The Impact of Bank-Specific and Macroeconomic Factors on Non-performing Loans in Sri Lankan Commercial Banks

The main purpose of this study is to ascertain the effect of bank-specific and macroeconomic factors on non-performing loans in systemically and non-systemically important commercial banks in Sri Lanka over 10 year’s period from 2004 to 2013.Also,the study examines the impact of civil war that prevailed in the country for 30 years on the ex-post credit risk of the banking sector.The study employed panel data methodology to investigate the effect of bank-specific and macroeconomic factors on non-performing loans.Panel unit root test has been undertaken in order to test the stationary of the variables.Hausman test and Wald coefficient restriction test were used to select the appropriate model out of pooled,random,and fixed effect.A dummy variable panel regression model adopted to study the war effect,considering 2009 as the structural year.Findings revealed that return on assets as a proxy for bank efficiency has a significant negative influence,while non-interest income as a proxy for income diversity is positively correlated with non-performing loans of systemically important banks.Both real gross domestic products and lending rates were highly significant in both bank types.On contrary with literature,growth in bank branches is negatively correlated.Public banks do not account for higher level of non-performing loans compared to their private counterpart.Finally,it was identified that civil war had an effect on the level of non-performing loans in commercial banks.The research would have benefited if the analysis is carried out among classified types of loans offered by commercial banks.Future researchers should involve in identifying the most significant contributing loan type to the non-performing loans and its determinants.This study is one of the few studies which have investigated the causes of non-performing loans in the commercial banking industry in Sri Lanka.The analysis of civil war and its impact on non-performing loans is the first study of that nature to be conducted in the context.

Non-performing Loans in Turkish Banking Sector and Balance Sheets Effects

In the 21st century, while the scope of banking activities has been expanding every day, collecting deposits and providing credit remain as their main and most important functions. They transfer the collected funds thanks to the market confidence they create back to the market in terms of the credits they give. For the organizations operating in the banking sector, crediting is the highest revenue earning source. However, uncollected loans may disrupt the activities of banks and may reduce their effectiveness. Therefore, the control of bank credits has a particular importance in the bank balance sheets. In this study, the relationship between bank balance sheets and non-performing loans （NPL） will be analyzed using Granger causality test and vector autoregressive （VAR） method. This study aims to discuss the impact of NPL on balance sheets and contribute to making correct credit decisions. It also intends to assist to reduce the NPL ratios of banks and minimize the level of negativity in their financial statements.

Research in the Securitization of the Non-performing Loans of China＇s State-owned Banks

In this paper, through analyzing the necessity of the securitization of the non-performing loans of China＇s state-owned banks, the author proposes some tentative ideas for the securitization of the non-performing loans and works out some problems that need to be solved in this process.

Determining pledged loan-to-value ratio:an option pricing perspective

Background:We investigated the determination of the pledged loan-to-value ratio in an optionpricing environment and mainly articulated the theoretical framework and analytical method.Methods:The basic idea is that the present value of the pledged loan payoff is equal to a put option’s value.While the interest rate is fixed and the loan is without coupon,we analyzed the pledged loan-to-value ratioin the option pricing perspective and got it that the pledged loan-to-value ratio is decided by term,excessreturn,and the value volatility of the pledge.Next,we extended the same work to coupon loan and portfoliopledge circumstances.For zero coupon and fixed interest rate circumstances,we performed a numericalanalysis.Results:Our results indicate the following:the pledged loan-to-value ratio is a convex decreasing function ofthe term;and the pledged loan-to-value ratio is a concave decreasing function of the value volatility of the pledge;and the pledged loan-to-value ratio is a concave increasing function of the risk premium.For floating interest rate circumstances,we should specify the function form between the loan interest and the risk-free rate.Conclusions:The scientific measurement of the pledged loan-to-value ratio means that simple rules of thumb or the VaR method may lead to mispricing,which could create the possibility of arbitrage.In this way,a new direction for trading derivative products of pledges will be provided.

Loan growth and bank solvency:evidence from the Pakistani banking sector

Background:The dramatic loan growth and changes in the Pakistani banking system in mid-2000s have led to significant research attention on borrowers and lenders.This expansion and diversification in financial sector was driven by structural reforms,political stability and significant economic growth.Against this background,this study investigates the loan growth and risk-taking behavior of the banks during the expansionary periods of lending.Method:This study used dynamic two-step system generalized method of moment’s estimation technique,based on data taken from 32 banks in Pakistan over 2006-2014.Result:Loan growth has a significant effect on bank-specific and macroeconomicspecific variables.Loan growth in the previous year raises non-performing loans and decreases the solvency of banks with a time lag of many years.The driving force behind this phenomenon is weak prudential regulation among competitors,the asymmetric information of the borrowers,and,most importantly,that banks underestimate the risk of lending during credit booms.Conclusion:More regulatory measures are required to ensure a strong financial system when the volume of non-performing loan grows significantly.An increase in the capital requirement policy for rapidly growing banks is also needed because the problem of abnormal loan growth cannot be detected at the current time.At the same time,strong supervision is necessary to avoid the adverse consequences of borrower selection.

Non-performing loans(NPLs),liquidity creation,and moral hazard:Case of Chinese banks

This study analyzes the impact of non-performing loans(NPLs)on bank liquidity creation to investigate the existence of moral hazard problem in Chinese banks.It uses data from 197 listed and unlisted Chinese banks,spanning the period 2005 to 2014.Total liquidity creation by Chinese banks is declining,and NPLs ratio has started to increase following a continuous decline between 2005 and 2012.Using one-step system GMM estimation,fixed and random effect model,and pool data analysis,we find that liquidity creation by Chinese banks does not depend on NPLs ratio,i.e.,we did not find the evidence of moral hazard problem in Chinese banks.We repeated the analysis for small and large banks and the results of these sub-samples reinforced our findings for the aggregate sample.

Do Macroeconomic Determinants of Non-Performing Loans Vary with the Income Levels of Countries?

This paper explores the macroeconomic determinants of non-performing loans(NPL) in 19 Asian countries(low to high income economies) using the Generalized Method of Moments estimation approach based on the economic data for the period between 1998 and 2015. The categorization of the economies is based on the average gross national income per capita as set by the World Bank.Specifically, the paper aims to evaluate if the determinants of NPL vary with the income levels of the countries. The results indicate that the NPL is strongly influenced by the inflation rate. The effect is,however, negative in the high-income and the middle-income countries and positive in the low-income countries. The GDP per capita has a dynamic negative relationship with the NPL in the high-income and the low-income countries. The remittance has a significant positive association in the high-income and a significant negative association in the low-income countries. Similarly, the unemployment rate has a positive effect on NPL in the middle-income and the low-income countries. With the rise in the official exchange rate, the NPL level increases in the low-income countries. The overall estimation results suggest that the NPL in Asian banking system depend on some key macroeconomic variables,such as unemployment rate, inflation rate, official exchange rate, remittance received and gross domestic product per capita, and these associations vary with the income level of the countries. Therefore,economic level of a country should be carefully considered while formulating credit policy to minimize credit risks in the banking system.

Loan Loss Provisioning Practices

The purpose of this paper is to come up with factors in loan loss provisioning practices on commercial banks that reflect on collectability of defaulted loans. The need for this research is due to failures in the loan loss provisioning practices which resulted in loan loss provisions （LLP） not reflecting on collectability of the defaulted loans. As a consequence, the banks do not capture their loss expectations and do not continuously reassess their loss expectations as the conditions affecting their borrowers may change. Henceforth, in their financial reporting, the banks do not represent relevantly and faithfully their true underlying credit risks conditions. When the banks do not represent relevantly and faithfully their true underlying risk conditions, they contradict the objectives of useful financial reporting. The results showed that among explanatory variables, bad debt recoveries as a factor in loan loss provisioning practices that reflect on collectability of defaulted loans was rejected. Bad debt recoveries was a biased variable and inconsistent estimator. In context of perceived credit risks as the basis to make credit judgments, an estimate of bad debt recoveries had not fulfilled the criteria. On the other hand, non-performing loans （NPL） as a factor in loan loss provisioning practices was not rejected.

消费约束下农业信贷和农业保险最优产品设计

农村金融是农村经济发展重要的内生动力,农业保险和农业信贷作为农村金融的重要组成部分,在助农增收方面发挥着重要作用,两者的融合发展也成为增强农村金融服务能力的重要举措。基于多重均衡模型,引入最低消费约束,研究农业信贷、农业保险和农业“信贷+保险”三种方式对农户终身效用的影响,并通过调整贷款比例和保障水平为不同资本水平的个体设计最理想的农业“信贷+保险”产品。研究结果表明:第一,单一的信贷产品和单一的保险产品只能提升部分农户的终身期望效用;第二,固定保障水平和贷款比例的“信贷+保险”产品无法满足所有农户的实际需求,抑制了部分农户的终身效用;第三,最优的“信贷+保险”产品设计能使所有农户的终身期望效用得到提升,尤其对低资本农户提升效果显著,使其摆脱了低均衡状态,实现资本增长。通过优化农业“信贷+保险”产品设计,可以更有效地增强农户的风险抵御能力和自我发展动力,对于巩固脱贫攻坚成果、深化农村改革、实现乡村振兴具有一定的理论和现实意义。

房地产信贷与住房可支付性

本文使用2010—2022年中国135个城市房地产信贷、房价、房租以及家庭收入与消费数据,考察房地产信贷对住房可支付性影响。实证研究发现,城市房地产开发贷款占比越高,城市房价收入比越低;城市住房抵押贷款占比越高,城市房价收入比与房租收入比越高;房地产信贷对房价可支付性的影响大于房租可支付性;房地产开发贷款提高城市中等收入者住房可支付性,但住房抵押贷款降低城市中等收入者住房可支付性。因此,住房信贷政策应主要解决城市中等收入者房价可支付问题而非房租可支付问题。

价格不确定下基于混合CVaR的出口海陆仓融资质押率决策研究

出口海陆仓融资模式中,海运物流企业在制定质押率时面临质押货物价格波动风险,不同的风险态度会导致决策结果存在差异。本文在质押物价格不确定的条件下,引入混合CVaR风险度量准则,构建同时刻画三种不同风险态度的出口海陆仓质押融资决策模型,讨论海运物流企业的最优质押率。进一步拓展基础模型,考虑清算延迟与流动性风险对质押物价值变现的影响。结果表明:质押物清算延迟与不充足的市场流动性加剧了贷款风险,需下调质押率以管控风险。海运物流企业在风险追逐偏好下的质押率水平最高,其次是风险中性,风险规避下数值最低。质押物价格的波动程度越剧烈,质押率水平越低。质押率与运价呈负相关,当传统海运市场不景气时,海运物流企业会加大物流金融业务的拓展力度。海运物流企业应建立全程、实时的质押贷款风险监测与预警机制,强化贷款清偿阶段的风险管理。

基于央行征信数据运用的区域金融风险预警实证研究——以广东省为例

区域金融风险预警的前提是合理选择风险预警指标。以广东省为研究对象,基于央行征信数据、宏观经济数据和广东省经济风向指标数据,构建广东省金融风险监测预警分析框架和模型,实证分析预测广东省区域金融风险演变趋势,并针对构建基于央行征信数据运用的区域金融风险预警体系提出建议,为运用征信数据开展区域金融风险监测预警提供有益借鉴。

金融科技对商业银行系统性风险影响研究

金融科技已经成为金融行业关注的焦点,为银行业的发展带来了新范式,并且正逐渐成为银行业风险管控的重要手段。文章基于静态的CoVaR方法来测算系统性风险,进而探讨金融科技与商业银行系统性风险之间的关系。结果表明:金融科技会抑制商业银行的系统性风险;金融科技通过提高资本充足率进而降低商业银行的系统性风险;商业银行的不良贷款率越高,金融科技对系统性风险的抑制作用会越明显。基于此,应推动金融科技与银行业务结合,注重系统性风险防范;优化银行网点分布,提高客户粘性;针对不同类型商业银行,施行差异化风险管控;加强内外联动,建立金融业务网络信息共享平台。

On the Pricing Method of the Non-performing Loan Securitization

This paper analyzed in depth the difference between the pricing of non- performing loan （NPL） securitization and that of ordinary asset securitization. It has explained the pricing thought and method of non-performing loan backed securities in connection with the particularity and complexity of non-performing loan and finally proposed some key problems which need to be emphasized during the pricing practice of non-performing loan backed securitization.

学生贷款偿还负担的国际比较及我国的实证研究

各国在研究学生贷款的偿还问题时,对学生所承担债务负担的讨论是必不可少的。学生还款负担的轻重是衡量学生贷款方案是否科学合理的重要指标。本文对学生的贷款偿还负担进行国际比较,并对我国学生的还款负担作了实证分析;在阐述影响还款负担的主要因素的基础上,对我国国家助学贷款偿还模型的改进提出了一些合理化建议。

标准存货质押融资业务贷款价值比率研究

确定合适的质押存货贷款价值比率能够使银行有效地缓释存货质押融资业务的信用风险。沿着简化式的思路,本文综合考虑了外生的企业违约概率,质押存货的价格波动率,贷款的周期和盯市频率等因素的影响,为银行在保持风险容忍水平一致的情况下确定特定存货质押融资业务的相应贷款价值比率提供了一个基本模型。此外,针对存货质押融资的现状,本文还将清算延迟、流动性风险和非零的触发水平等情况引入基本模型中进行了拓展研究。

重随机泊松违约概率下库存商品融资业务贷款价值比率研究

确定合适的质押商品贷款价值比率能够使银行有效缓释库存商品融资业务的信用风险。沿着简化式思路,本文假定借款企业违约事件外生并服从重随机泊松过程,建立了一个有关贷款价值比率的模型。在模型中,本文综合考虑了银行的风险偏好,质押商品的预期收益率和价格波动率,贷款周期和盯市频率等因素的影响,为银行在保持风险容忍水平一致的情况下确定特定库存商品融资业务的相应贷款价值比率提供了科学依据。

股票质押贷款业务的贷款价值比率

确定合适的质押股票贷款价值比率能够使银行有效地缓释股票质押贷款业务的信用风险。沿着简化式思路,本文综合考虑了外生的借款人违约概率,质押股票的价格波动率,贷款的周期和盯市频率等因素的影响,为银行在保持风险容忍水平一致的情况下确定特定股票质押贷款业务的相应贷款价值比率提供了一个基本模型。针对股票质押贷款的现状,本文还将借款人违约随机、清算延迟和有流动性风险的情况引入基本模型中进行了拓展研究。

物流金融中季节性存货质押融资质押率决策

物流金融创新模式下的存货质押融资业务能有效解决供应链上的资金瓶颈,具有很大发展空间,但风险控制水平的滞后严重制约了业务的成长.本文针对基于统一授信的物流金融创新模式中季节性存货质押融资业务的核心风险控制指标——质押率展开研究,首先考虑统一授信模式的特征及成本收益结构,借鉴贸易融资中"主体+债项"的风险评估思路,构建融资约束下的报童模型,分析风险中性的借款企业的再订购决策;进而,通过借款企业和物流企业的Stackelberg动态博弈,分析下侧风险规避的物流企业的质押率决策.研究表明,在统一授信模式下,下侧风险规避的物流企业必须针对不同借款企业的再订购决策反应设定相应质押率才能使决策最优,而且针对初始质押存货不同的借款企业,贷款下侧风险的限制对物流企业最优质押率决策会造成不同程度的影响.