The Special Meaning of Color Words in Chinese and Western Culture

In Chinese and western culture,color words are both as many as the sands in the Ganges river and stars in the blue sky.And its meanings have something in common and also something that is different.To find out the same points and differentias and to avoid mistakes in intercommunication,the writer will analysis the meanings of some main color words and makes an explain for the differences from the aspect of culture between Chinese and western countries by the means of comparison and analysis.After the analysis,the writer discovers that the meanings of the colors are basically different except the purple,and which are deeply affected by their each culture.And the meanings of them would change in the situation of intercommunication.Therefore,we should use these words properly.

“Words”and“Meaning”in the Horizon of Philosophical Hermeneutics

The article holds that the problem of the relationship between"words"and"meaning"has always been the philosophical proposition.Through analyzing the relationship between"words"and"meaning"and probing into"disoourse","text"and"space-time history",the author thinks that the interpreters'preconceptions,preexistence,pre-structure and different perspectives have resulted in diverse forms of interpretations,and the being of each kind of form has its own rationality.Moreover,the process in which the interpreters interpret"words","discourse","text"and"history"is also the process to interpret themselves.Nevertheless,being able to say and being unable to say are soaked in the whole process of interpretation,and,as a result,human beings will always be confronted with a kind of"say and cannot say"embarrassment.

On How to Guess Meanings of Unknown Words in Reading Materials the Importance of Context

While reading plays a very important role in English study, many English language learners find it very difficult to fully comprehend some reading materials on account of many unknown words in them. This essay mainly discusses one technique of guessing meanings of new words according to context clues, thus emphasizing the importance of context.

On Associative Meanings of Color-Related English Words from the Perspective of Cognitive Metaphor

As an important metaphor, metaphor of color-related English words regards color domain as source domain, and maps the color domain to non-colored abstract domain. This enables us to understand, think and discuss color-related concept. This paper studies the basic color-related English words through cognitive metaphor. The process of exploring the associative meanings of the color-related English words is in nature to understand the cultural connotation of color-related English words by means of cognitive metaphor under different cultural backgrounds.

Reciprocity Relation between the Mass Constituents of the Universe and Hardy’s Quantum Entanglement Probability

In this short contribution, a reciprocity relation between mass constituents of the universe was explained governed by Hardy’s maximum entanglement probability of φ5 = 0.09017. While well explainable through a set-theoretical argumentation, the relation may also be a consequence of a coupling factor attributed to the normed dimensions of the universe. Also, very simple expressions for the mass amounts were obtained, when replacing the Golden Mean φ by the Archimedes’ constant π. A brief statement was devoted to the similarity between the E-Infinity Theory of El Naschie and the Information Relativity Theory of Suleiman. In addition, superconductivity was also linked with Hardy’s entanglement probability.

The Meaning of Words Depends on the Context

This paper starts with stating the importance of context in understanding the meaning of words through the aspects as extra linguistic and linguistic context,which is followed by the analysis of the function of context in defferent time, place, situation and to different people. The purpose is to try and present the actual use of context in our daily life and enhance our awareness of the importance of the role of context.

Lexical Relations： Measuring the Proficiency of the Saudi EFL Learners and Analysing the Obstacles

As teachers of EFL （English as a Foreign Language） in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, we are sometimes flabbergasted by the errors that the/earners make in their English scripts. Apparently, there was no pattern to these errors. However, when the researcher observed the frequency of similar error over a few years of her experience as an EFL faculty for Saudi learners, the theory of Lexical Relations appeared to offer an answer. Therein also lies the genesis of the current study. In a positive development, the study did bring to light certain factors that directly played a role in the Saudi EFL learners＇ English errors. These have been presented in this paper with the hope that with the diagnosis in hand, it will be easier for the EFL teachers to find a solution to the dearth of English proficiency among the Saudi EFL learners.

How to Deal with New Words in Material——What is a Word and its Relations to the Reading

When you mention lexicology,absolutely it is a branch of linguistics,inquiring into the origins and meanings of words.The lexicologist Mc Carthy(1990)have given us his opinion about it.He said,grammar is important,and it indeed plays a vital rolein English study,but that is not all.In fact,tar from this.From this we can see,vocabulary and the study and learning of vocabularytake an outstanding place in the study of language,it will improve his skills of using reference books and raise his problem-solvingability and efficiency of individual study.And it will make you much more receptive and productive in language processing and lan-guage production.Knowledge of English Lexicology can offer a great help to the work of the teachers of English.Armed with thisknowledge,they can better control the teaching materials,especially the concerning words.They can also select and organize mate-rials to teach in a more effective way.What is more,they can make use of the different sense relations to group vocabulary,inter-pret words and explain meanings to the students;At last,their teaching will prove better if they have the knowledge of dictionaries.In my thesis,I will talk about how to deal with new words in material.

Some Symbolic Meanings of Color Words in Chinese and English Cultures

In Chinese and English languages, there are very abundant words that can describe different colors. Not only should we pay attention to their basic meanings, but also should pay attention to their profound symbolic meanings. Because the symbolic meanings of color words often have different characteristics in different national languages, some characteristics even form people to the advocating and taboo to the colors after being guided, stretched and transferred by people. The big difference of the symbolic meanings of color between different cultures is due to the different nations, different cultures, different historical backgrounds, and different aesthetic psychologies. It is sanctified by usage in the sediment of history and the development of society. It is a kind of enduring culture phenomenon. From the angle of comparison between Chinese and English cultures, this essay attempts to probe into the development of different cultures has the impact on symbolic meanings of color words.

A Comparative Study on the Metaphorical Meanings and Translations of Green and绿

Language is not only a part of culture,but also the carrier and container of culture.However,due to differences in cultur⁃al background,customs,historical and geographical environment,language expression is also different.As a part of language,col⁃or words are usually endowed with corresponding metaphorical meaning.Therefore,this paper mainly analyzes the differences be⁃tween English and Chinese color words“green”and“绿”,and explores the translation methods of English and Chinese color words.

A Discussion On the Range of Meaning of English Words──An Approach to English Words Learning

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A Brief Analysis of Ambiguity of Words' Meaning in Translation

As you can see from the title,we try to provide a brief analysis of ambiguity of words' meaning in translation practice,namely,what is ambiguity of a meaning of a word and how it is caused,and how it affects translation.What effective methods are available to help us achieve a successful translation? Although a perfect solution for the problems presented by the ambiguity of words' meaning is difficult to find,we try to do what it can to contribute to the solution and draw people's attention to those problems.

Cultural Connotation and Translation of Color Words

This paper aims to analyze the cultural connotations of color words. To successfully translate the expressions relating to colors form Chinese to English or English to Chinese, it is a key step to master the cultural connotations of Chinese and English color words. By comparing the differences of the corresponding color words between Chinese and English, three basic translating methods are generalized.

Constitutive relation of an orthorhombic polycrystal with the shape coefficients

An orthorhombic polycrystal is an orthorhombic aggregate of tiny crystallites. In this paper, we study the effect of the crystalline mean shape on the constitutive relation of the orthorhombic polycrystal. The crystalline mean shape and the crystalline orientation arrangement are described by the crystalline shape function （CSF） and the orientation distribution function （ODF）, respectively. The CSF and the ODF are expanded as an infinite series in terms of the Wigner D-functions. The expanded coefficients of the CSF and the ODF are called the shape coefficients s^lm0 and the texture coefficients c^lmn respectively. Assuming that Ceff in the constitutive relation depends on the shape coefficients s^lm0 and the texture coefficients c^lmn by the principle of material frame-indifference we derive an analytical expression for C^eff up to terms linear in s^lmo and c^lmn and the expression would be applicable to the polycrystal whose texture is weak and whose crystalline mean shape has weak anisotropy. C^cff contains six unspecified material constants （λ, μ, c, s1, s2, s3）, five shape coefficients （s^2 00, s^2 20, s^4 00, s^4 20, s^4 40）, and three texture coefficients （c^4 99,c^4 20, c^4 40）, The results based on the perturbation approach are used to determine the five material constants approximately. We also find that the shape coefficients 2 and a s^2mo and s^4m0 are all zero if the crystalline mean shape is a cuboid. Some examples are given to compare our computational results.

Output Linearization of Single-Input Single-Output Fuzzy System to Improve Accuracy and Performance

For fuzzy systems to be implemented effectively,the fuzzy membership function(MF)is essential.A fuzzy system(FS)that implements precise input and output MFs is presented to enhance the performance and accuracy of single-input single-output(SISO)FSs and introduce the most applicable input and output MFs protocol to linearize the fuzzy system’s output.Utilizing a variety of non-linear techniques,a SISO FS is simulated.The results of FS experiments conducted in comparable conditions are then compared.The simulated results and the results of the experimental setup agree fairly well.The findings of the suggested model demonstrate that the relative error is abated to a sufficient range(≤±10%)and that the mean absolute percentage error(MPAE)is reduced by around 66.2%.The proposed strategy to reduceMAPE using an FS improves the system’s performance and control accuracy.By using the best input and output MFs protocol,the energy and financial efficiency of every SISO FS can be improved with very little tuning of MFs.The proposed fuzzy system performed far better than other modern days approaches available in the literature.

Solving Arithmetic Word Problems of Entailing Deep Implicit Relations by Qualia Syntax-Semantic Model

Solving arithmetic word problems that entail deep implicit relations is still a challenging problem.However,significant progress has been made in solving Arithmetic Word Problems(AWP)over the past six decades.This paper proposes to discover deep implicit relations by qualia inference to solve Arithmetic Word Problems entailing Deep Implicit Relations(DIR-AWP),such as entailing commonsense or subject-domain knowledge involved in the problem-solving process.This paper proposes to take three steps to solve DIR-AWPs,in which the first three steps are used to conduct the qualia inference process.The first step uses the prepared set of qualia-quantity models to identify qualia scenes from the explicit relations extracted by the Syntax-Semantic(S2)method from the given problem.The second step adds missing entities and deep implicit relations in order using the identified qualia scenes and the qualia-quantity models,respectively.The third step distills the relations for solving the given problem by pruning the spare branches of the qualia dependency graph of all the acquired relations.The research contributes to the field by presenting a comprehensive approach combining explicit and implicit knowledge to enhance reasoning abilities.The experimental results on Math23K demonstrate hat the proposed algorithm is superior to the baseline algorithms in solving AWPs requiring deep implicit relations.

Changes of Word Meaning in English-Generalization/Specialization and Pejoration/Amelioration

Changes of word meanings in English are often achieved by the processes of generalization/specialization and pejoration/amelioration.By generalization or specialization,the literal meanings of a word are broadened or narrowed.While by pejoration or amelioration,the associations of a word go downhill or rise.Trough supplying certain examples,a brief picture about meaning changes of words in English is drawn.

THE PROXIMAL RELATION,REGIONALLY PROXIMAL RELATION AND BANACH PROXIMAL RELATION FOR AMENABLE GROUP ACTIONS

In this paper,we study the proximal relation,regionally proximal relation and Banach proximal relation of a topological dynamical system for amenable group actions.A useful tool is the support of a topological dynamical system which is used to study the structure of the Banach proximal relation,and we prove that above three relations all coincide on a Banach mean equicontinuous system generated by an amenable group action.

Study on new words and their evolutions

Language change is the manner in which the phonetic, morphological, semantic, syntactic, and other features of a language are modified over time. Vocabulary can change quickly as new words are borrowed from other languages, or as words get combined or shortened. Information and communication technologies （ICT） are one of the major driving forces in the process of globalization. This paper focuses on some lexicon changes over the last two decades. In particular, affixation, compounding, blending, and meaning shift are illustrated in detail.