rate of the reaction enormously. Reaction times substantially decreased from several hours to few minutes followed by highly significant increase in the product yield. Among the several PEGs PEG-300 has been found to be much more effective than other PEGs.

Effects of cooling rate on thermal expansion of Cu_(49)Hf_(42)Al_9 metallic glass

Effects of cooling rate on thermal expansion of Cu49Hf42Al9 metallic glass were studied. Five types of amorphous samples with different sizes were prepared in order to get a broad range of cooling rates （from 102 to 107 K/s）. The average thermal expansion coefficients （αaver） of as-quenched samples range from 6.14×10-6 to 9.20×10-6 K-1. When the temperature is below the glass transformation temperature （Tg）, αaver of as-quenched samples has a negative correlation with cooling rate; the values of αaver of annealed and crystallized samples are closed to each other. The results indicate that the amount and motion of free volume play important roles in thermal expansion of metallic glasses.

Nanoscale Zero-Valent Iron(nZVI)for Heavy Metal Wastewater Treatment:A Perspective

Industries such as non-ferrous metal smelting discharge billions of gallons of highly toxic heavy metal wastewater(HMW)worldwide annually,posing a severe challenge to conventional wastewater treatment plants and harming the environment.HMW is traditionally treated via chemical precipitation using lime,caustic,or sulfide,but the effluents do not meet the increasingly stringent discharge standards.This issue has spurred an increase in research and the development of innovative treatment technologies,among which those using nanoparticles receive particular interest.Among such initiatives,treatment using nanoscale zero-valent iron(nZVI)is one of the best developed.While nZVI is already well known for its site-remediation use,this perspective highlights its application in HMW treatment with metal recovery.We demonstrate several advantages of nZVI in this wastewater application,including its multifunctionality in sequestrating a wide array of metal(loid)s(>30 species);its capability to capture and enrich metal(loid)s at low concentrations(with a removal capacity reaching 500 mg·g^(-1)nZVI);and its operational convenience due to its unique hydrodynamics.All these advantages are attributable to nZVI’s diminutive nanoparticle size and/or its unique iron chemistry.We also present the first engineering practice of this application,which has treated millions of cubic meters of HMW and recovered tons of valuable metals(e.g.,Cu and Au).It is concluded that nZVI is a potent reagent for treating HMW and that nZVI technology provides an eco-solution to this toxic waste.

Microbial Community with Potential for Metal Release Isolated from Palca Mine Tailings Pond in Peru

The improvement of microbial characterization has increased the comprehension of microbial population and their ability in the microbiological metal dissolution. Bioleaching processes have been expanded to use microorganisms for the recovery of metals from ores and wastes. This study introduces Palca mine tailings pond in Peru which turned into acid mine drainage (AMD). AMD is a source of microbial communities whose microorganisms may support the aqueous extractive metallurgy for metal recovery. Four samples of AMD were collected from different locations and the elemental characterization showed concentrations of metals, such as Cu, Zn, Al, Mn, and Fe. The pH of the samples showed variation between 1.9 - 6.8. Twenty-one microorganisms were isolated and selected according the cell morphology. 16s rRNA gene sequences identified five species of which three belong to the bacterial kingdom and two to the Fungi kingdom. Two of the bacterial species were ferrous ion oxidizing bacteria, identified as Acidithiobacillus ferriphilus and Acidithiobacillus ferridurans;and the other one a ferric ion reducing bacteria identified as Acidiphilium acidophilum. The fungi species identified were Rhodotorula sinensis and Exophiala xenobiotica, a filamentous fungus isolated for the first time from an AMD.

Cyberattack Ramifications, The Hidden Cost of a Security Breach

In this in-depth exploration, I delve into the complex implications and costs of cybersecurity breaches. Venturing beyond just the immediate repercussions, the research unearths both the overt and concealed long-term consequences that businesses encounter. This study integrates findings from various research, including quantitative reports, drawing upon real-world incidents faced by both small and large enterprises. This investigation emphasizes the profound intangible costs, such as trade name devaluation and potential damage to brand reputation, which can persist long after the breach. By collating insights from industry experts and a myriad of research, the study provides a comprehensive perspective on the profound, multi-dimensional impacts of cybersecurity incidents. The overarching aim is to underscore the often-underestimated scope and depth of these breaches, emphasizing the entire timeline post-incident and the urgent need for fortified preventative and reactive measures in the digital domain.

Effects of heavy metal ions Cu^(2+)/Pb^(2+)/Zn^(2+)on kinetic rate constants of struvite crystallization

Struvite(MAP)crystallization technology is widely used to treat ammonia nitrogen in waste effluents of its simple operation and good removal efficiency.However,the presence of heavy metal ions in the waste effluents causes problems such as slow crystallization rate and small crystal size,limiting the recovery rate and economic value of the MAP.The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of concentrations of three heavy metal ions(Cu^(2+),Zn^(2+),and Pb^(2+))on the crystal morphology,crystal size,average growth rate,and crystallization kinetics of MAP.A relationship was established between the kinetic rate constant Ktcalculated by the chemical gradient model and the concentrations of heavy metal ions.The results showed that low concentrations of heavy metal ions in the solution created pits on the MAP surface,and high level of heavy metal ions generated flocs on the MAP surface,which were composed of metal hydroxides,thus inhibiting crystal growth.The crystal size,average growth rate,MAP crystallization rate,and kinetic rate constant Ktdecreased with the increase in heavy metal ion concentration.Moreover,the Ktdemonstrated a linear relationship with the heavy metal concentration ln(C/C~*),which provided a reference for the optimization of the MAP crystallization process in the presence of heavy metal ions.

Effect of non-pharmacological treatment on the full recovery of social functioning in patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

BACKGROUND Long-term treatment of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder(ADHD)is associated with adverse events,such as nausea and vomiting,dizziness,and sleep disturbances,and poor maintenance of late ADHD medication compromises treatment outcomes and prolongs the recovery of patients’social functioning.AIM To evaluate the effect of non-pharmacological treatment on the full recovery of social functioning in patients with ADHD.METHODS A total of 90 patients diagnosed with ADHD between May 2019 and August 2020 were included in the study and randomly assigned to either the pharmacological group(methylphenidate hydrochloride and tomoxetine hydrochloride)or the non-pharmacological group(parental training,behavior modification,sensory integration therapy,and sand tray therapy),with 45 cases in each group.Outcome measures included treatment compliance,Swanson,Nolan,and Pelham,Version IV(SNAP-IV)scores,Conners Parent Symptom Questionnaire(PSQ)scores,and Weiss Functional Impairment Rating Scale(WFIRS)scores.RESULTS The non-pharmacological interventions resulted in significantly higher compliance in patients(95.56%)compared with medication(71.11%)(P<0.05).However,no significant differences in SNAP-IV and PSQ scores,in addition to the learning/school,social activities,and adventure activities of the WFIRS scores were observed between the two groups(P>0.05).Patients with non-pharmacological interventions showed higher WFIRS scores for family,daily life skills,and self-concept than those in the pharmacological group(P<0.05).CONCLUSION Non-pharmacological interventions,in contrast to the potential risks of adverse events after longterm medication,improve patient treatment compliance,alleviate patients’behavioral symptoms of attention,impulsivity,and hyperactivity,and improve their cognitive ability,thereby improving family relationships and patient self-evaluation.

A novel process for the recovery of iron,titanium,and vanadium from vanadium-bearing titanomagnetite:sodium modification–direct reduction coupled process

A sodium modification–direct reduction coupled process was proposed for the simultaneous extraction of V and Fe from vanadium- bearing titanomagnetite. The sodium oxidation of vanadium oxides to water-soluble sodium vanadate and the transformation of iron oxides to metallic iron were accomplished in a single-step high-temperature process. The increase in roasting temperature favors the reduction of iron oxides but disfavors the oxidation of vanadium oxides. The recoveries of vanadium, iron, and titanium reached 84.52%, 89.37%, and 95.59%, respectively. Moreover, the acid decomposition efficiency of titanium slag reached 96.45%. Compared with traditional processes, the novel process provides several advantages, including a shorter flow, a lower energy consumption, and a higher utilization efficiency of vanadium-bearing titanomagnetite resources. © 2017, University of Science and Technology Beijing and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.

Evaluation of zeolites synthesized from fly ash as potential adsorbents for wastewater containing heavy metals

The pure-form zeolites （A and X） were synthesized by applying a two-stage method during hydrothermal treatment of fly ash prepared initial Cu and Zn gel. The difference of adsorption capacity of both synthesized zeolits was assessed using Cu and Zn as target heavy metal ions. It was found that adsorption capacity of zeolite A showed much higher value than that of zeolite X. Thus, attention was focused on investigating the removal performance of heavy metal ions in aqueous solution on zeolite A, comparing with zeolite HS （hydroxyl-solidate） prepared from the residual fly ash （after synthesis of pure-form zeolite A from fly ash） and a commercial grade zeolite A. Batch method was used to study the influential parameters of the adsorption process. The equilibrium data were well fitted by the Langmuir model. The removal mechanism of metal ions followed adsorption and ion exchange processes. Attempts were also made to recover heavy metal ions and regenerate adsorbents.

Optimization of flotation variables for the recovery of hematite particles from BHQ ore

The technology for beneficiation of banded iron ores containing low iron value is a challenging task due to increasing demand of quality iron ore in India. A flotation process has been developed to treat one such ore, namely banded hematite quartzite （BHQ） containing 41.8wt% Fe and 41.5wt% SiO2,by using oleic acid, methyl isobutyl carbinol （MIBC）, and sodium silicate as the collector, frother, and dispersant, respectively. The relative effects of these variables have been evaluated in half-normal plots and Pareto charts using central composite rotatable design. A quadratic response model has been developed for both Fe grade and recovery and optimized within the experimental range. The optimum reagent dosages are found to be as follows： collector concentration of 243.58 g/t, dispersant concentration of 195.67 g/t, pH 8.69, and conditioning time of 4.8 min to achieve the maximum Fe grade of 64.25% with 67.33% recovery. The predictions of the model with regard to iron grade and recovery are in good agreement with the experimental results.

Progress in Microwave Technology Applied to the Recovery of Precious Metals from the Secondary Resources

The recovery of precious metals from the secondary resources by microwave technology has emerged in recent years. Microwave technology as a new method for the recovery of precious metals has shown significant advantages against the conventional recovery procedures. This paper presents a review of the advances in microwave technology applied to the recovery of precious metals from the secondary resources. Many different applications are considered, including microwave-assisted leaching, microwave augmented ashing and microwave pyrolysis. In general, microwave enhanced recovery of precious metals from secondary resources.

Monitoring stress and recovery states: Structural and external stages of the short version of the RESTQ sport in elite swimmers before championships

Background: Psychological stress and recovery monitoring is a key issue for increasing athletes' health, well-being, and performance. This multistudy report examined changes and the doseàresponse relationships between recoveryàstress psychological states, training load(TL), heart rate(HR), heart rate recovery(HRR), and heart rate variability(HRV) while providing evidence for the factorial validity of a short French version of the RecoveryàStress Questionnaire for Athletes(RESTQ-36-R-Sport).Methods: Four hundred and seventy-three university athletes(Study 1), 72 full expert swimmers(Study 2), and 11 national to international swimmers(Study 3) participated in the study. Data were analyzed through confirmatory factor analyses(Study 1), repeated ANOVAs and correlational analyses(Study 2), t tests and correlational analyses(Study 3).Results: Multiple-group confirmatory factor analyses showed that the RESTQ-36-R-Sport scores were partially invariant across gender, type of sport, and practice level(Study 1). A doseàresponse relationship was performed between TL and RESTQ-36-R-Sport scores during an ecological training program(Study 2). Finally, relationships were found between physiological(HRR) and psychological(RESTQ-36-R-Sport) states during an ecological tapering period leading to a national championship(Study 3).Conclusion: As a whole, these findings provided evidence for the usefulness of the short version of the RESTQ-36-R-Sport for regular monitoring to prevent potential maladaptation due to intensive competitive sport practice.

Recovery rates of combination antibiotic therapy using in vitro microdialysis simulating in vivo conditions

Microdialysis is a technique used to measure the unbound antibiotic concentration in the interstitial spaces, the target site of action. In vitro recovery studies are essential to calibrating the microdialysis system for in vivo studies. The effect of a combination of antibiotics on recovery into microdialysate requires investigation. In vitro microdialysis recovery studies were conducted on a combination of vancomycin and tobramycin, in a simulated in vivo model. Comparison was made between recoveries for three different concentrations and three different perfusate flow rates. The overall relative recovery for vancomycin was lower than that of tobramycin. For tobramycin, a concentration of 20μg/mL and flow rate of 1.0μL/min had the best recovery. A concentration of 5.0μg/mL and flow rate of 1.0μL/min yielded maximal recovery for vancomycin. Large molecular size and higher protein binding resulted in lower relative recoveries for vancomycin. Perfusate flow rates and drug concentrations affected the relative recovery when a combination of vancomycin and tobramycin was tested. Low perfusate flow rates were associated with higher recovery rates. For combination antibiotic measurement which includes agents that are highly protein bound, in vitro studies performed prior to in vivo studies may ensure the reliable measurement of unbound concentrations.

Theoretical Investigation on Internal Leakage and Its Effect on the Efficiency of Fluid Switcher-Energy Recovery Device for Reverse Osmosis Desalting Plant

This work is focused on the theoretical investigation of internal leakage of a newly developed pi lotscale fluid switcherenergy recovery device （FSERD） for reverse osmosis （RO） system. For the purpose of in creasing FSERD efficiency and reducing the operating cost of RO, it is required to control the internal leakage in a low level. In this work, the internal leakage rates at different leakage gaps and retentate brine pressures are investigated by computational fluid dynamics （CFD） method and validating experiments. It is found that the internal leak age has a linear relationship with the retentate brine pressure and a polynomial relationship with the scale of leakage gap. The results of the present work imply that low internal leakage and high retentate brine pressure bring benefits to achieve high FSRD efficiency.

Charging for the waste dumping of open-pit metal mines

Based on the externality theory and the environmental value theory, the hypothesis of charging for waste dumping of open-pit metal mines was put forth. The charging methods were designed according to the characteristics of waste dumping of openpit metal mines, including charging based on the dumping amount of the total waste, multi-charging factors, exceeding standard punishment charging, and so on. The main charging parameter is based on the dumping area rather than the total amount of waste dumping. The charging model of waste dumping of open-pit mines was formulated, and the charging rate was divided into two parts, i.e., the standard charging rate and the differential charging rate. The standard charging rate was derived using the equilibrium dynamic model, whereas the differential one was obtained by establishing the fuzzy synthesized evaluation model.

Simulation of critical cooling rate and process conditions for metallic glasses in vertical type twin-roll casting

Critical cooling rates for producing metallic glasses were evaluated based on a calculated continuous cooling transformation(CCT)diagram.Temperature distributions of the melt in molten pool in the vertical type twin-roll casting(VTRC)process of metallic glasses were simulated,and cooling rates under different casting conditions were calculated with the simulated results.By comparing the results obtained by CCT diagrams and simulation,the possibility of producing metallic glasses by the VTRC method and influences of casting conditions on cooling rate were discussed.The results reveal that cooling rate with3or4orders of magnitude by the VTRC process can be attained in producing Mg-based metallic glasses,which is faster than the critical cooling rate calculated by the CCT diagram.One side pouring mode can improve the temperature distributions of casting pool.VTRC process has a good ability in continuous casting metallic glassy thin strips.