The establishment of an international judicial institution responsible to verify on a case-by-case basis when serious humanitarian crimes would fall within the competence of domestic judicial authorities,and when an i...The establishment of an international judicial institution responsible to verify on a case-by-case basis when serious humanitarian crimes would fall within the competence of domestic judicial authorities,and when an international judiciary would be required is a visible accomplishment advocated for years.The important paradigm shift refers to governing the transitional challenges characterizing massive humanitarian escalations in conflict and post-conflict situations between the responsibility to protect civilians and the fight against the impunity of international crimes.In the current legislation of the UN the civilian protection duties are associated to the maintenance of peace and security and to the right of intervention in the domestic affairs of sovereign States for humanitarian reasons,extending further the reach of a criminal jurisdiction to punish the perpetrators.This has been the case in Darfur,Sudan,and Libya.Both these situations have been referred by the UN Security Council to the International Criminal Court(ICC).From an empirical perspective,it is still not demonstrated whether international criminal justice would have an impact on the maintenance and restoration of international peace and security,while its complementary role with global political regimes is in transition and deserves attention.The questions arising are as follow:how to rely on international criminal justice for the preservation,maintenance,and restoration of peace and security in extreme conflict zones,without solving the governance gaps during mass atrocity escalations characterized by jurisdictional referrals?Is this realistic considering the traditional concept of international security relying on old models of militarization,such as in the case of Libya?Are there political and strategic reasons for a postponement of accountability during such humanitarian interventions?In short,what kind of public authority is desired for the emerging regime of international criminal justice,and how would such tool function in the complexity of international governance?展开更多
Although the distributions of foliage and light play major roles in various forest functions,accurate,nondestructive measurement of these distributions is difficult due to the complexity of the canopy structure.To eva...Although the distributions of foliage and light play major roles in various forest functions,accurate,nondestructive measurement of these distributions is difficult due to the complexity of the canopy structure.To evaluate the foliage and light distributions directly and nondestructively in a mature oak stand,we used the cube method by dividing the forest canopy into small cubes(50 cm per side)and directly measured leaf area density(LAD,the total one-sided leaf area per unit volume,i.e.,cube)and relative irradiance(RI)within each cube.The distribution of LAD and of RI was highly heterogeneous,even at the same canopy height.This heterogeneity reflected the presence of foliage clusters associated with multiple forking branches.The relationship between cumulative LAD at the canopy surface and average RI followed the Beer-Lambert law.The mean light extinction coefficient(K)was 0.32.However,K was overestimated by more than double(0.80)when calculated based on the classical method using RI at the forest floor.This overestimation was caused by the lower RI due to light absorption by nonleaf plant parts below the canopy.Our findings on the complex foliage and light distributions in canopy layers should help improve the accuracy of RI and K measurements and thus more accurate predictions of environmental responses and forest functions.展开更多
The 1997 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Non-navigational Uses of International Watercourses (UNWC) contains a negotiation framework for transboundary water rights. However, it is a subjective document ope...The 1997 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Non-navigational Uses of International Watercourses (UNWC) contains a negotiation framework for transboundary water rights. However, it is a subjective document open to a wide range of possibilities and interpretations. Water Rights Allocations (WRAs) as described by Dinar and Nigatu (2013) and Dinar and Tsur (2017) provide a limited number of quantifiable allocation possibilities based on the UNWC. It is suggested that this methodology streamlines the negotiation process and reduces the effects of hydro hegemony. These methodologies are explored and applied through a case study on the Orontes River Basin.展开更多
By using function one direction S-rough sets (function one direction singular rough sets), this article presents the concepts of Flaw, Frough law, and the relation metric of rough law; by using these concepts, this ar...By using function one direction S-rough sets (function one direction singular rough sets), this article presents the concepts of Flaw, Frough law, and the relation metric of rough law; by using these concepts, this article puts forward the theorem of Flaw relation metric, two orders theorem of Frough law relation metric, the attribute theorem of Frough law band, the extremum theorem of Frough law relation metric, the discovery principle of Frough law and the application of Frough law.展开更多
The economic reform launched in the People's Republic of China(China) led to a rapid growth in non-state sectors.Various forms of corporate governances and ownerships emerged during the last two decades,especially...The economic reform launched in the People's Republic of China(China) led to a rapid growth in non-state sectors.Various forms of corporate governances and ownerships emerged during the last two decades,especially the Township and Village Enterprises owned by local residents.This article is conducted on the changing labour relations in Chinese Township and Village Enterprises(TVEs) despite their increasing contributions to China's transition from planned economy to market economy,and studies the labour market and the Labour Law to understand the unique labour mobility and to test the relationship between Human Resource Management(HRM) practice and the performance among TVEs.展开更多
Finding that in the formula of expansion of a function into a series of wave-like functions ?the coefficients are its Fourier transforms, if existed, we deduce mathematically all the principles and hypothesis that ill...Finding that in the formula of expansion of a function into a series of wave-like functions ?the coefficients are its Fourier transforms, if existed, we deduce mathematically all the principles and hypothesis that illustrated physicists utilized to build quantum mechanics a century ago, beginning with the duality particle-wave principle of Planck and including the Schrödinger equations. By the way, we find a simple Fourier transform relation between Dirac momentum and position bras and a useful permutation relation between operators in phase and Hilbert spaces. Moreover, from the found particle-wave duality formula we prove and obtain again essentially by mathematical analysis all the laws of wave optics concerning reflections, refractions, polarizations, diffractions by one or many identical 3D objects with various forms and dimensions.展开更多
This is the first paper in a two part series on black holes. In this work, we concern ourselves with the event horizon. A second follow-up paper will deal with its internal structure. We hypothesize that black holes a...This is the first paper in a two part series on black holes. In this work, we concern ourselves with the event horizon. A second follow-up paper will deal with its internal structure. We hypothesize that black holes are 4-dimensional spatial, steady state, self-contained spheres filled with black-body radiation. As such, the event horizon marks the boundary between two adjacent spaces, 4-D and 3-D, and there, we consider the radiative transfers involving black- body photons. We generalize the Stefan-Boltzmann law assuming that photons can transition between different dimensional spaces, and we can show how for a 3-D/4-D interface, one can only have zero, or net positive, transfer of radiative energy into the black hole. We find that we can predict the temperature just inside the event horizon, on the 4-D side, given the mass, or radius, of the black hole. For an isolated black hole with no radiative heat inflow, we will assume that the temperature, on the outside, is the CMB temperature, T2 = 2.725 K. We take into account the full complement of radiative energy, which for a black body will consist of internal energy density, radiative pressure, and entropy density. It is specifically the entropy density which is responsible for the heat flowing in. We also generalize the Young- Laplace equation for a 4-D/3-D interface. We derive an expression for the surface tension, and prove that it is necessarily positive, and finite, for a 4-D/3-D membrane. This is important as it will lead to an inherently positively curved object, which a black hole is. With this surface tension, we can determine the work needed to expand the black hole. We give two formulations, one involving the surface tension directly, and the other involving the coefficient of surface tension. Because two surfaces are expanding, the 4-D and the 3-D surfaces, there are two radiative contributions to the work done, one positive, which assists expansion. The other is negative, which will resist an increase in volume. The 4-D side promotes expansion whereas the 3-D side hinders it. At the surface itself, we also have gravity, which is the major contribution to the finite surface tension in almost all situations, which we calculate in the second paper. The surface tension depends not only on the size, or mass, of the black hole, but also on the outside surface temperature, quantities which are accessible observationally. Outside surface temperature will also determine inflow. Finally, we develop a “waterfall model” for a black hole, based on what happens at the event horizon. There we find a sharp discontinuity in temperature upon entering the event horizon, from the 3-D side. This is due to the increased surface area in 4-D space, AR(4) = 2π2R3, versus the 3-D surface area, AR(3) = 4πR2. This leads to much reduced radiative pressures, internal energy densities, and total energy densities just inside the event horizon. All quantities are explicitly calculated in terms of the outside surface temperature, and size of a black hole. Any net radiative heat inflow into the black hole, if it is non-zero, is restricted by the condition that, 0cdQ/dt FR(3), where, FR(3), is the 3-D radiative force applied to the event horizon, pushing it in. We argue throughout this paper that a 3-D/3-D interface would not have the same desirable characteristics as a 4-D/3-D interface. This includes allowing for only zero or net positive heat inflow into the black hole, an inherently positive finite radiative surface tension, much reduced temperatures just inside the event horizon, and limits on inflow.展开更多
Study of the general theory of law,as an independent branch of legal research,originated in Germany in the mid to late 19th century,and thereafter became a widely propagated and well-developed subject in countries suc...Study of the general theory of law,as an independent branch of legal research,originated in Germany in the mid to late 19th century,and thereafter became a widely propagated and well-developed subject in countries such as the UK and the US.Scholars from the Soviet Union combined the general theory of law with Marxist philosophy and adapted it from an analytical legal theory to a social legal theory.The inheritance and development of the general theory of law in China went through three stages.Specifically,from the 1950s to the early 1960s,the jurisprudence community fully adopted the legal theories promoted by the Soviet Union;from the early 1980s to the late 1990s,the studies reflected upon past theories and sought advancement;and from the late 1990s to present,research has adopted a more open and innovative approach.In addition,the philosophy of law and other interdisciplinary subjects have gradually become dominant research paradigms.A review and compilation based on the evolution of theories of legal relations showed that the study of the general theory of law in China is closely associated to the historical rate of progress of the practice of rule of law and jurisprudence in China.The overall framework of the research is deeply influenced by the model of“theories of the Soviet+civil-law prototypes”.In addition,the research methods have evolved from investigations utilizing a single approach to processes combining various approaches.The general theory of law is far from a“relic of history,”and corresponding in-depth research is recommended for future jurisprudence study in China.展开更多
We hypothesize that gravitons contribute significantly to the process that flattens galaxy rotation curves. Gravitons travelling against a gravitational field experience an energy loss due to gravitational redshift id...We hypothesize that gravitons contribute significantly to the process that flattens galaxy rotation curves. Gravitons travelling against a gravitational field experience an energy loss due to gravitational redshift identical to the effect on light. This energy loss requires an increased rotational velocity to stabilize a galaxy. We will show that this approach successfully explains the rotational properties of spiral and dwarf galaxies.展开更多
Dark matter is identified as negative relative energy between quarks in proton and is generated in cold hydrogen gas with pressure gradient in gravitational field. Positive relative energy PRE can be generated between...Dark matter is identified as negative relative energy between quarks in proton and is generated in cold hydrogen gas with pressure gradient in gravitational field. Positive relative energy PRE can be generated between quarks in protons in cold hydrogen gas in outskirts of the universe. The mechanisms for such creation of dark matter and PRE are reviewed and updated in greater detail and clearer manner. The so-generated dark matter in a galaxy can account for the galaxy’s rotation curve. Star formation in this galaxy uses up the hydrogen atoms and thereby reduces its dark matter content. Dark matter created in intergalactic hydrogen gas can form filaments. In a hypothetical model of the universe, a hydrogen atom with a small amount of negative relative energy or dark matter at the outskirts of this universe can via collisions with other atoms turn into one with a small positive relative energy PRE. Once such a sign change takes place, gravitational attraction switches to anti-gravity repulsion unopposed by any pressure gradient. This leads to a “run away” hydrogen atom moving away from the mass center of the universe and provides a basic mechanism for the accelerating expansion of the universe. This theoretical expansion and the measured redshift data are both compatible with the conception of an acceleratingly expanding universe and complement each other. But they cannot verify each other directly because the present model has been constructed for purposes different from those of the measurements. But it can be shown that both approaches do support each other qualitatively under certain circumstances for small velocities. Dark matter and PRE in the present model are not foreign objects like WIMPs and dark energy-cosmological constant but can only be created in cold hydrogen gas in gravitational field. To achieve this, infrequent collisions among the hydrogen atoms must take place. Dark matter was created first and can eventually later evolve into PRE in the outskirts of the universe and in the intergalactic void. Dark matter and PRE will disappear if the hydrogen atom carrying them becomes ionized as in stars.展开更多
Objective To analyze laws, regulations and the responsibilities of relevant authorities for vaccine quality control and to provide suggestions for improving vaccine quality control system in China. Methods Laws and ru...Objective To analyze laws, regulations and the responsibilities of relevant authorities for vaccine quality control and to provide suggestions for improving vaccine quality control system in China. Methods Laws and rules issued by related authorities were classified and studied. Results and Conclusion There are still some problems in the basic laws and regulations, including the lack of legal basis, the unclear responsibilities of relevant authorities and so on. We should improve the current laws, regulations as well as the responsibilities of the authorities so as to build up a sound system of vaccine traceability gradually.展开更多
With the rapid development of modem social politics and economy,agent performance has been a need of the People's Republic of China's administrative law enforcement and the public.Its form is relatively mild,a...With the rapid development of modem social politics and economy,agent performance has been a need of the People's Republic of China's administrative law enforcement and the public.Its form is relatively mild,and it is the product formed in the field of modem administrative law enforcement.The contemporary agent performance system has been playing an important role in environmental protection and traffic safety,which can save administrative costs to a certain extent,improve the efficiency of law enforcement,as well as effectively protect the legitimate rights and interests of the obligee.In spite of this,agent performance in China's administrative law has gained a lot of space for development,but there are many aspects that still need continuous development and improvement such as the subject,procedure,and cost of agent performance.This article focuses on the issue of agent performance as well as analyzes the subject,procedure,and cost of agent performance in administrative law of the People's Republic of China in aiming to promote the development of agent performance in administrative compulsory law of the People's Republic of China.展开更多
文摘The establishment of an international judicial institution responsible to verify on a case-by-case basis when serious humanitarian crimes would fall within the competence of domestic judicial authorities,and when an international judiciary would be required is a visible accomplishment advocated for years.The important paradigm shift refers to governing the transitional challenges characterizing massive humanitarian escalations in conflict and post-conflict situations between the responsibility to protect civilians and the fight against the impunity of international crimes.In the current legislation of the UN the civilian protection duties are associated to the maintenance of peace and security and to the right of intervention in the domestic affairs of sovereign States for humanitarian reasons,extending further the reach of a criminal jurisdiction to punish the perpetrators.This has been the case in Darfur,Sudan,and Libya.Both these situations have been referred by the UN Security Council to the International Criminal Court(ICC).From an empirical perspective,it is still not demonstrated whether international criminal justice would have an impact on the maintenance and restoration of international peace and security,while its complementary role with global political regimes is in transition and deserves attention.The questions arising are as follow:how to rely on international criminal justice for the preservation,maintenance,and restoration of peace and security in extreme conflict zones,without solving the governance gaps during mass atrocity escalations characterized by jurisdictional referrals?Is this realistic considering the traditional concept of international security relying on old models of militarization,such as in the case of Libya?Are there political and strategic reasons for a postponement of accountability during such humanitarian interventions?In short,what kind of public authority is desired for the emerging regime of international criminal justice,and how would such tool function in the complexity of international governance?
基金partly supported by Grant-in-Aid for scientific research(No.17658070,22580173)from the Ministry of Education,Science and Culture,Japan“Evaluation of genetic resources for strengthening productivity and adaptability of tropical forests”from the Japan International Research Centre for Agricultural Sciences。
文摘Although the distributions of foliage and light play major roles in various forest functions,accurate,nondestructive measurement of these distributions is difficult due to the complexity of the canopy structure.To evaluate the foliage and light distributions directly and nondestructively in a mature oak stand,we used the cube method by dividing the forest canopy into small cubes(50 cm per side)and directly measured leaf area density(LAD,the total one-sided leaf area per unit volume,i.e.,cube)and relative irradiance(RI)within each cube.The distribution of LAD and of RI was highly heterogeneous,even at the same canopy height.This heterogeneity reflected the presence of foliage clusters associated with multiple forking branches.The relationship between cumulative LAD at the canopy surface and average RI followed the Beer-Lambert law.The mean light extinction coefficient(K)was 0.32.However,K was overestimated by more than double(0.80)when calculated based on the classical method using RI at the forest floor.This overestimation was caused by the lower RI due to light absorption by nonleaf plant parts below the canopy.Our findings on the complex foliage and light distributions in canopy layers should help improve the accuracy of RI and K measurements and thus more accurate predictions of environmental responses and forest functions.
文摘The 1997 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Non-navigational Uses of International Watercourses (UNWC) contains a negotiation framework for transboundary water rights. However, it is a subjective document open to a wide range of possibilities and interpretations. Water Rights Allocations (WRAs) as described by Dinar and Nigatu (2013) and Dinar and Tsur (2017) provide a limited number of quantifiable allocation possibilities based on the UNWC. It is suggested that this methodology streamlines the negotiation process and reduces the effects of hydro hegemony. These methodologies are explored and applied through a case study on the Orontes River Basin.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(Y2007H02)Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province(S0650031)
文摘By using function one direction S-rough sets (function one direction singular rough sets), this article presents the concepts of Flaw, Frough law, and the relation metric of rough law; by using these concepts, this article puts forward the theorem of Flaw relation metric, two orders theorem of Frough law relation metric, the attribute theorem of Frough law band, the extremum theorem of Frough law relation metric, the discovery principle of Frough law and the application of Frough law.
文摘The economic reform launched in the People's Republic of China(China) led to a rapid growth in non-state sectors.Various forms of corporate governances and ownerships emerged during the last two decades,especially the Township and Village Enterprises owned by local residents.This article is conducted on the changing labour relations in Chinese Township and Village Enterprises(TVEs) despite their increasing contributions to China's transition from planned economy to market economy,and studies the labour market and the Labour Law to understand the unique labour mobility and to test the relationship between Human Resource Management(HRM) practice and the performance among TVEs.
文摘Finding that in the formula of expansion of a function into a series of wave-like functions ?the coefficients are its Fourier transforms, if existed, we deduce mathematically all the principles and hypothesis that illustrated physicists utilized to build quantum mechanics a century ago, beginning with the duality particle-wave principle of Planck and including the Schrödinger equations. By the way, we find a simple Fourier transform relation between Dirac momentum and position bras and a useful permutation relation between operators in phase and Hilbert spaces. Moreover, from the found particle-wave duality formula we prove and obtain again essentially by mathematical analysis all the laws of wave optics concerning reflections, refractions, polarizations, diffractions by one or many identical 3D objects with various forms and dimensions.
文摘This is the first paper in a two part series on black holes. In this work, we concern ourselves with the event horizon. A second follow-up paper will deal with its internal structure. We hypothesize that black holes are 4-dimensional spatial, steady state, self-contained spheres filled with black-body radiation. As such, the event horizon marks the boundary between two adjacent spaces, 4-D and 3-D, and there, we consider the radiative transfers involving black- body photons. We generalize the Stefan-Boltzmann law assuming that photons can transition between different dimensional spaces, and we can show how for a 3-D/4-D interface, one can only have zero, or net positive, transfer of radiative energy into the black hole. We find that we can predict the temperature just inside the event horizon, on the 4-D side, given the mass, or radius, of the black hole. For an isolated black hole with no radiative heat inflow, we will assume that the temperature, on the outside, is the CMB temperature, T2 = 2.725 K. We take into account the full complement of radiative energy, which for a black body will consist of internal energy density, radiative pressure, and entropy density. It is specifically the entropy density which is responsible for the heat flowing in. We also generalize the Young- Laplace equation for a 4-D/3-D interface. We derive an expression for the surface tension, and prove that it is necessarily positive, and finite, for a 4-D/3-D membrane. This is important as it will lead to an inherently positively curved object, which a black hole is. With this surface tension, we can determine the work needed to expand the black hole. We give two formulations, one involving the surface tension directly, and the other involving the coefficient of surface tension. Because two surfaces are expanding, the 4-D and the 3-D surfaces, there are two radiative contributions to the work done, one positive, which assists expansion. The other is negative, which will resist an increase in volume. The 4-D side promotes expansion whereas the 3-D side hinders it. At the surface itself, we also have gravity, which is the major contribution to the finite surface tension in almost all situations, which we calculate in the second paper. The surface tension depends not only on the size, or mass, of the black hole, but also on the outside surface temperature, quantities which are accessible observationally. Outside surface temperature will also determine inflow. Finally, we develop a “waterfall model” for a black hole, based on what happens at the event horizon. There we find a sharp discontinuity in temperature upon entering the event horizon, from the 3-D side. This is due to the increased surface area in 4-D space, AR(4) = 2π2R3, versus the 3-D surface area, AR(3) = 4πR2. This leads to much reduced radiative pressures, internal energy densities, and total energy densities just inside the event horizon. All quantities are explicitly calculated in terms of the outside surface temperature, and size of a black hole. Any net radiative heat inflow into the black hole, if it is non-zero, is restricted by the condition that, 0cdQ/dt FR(3), where, FR(3), is the 3-D radiative force applied to the event horizon, pushing it in. We argue throughout this paper that a 3-D/3-D interface would not have the same desirable characteristics as a 4-D/3-D interface. This includes allowing for only zero or net positive heat inflow into the black hole, an inherently positive finite radiative surface tension, much reduced temperatures just inside the event horizon, and limits on inflow.
基金the phased achievement of an ongoing project sponsored by the“Qian Duansheng Support Plan for Outstanding Scholars of China University of Political Science and Law”.
文摘Study of the general theory of law,as an independent branch of legal research,originated in Germany in the mid to late 19th century,and thereafter became a widely propagated and well-developed subject in countries such as the UK and the US.Scholars from the Soviet Union combined the general theory of law with Marxist philosophy and adapted it from an analytical legal theory to a social legal theory.The inheritance and development of the general theory of law in China went through three stages.Specifically,from the 1950s to the early 1960s,the jurisprudence community fully adopted the legal theories promoted by the Soviet Union;from the early 1980s to the late 1990s,the studies reflected upon past theories and sought advancement;and from the late 1990s to present,research has adopted a more open and innovative approach.In addition,the philosophy of law and other interdisciplinary subjects have gradually become dominant research paradigms.A review and compilation based on the evolution of theories of legal relations showed that the study of the general theory of law in China is closely associated to the historical rate of progress of the practice of rule of law and jurisprudence in China.The overall framework of the research is deeply influenced by the model of“theories of the Soviet+civil-law prototypes”.In addition,the research methods have evolved from investigations utilizing a single approach to processes combining various approaches.The general theory of law is far from a“relic of history,”and corresponding in-depth research is recommended for future jurisprudence study in China.
文摘We hypothesize that gravitons contribute significantly to the process that flattens galaxy rotation curves. Gravitons travelling against a gravitational field experience an energy loss due to gravitational redshift identical to the effect on light. This energy loss requires an increased rotational velocity to stabilize a galaxy. We will show that this approach successfully explains the rotational properties of spiral and dwarf galaxies.
文摘Dark matter is identified as negative relative energy between quarks in proton and is generated in cold hydrogen gas with pressure gradient in gravitational field. Positive relative energy PRE can be generated between quarks in protons in cold hydrogen gas in outskirts of the universe. The mechanisms for such creation of dark matter and PRE are reviewed and updated in greater detail and clearer manner. The so-generated dark matter in a galaxy can account for the galaxy’s rotation curve. Star formation in this galaxy uses up the hydrogen atoms and thereby reduces its dark matter content. Dark matter created in intergalactic hydrogen gas can form filaments. In a hypothetical model of the universe, a hydrogen atom with a small amount of negative relative energy or dark matter at the outskirts of this universe can via collisions with other atoms turn into one with a small positive relative energy PRE. Once such a sign change takes place, gravitational attraction switches to anti-gravity repulsion unopposed by any pressure gradient. This leads to a “run away” hydrogen atom moving away from the mass center of the universe and provides a basic mechanism for the accelerating expansion of the universe. This theoretical expansion and the measured redshift data are both compatible with the conception of an acceleratingly expanding universe and complement each other. But they cannot verify each other directly because the present model has been constructed for purposes different from those of the measurements. But it can be shown that both approaches do support each other qualitatively under certain circumstances for small velocities. Dark matter and PRE in the present model are not foreign objects like WIMPs and dark energy-cosmological constant but can only be created in cold hydrogen gas in gravitational field. To achieve this, infrequent collisions among the hydrogen atoms must take place. Dark matter was created first and can eventually later evolve into PRE in the outskirts of the universe and in the intergalactic void. Dark matter and PRE will disappear if the hydrogen atom carrying them becomes ionized as in stars.
文摘Objective To analyze laws, regulations and the responsibilities of relevant authorities for vaccine quality control and to provide suggestions for improving vaccine quality control system in China. Methods Laws and rules issued by related authorities were classified and studied. Results and Conclusion There are still some problems in the basic laws and regulations, including the lack of legal basis, the unclear responsibilities of relevant authorities and so on. We should improve the current laws, regulations as well as the responsibilities of the authorities so as to build up a sound system of vaccine traceability gradually.
文摘With the rapid development of modem social politics and economy,agent performance has been a need of the People's Republic of China's administrative law enforcement and the public.Its form is relatively mild,and it is the product formed in the field of modem administrative law enforcement.The contemporary agent performance system has been playing an important role in environmental protection and traffic safety,which can save administrative costs to a certain extent,improve the efficiency of law enforcement,as well as effectively protect the legitimate rights and interests of the obligee.In spite of this,agent performance in China's administrative law has gained a lot of space for development,but there are many aspects that still need continuous development and improvement such as the subject,procedure,and cost of agent performance.This article focuses on the issue of agent performance as well as analyzes the subject,procedure,and cost of agent performance in administrative law of the People's Republic of China in aiming to promote the development of agent performance in administrative compulsory law of the People's Republic of China.