Energy access,climate change and public health issues are some major drivers for the need for renewable sources.However,most renewable sources,excluding large hydro,have zero or negligible rotational inertia,which is ...Energy access,climate change and public health issues are some major drivers for the need for renewable sources.However,most renewable sources,excluding large hydro,have zero or negligible rotational inertia,which is critical to stabilizing the power system after contingency.Therefore,this paper proposes a droop-based inertia emulator to reduce the rate of change of frequency and frequency deviations.The robustness of the controller is analysed by applying various uncertainties and disturbances of power system components that were carried out using DIgSILENT PowerFactory simulations.The obtained results are compared with existing literature and the desired performance shows an improvement in the rate of change of frequency of 34.78%for an IEEE 6-bus system,24.32%for a 12-bus system and 18%for a 39-bus system.展开更多
风电机组参与调频可提高风电并网系统的频率稳定性,但现有下垂控制难以兼顾频率响应特性和风机自身运行状态。为此,文中提出一种计及频率变化率(rate of change of frequency,ROCOF)与转子动能的自适应下垂控制策略,充分利用转子动能参...风电机组参与调频可提高风电并网系统的频率稳定性,但现有下垂控制难以兼顾频率响应特性和风机自身运行状态。为此,文中提出一种计及频率变化率(rate of change of frequency,ROCOF)与转子动能的自适应下垂控制策略,充分利用转子动能参与调频,确保风机稳定运行。首先,根据系统频率情况,将ROCOF划分区间,通过分段函数构建下垂系数与ROCOF的耦合函数,确保风电机组在扰动初期释放更多能量,提高风机对频率的支撑能力,减缓频率跌落速度。然后,引入转速影响因子,根据风机自身运行状态调整下垂系数,防止风机转子失速,避免频率二次跌落。最后,在MATLAB/Simulink平台上搭建风火联合系统仿真模型验证了所提控制策略有效性。仿真结果表明所提策略在保证风机转速稳定的同时,能有效利用风机转子动能改善系统频率响应特性。展开更多
The inertia response and primary frequency regulation capability of synchronous grids are declining owing to the increasing penetration of inverter-based resources. The fast frequency response(FFR) of inverter-based r...The inertia response and primary frequency regulation capability of synchronous grids are declining owing to the increasing penetration of inverter-based resources. The fast frequency response(FFR) of inverter-based resources is an important mitigation option for maintaining grid security under the conditions of low inertia and insufficient primary frequency response capability. However, the understanding and technical characteristics of the FFR of inverter-based resources are still unclear. Aiming at solving the aforementioned problems, this paper proposes a definition for FFR based on the impact mechanism of FFR on system frequency. The performance requirements of FFR are clarified. Then, the effects of FFR on system frequency characteristics are further analyzed based on steady-state frequency deviation, the initial rate of change of frequency, and the maximum transient frequency deviation. Finally, the system requirements for FFR and its application effects are verified by simulating an actual bulk power grid, providing technical support for subsequent engineering application.展开更多
Hall plot analysis,as a widespread injection evaluation method,however,often fails to achieve the desired result because of the inconspicuous change of the curve shape.Based on the cumulative injection volume,injectio...Hall plot analysis,as a widespread injection evaluation method,however,often fails to achieve the desired result because of the inconspicuous change of the curve shape.Based on the cumulative injection volume,injection rate,and the injection pressure,this paper establishes a new method using the ratio of the pressure to the injection rate（RPI） and the rate of change of the RPI to evaluate the injection efficiency of chemical flooding.The relationship between the RPI and the apparent resistance factor（apparent residual resistance factor） is obtained,similarly to the relationship between the rate of change of the RPI and the resistance factor.In order to estimate a thief zone in a reservoir,the influence of chemical crossflow on the rate of change of the RPI is analyzed.The new method has been applied successfully in the western part of the Gudong 7th reservoir.Compared with the Hall plot analysis,it is more accurate in real-time injection data interpretation and crossflow estimation.Specially,the rate of change of the RPI could be particularly suitably applied for new wells or converted wells lacking early water flooding history.展开更多
Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR) is defined as the instantaneous power (maximum value) to the average power ratio. PAPR is considered to be a major problem in OFDM systems. This problem can cause radical unexpected ...Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR) is defined as the instantaneous power (maximum value) to the average power ratio. PAPR is considered to be a major problem in OFDM systems. This problem can cause radical unexpected behavior of the signal fluctuation. This fluctuation is constituted by a large number of power states. The enormous number of these states leads to an additional complexity of ADCs and DACs. This research addresses the previous problem in OFDM systems utilizing Turbo Codes. μLaCP technique is employed for the purpose of decreasing PAPR. Moreover, our OFDM system was simulated in the presence of an AWGN channel with four types of codes (without the presence of ADCs and DACs). These were constituted of PCCC (typical and new), SCCC, and Convolutional Codes. Our Turbo Coded OFDM exhibited unchanged BER performance before and after the use of μLaCP technique. This was accomplished by modifying our previous PAPR reduction technique without sacrificing greatly its attributes.展开更多
正交频分复用(orthogonal frequency division multiplexing,OFDM)信号是雷达通信一体化系统常用的发射波形之一,但是其峰均比较高,影响发射机的工作效率。传统的限幅法虽然可以降低系统OFDM信号的峰均比(peak-to-average power ratio,P...正交频分复用(orthogonal frequency division multiplexing,OFDM)信号是雷达通信一体化系统常用的发射波形之一,但是其峰均比较高,影响发射机的工作效率。传统的限幅法虽然可以降低系统OFDM信号的峰均比(peak-to-average power ratio,PAPR),但会造成误码率(bit error rate,BER)增大和带外频谱泄露的问题。对传统的限幅法进行改进,将高于门限的信号进行抑制,通过迭代滤波消除带外信号弥散造成的频谱效率下降的问题。将改进峰均比抑制方法与传统峰均比抑制方法进行比较,验证了所提方法的低峰均比性能、误码率性能和模糊函数性能。仿真实验表明,所提方法通过合理设置限幅门限和选择迭代滤波次数,可以有效降低OFDM信号的PAPR,并且对雷达探测性能和通信性能影响较小。展开更多
新能源渗透率的提高增加了电网频率控制的复杂度,储能辅助电网调频能在一定程度上缓解该问题,但受储能运行的安全性与经济性约束,要求调频措施更具针对性。文中对此展开研究,提出一种基于频率响应特性的储能辅助电网一次调频方法。首先...新能源渗透率的提高增加了电网频率控制的复杂度,储能辅助电网调频能在一定程度上缓解该问题,但受储能运行的安全性与经济性约束,要求调频措施更具针对性。文中对此展开研究,提出一种基于频率响应特性的储能辅助电网一次调频方法。首先,在储能辅助电网调频模型基础上,选择惯性加下垂的储能辅助电网调频综合控制方法,通过电网频率变化率(rate of change of frequency,RoCoF)、频率偏差与调频需求的关联性分析,设计基于频率响应特性的调频需求分区规则;然后,根据不同调频需求对应的分区判断,对储能有功输出方式进行动态调整,以响应调频需求的不确定性,并在此基础上,针对调频需求与储能出力需求、储能出力强弱与其循环使用寿命间的矛盾关系,通过多目标优化问题的设计与求解来予以平衡;最后,仿真结果验证了所提方法能够在保证电网调频效果的基础上,有效降低储能充放电深度。展开更多
微电网作为新能源消纳的有效方式受到了广泛关注。相比于传统电力系统,由电力电子装置主导的微电网系统,在外界扰动时更容易引起电网频率偏差和频率变化率RoCoF(rate of change of frequency)过大。为此,首先提出了一种基于LPF的RoCoF...微电网作为新能源消纳的有效方式受到了广泛关注。相比于传统电力系统,由电力电子装置主导的微电网系统,在外界扰动时更容易引起电网频率偏差和频率变化率RoCoF(rate of change of frequency)过大。为此,首先提出了一种基于LPF的RoCoF下垂控制策略,通过耦合RoCoF和母线电容电压,使得在扰动产生时快速释放电容能量来补偿系统不平衡功率,从而提高频率响应的执行速度,能够有效改善RoCoF暂态过程的稳定性。其次,类比传统同步机在机电时间尺度下的动态分析理论,建立了风电系统在直流电压时间尺度DVT(DC-voltage timescale)下的动态模型,基于经典的电气转矩分析方法,揭示了所提模型控制环节对风电系统惯性的影响规律。然后,在同等电容裕量下对不同控制策略进行了对比,结果表明:电容能量释放的快慢,能够直接影响RoCoF的抑制效果,且随着下垂系数Kh的增加和LPF截止频率ωc的减少,网侧逆变器的有功响应速度相应增加。最后,通过实验验证了所提控制方法的有效性和分析结论的正确性。展开更多
文摘Energy access,climate change and public health issues are some major drivers for the need for renewable sources.However,most renewable sources,excluding large hydro,have zero or negligible rotational inertia,which is critical to stabilizing the power system after contingency.Therefore,this paper proposes a droop-based inertia emulator to reduce the rate of change of frequency and frequency deviations.The robustness of the controller is analysed by applying various uncertainties and disturbances of power system components that were carried out using DIgSILENT PowerFactory simulations.The obtained results are compared with existing literature and the desired performance shows an improvement in the rate of change of frequency of 34.78%for an IEEE 6-bus system,24.32%for a 12-bus system and 18%for a 39-bus system.
文摘风电机组参与调频可提高风电并网系统的频率稳定性,但现有下垂控制难以兼顾频率响应特性和风机自身运行状态。为此,文中提出一种计及频率变化率(rate of change of frequency,ROCOF)与转子动能的自适应下垂控制策略,充分利用转子动能参与调频,确保风机稳定运行。首先,根据系统频率情况,将ROCOF划分区间,通过分段函数构建下垂系数与ROCOF的耦合函数,确保风电机组在扰动初期释放更多能量,提高风机对频率的支撑能力,减缓频率跌落速度。然后,引入转速影响因子,根据风机自身运行状态调整下垂系数,防止风机转子失速,避免频率二次跌落。最后,在MATLAB/Simulink平台上搭建风火联合系统仿真模型验证了所提控制策略有效性。仿真结果表明所提策略在保证风机转速稳定的同时,能有效利用风机转子动能改善系统频率响应特性。
基金supported by National Science Foundation of China(51477091)。
文摘The inertia response and primary frequency regulation capability of synchronous grids are declining owing to the increasing penetration of inverter-based resources. The fast frequency response(FFR) of inverter-based resources is an important mitigation option for maintaining grid security under the conditions of low inertia and insufficient primary frequency response capability. However, the understanding and technical characteristics of the FFR of inverter-based resources are still unclear. Aiming at solving the aforementioned problems, this paper proposes a definition for FFR based on the impact mechanism of FFR on system frequency. The performance requirements of FFR are clarified. Then, the effects of FFR on system frequency characteristics are further analyzed based on steady-state frequency deviation, the initial rate of change of frequency, and the maximum transient frequency deviation. Finally, the system requirements for FFR and its application effects are verified by simulating an actual bulk power grid, providing technical support for subsequent engineering application.
基金the financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 51574269)the Important National Science and Technology Specific Projects of China (Grant No. 2016ZX05011-003)+1 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (Grant No. 15CX08004A, 13CX05007A)the Program for Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team in University (Grant No. IRT1294)
文摘Hall plot analysis,as a widespread injection evaluation method,however,often fails to achieve the desired result because of the inconspicuous change of the curve shape.Based on the cumulative injection volume,injection rate,and the injection pressure,this paper establishes a new method using the ratio of the pressure to the injection rate（RPI） and the rate of change of the RPI to evaluate the injection efficiency of chemical flooding.The relationship between the RPI and the apparent resistance factor（apparent residual resistance factor） is obtained,similarly to the relationship between the rate of change of the RPI and the resistance factor.In order to estimate a thief zone in a reservoir,the influence of chemical crossflow on the rate of change of the RPI is analyzed.The new method has been applied successfully in the western part of the Gudong 7th reservoir.Compared with the Hall plot analysis,it is more accurate in real-time injection data interpretation and crossflow estimation.Specially,the rate of change of the RPI could be particularly suitably applied for new wells or converted wells lacking early water flooding history.
文摘Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR) is defined as the instantaneous power (maximum value) to the average power ratio. PAPR is considered to be a major problem in OFDM systems. This problem can cause radical unexpected behavior of the signal fluctuation. This fluctuation is constituted by a large number of power states. The enormous number of these states leads to an additional complexity of ADCs and DACs. This research addresses the previous problem in OFDM systems utilizing Turbo Codes. μLaCP technique is employed for the purpose of decreasing PAPR. Moreover, our OFDM system was simulated in the presence of an AWGN channel with four types of codes (without the presence of ADCs and DACs). These were constituted of PCCC (typical and new), SCCC, and Convolutional Codes. Our Turbo Coded OFDM exhibited unchanged BER performance before and after the use of μLaCP technique. This was accomplished by modifying our previous PAPR reduction technique without sacrificing greatly its attributes.
文摘正交频分复用(orthogonal frequency division multiplexing,OFDM)信号是雷达通信一体化系统常用的发射波形之一,但是其峰均比较高,影响发射机的工作效率。传统的限幅法虽然可以降低系统OFDM信号的峰均比(peak-to-average power ratio,PAPR),但会造成误码率(bit error rate,BER)增大和带外频谱泄露的问题。对传统的限幅法进行改进,将高于门限的信号进行抑制,通过迭代滤波消除带外信号弥散造成的频谱效率下降的问题。将改进峰均比抑制方法与传统峰均比抑制方法进行比较,验证了所提方法的低峰均比性能、误码率性能和模糊函数性能。仿真实验表明,所提方法通过合理设置限幅门限和选择迭代滤波次数,可以有效降低OFDM信号的PAPR,并且对雷达探测性能和通信性能影响较小。
文摘新能源渗透率的提高增加了电网频率控制的复杂度,储能辅助电网调频能在一定程度上缓解该问题,但受储能运行的安全性与经济性约束,要求调频措施更具针对性。文中对此展开研究,提出一种基于频率响应特性的储能辅助电网一次调频方法。首先,在储能辅助电网调频模型基础上,选择惯性加下垂的储能辅助电网调频综合控制方法,通过电网频率变化率(rate of change of frequency,RoCoF)、频率偏差与调频需求的关联性分析,设计基于频率响应特性的调频需求分区规则;然后,根据不同调频需求对应的分区判断,对储能有功输出方式进行动态调整,以响应调频需求的不确定性,并在此基础上,针对调频需求与储能出力需求、储能出力强弱与其循环使用寿命间的矛盾关系,通过多目标优化问题的设计与求解来予以平衡;最后,仿真结果验证了所提方法能够在保证电网调频效果的基础上,有效降低储能充放电深度。
文摘微电网作为新能源消纳的有效方式受到了广泛关注。相比于传统电力系统,由电力电子装置主导的微电网系统,在外界扰动时更容易引起电网频率偏差和频率变化率RoCoF(rate of change of frequency)过大。为此,首先提出了一种基于LPF的RoCoF下垂控制策略,通过耦合RoCoF和母线电容电压,使得在扰动产生时快速释放电容能量来补偿系统不平衡功率,从而提高频率响应的执行速度,能够有效改善RoCoF暂态过程的稳定性。其次,类比传统同步机在机电时间尺度下的动态分析理论,建立了风电系统在直流电压时间尺度DVT(DC-voltage timescale)下的动态模型,基于经典的电气转矩分析方法,揭示了所提模型控制环节对风电系统惯性的影响规律。然后,在同等电容裕量下对不同控制策略进行了对比,结果表明:电容能量释放的快慢,能够直接影响RoCoF的抑制效果,且随着下垂系数Kh的增加和LPF截止频率ωc的减少,网侧逆变器的有功响应速度相应增加。最后,通过实验验证了所提控制方法的有效性和分析结论的正确性。
