The Coupling Relationship between the Uplift of Longmen Shan and the Subsidence of Foreland Basin,Sichuan,China

Depending on the analysis of the coeval sedimentary geometry and subsidence mechanism in the Longmen Shan foreland basin, three models about the coupling relationship between Longmen Shan uplift and foreland basin subsidence since the Indosinian have been proposed：（1） crustal shortening and its related wide wedge-shaped foreland basin,（2） crustal isostatic rebound and its related tabular foreland basin, and（3） lower crustal flow and its related narrow wedge-shaped foreland basin. Based on the narrow wedge-shaped foreland basin developed since 4 Ma, it is believed that the narrow crustal shortening and tectonic load driven by lower crustal flow is a primary driver for the present Longmen Shan uplift and the Wenchuan（Ms 8.0） earthquake.

Distribution of winter-spring snow over the Tibetan Plateau and its relationship with summer precipitationin Yangtze River

The distribution of winter-spring snow cover over the Tibetan Plateau （TP） and its relationship with summer precipitation in the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River Valley （MLYRV） during 2003-2013 have been investigated with the moderate-resolution imaging spectrometer （MODIS） Terra data （MOD10A2） and precipitation observations. Results show that snow cover percentage （SCP） remains approximately 20% in winter and spring then tails off to below 5% with warmer temperature and snow melt in summer. The lower and highest percentages present a declining tendency while the middle SCP exhibits an opposite variation. The maximum value appears from the middle of October to March and the minimum emerges from July to August. The annual and winter-spring SCPs present a decreasing tendency. Snow cover is mainly situated in the periphery of the plateau and mountainous regions, and less snow in the interior of the plateau, basin and valley areas in view of snow cover frequency （SCF） over the TP. Whatever annual or winter-spring snow cover, they all have remarkable declining tendency during 2003-2013, and annual snow cover presents a decreasing trend in the interior of the TP and increasing trend in the periphery of the TP. Hie multi-year averaged eight-day SCP is negatively related to mean precipitation in the MLYRV. Spring SCP is negatively related to summer precipitation while winter SCP is positively related to summer precipitation in most parts of the MLYRV. Hence, the influence of winter snow cover on precipitation is much more significant than that in spring on the basis of correlation analysis. The oscillation of SCF from southeast to northwest over the TP corresponds well to the beginning,development and cessation of the rain belt in eastern China.

Comparative Study on the Development of Tibetan Traditional Lingka and Han Garden

Tibetan traditional garden(Lingka) represented by the Norbuglingka is an important component of the Chinese traditional garden system. It is worth the attention from the academic fi eld because of the garden style with regional features and outstanding national and religious cultures. By researching the development history of Tibetan traditional Lingka and Han Garden and comparing the differences between their development stages and styles, it was found that both of them originated from the love and hankering for nature, but they presented different forms and characters because of different religious beliefs, natural ecological views, activities in garden, garden cultures, and so on. For the communication between Tibet and the Central Plain, Tibetan Lingka and Han garden have infl uenced and benefi ted each other, and fi nally shown the current patterns.

Origin and phylogenetic analysis of Tibetan Mastiff based on the mitochondrial DNA sequence

At present, the Tibetan Mastiff is the oldest and most ferocious dog in the world. However, the origin of the Tibetan Mastiff and its phylogenetic relationship with other large breed dogs such as Saint Bernard are unclear. In this study, the primers were designed accord- ing to the mitochondrial genome sequence of the domestic dog, and the 2,525 bp mitochondrial sequence, containing the whole sequence of Cytochrome b, tRNA-Thr, tRNA-Pro, and control region of the Tibetan Mastiff, was obtained. Using grey wolves and coyotes as out- groups, the Tibetan Mastiff and 12 breeds of domestic dogs were analyzed in phylogenesis. Tibetan Mastiff, domestic dog breeds, and grey wolves were clustered into a group and coyotes were clustered in a group separately. This indicated that the Tibetan Mastiff and the other domestic dogs originated from the grey wolf, and the Tibetan Mastiff belonged to Carnivora, Canidae, Canis, Canis lupus, Canis lupus familiaris on the animal taxonomy. In domestic dogs, the middle and small breed dogs were clustered at first; German Sheepdog, Swedish Elkhound, and Black Russian Terrier were clustered into one group, and the Tibetan Mastiff, Old English Sheepdog, Leonberger, and Saint Bernard were clustered in another group. This confirmed the viewpoint that many of the famous large breed dogs worldwide such as Saint Bernard possibly had the blood lineage of the Tibetan Mastiff, based on the molecular data. According to the substitution rate, we concluded that the approximate divergence time between Tibetan Mastiff and grey wolf was 58,000 years before the present （YBP）, and the approximate divergence time between other domestic dogs and grey wolf was 42,000 YBP, demonstrating that the time of origin of the Tibetan Mastiff was earlier than that of the other domestic dogs.

Influence of dominance rank and affiliation relationships on selfdirected behavior in female Tibetan macaques (Macaca thibetana)

Self-directed behavior(SDB) is characterized as an indicator of anxiety, frustration and stress in nonhuman primates. In this study, we collected self-directed behavior data from one group of free-ranging Tibetan macaques(Macaca thibetana) at Mt. Huangshan, China(September 2012–May 2013) using a combination of behavioral sampling methods including focal animal sampling, behavioral sampling, continuous sampling and instantaneous sampling. Our results showed that females engaged in significantly higher rates of self-directed behavior when they were in proximity to dominant individuals compared to subordinate ones. Conflict losers significantly increased their SDB rates after agonistic episodes, indicating that SDB might also serve as an index of anxiety in M. thibetana. We further found that females significantly increased their SDB rates when focal individual was proximity to weakly affiliation relationship higher rank members than to strongly affiliation relationship higher rank members. If conflicts were not reconciled, the postconflict SDB rates of losers were higher when they stayed with strongly affiliation opponents; if conflicts were reconciled, victims of strongly affiliation relationships opponents engaged in more SDB rates before reconciliation than after reconciliation, while victims of moderately affiliation relationships opponents did not engaged in more SDB rates before reconciliation than after reconciliation. We conclude that both of dominance rank and affiliation relationships might both influence the SDB rates of female Tibetan macaques significantly, suggesting that SDB is not only an index of anxiety in Tibetan macaques, but also can provide a new insight into evaluation of social relationships between individuals.

Spatial coupling relationships of gas hydrate formation in the Tibetan Plateau

At present, gas hydrates are known to occur in continental high latitude permafrost regions and deep sea sediments. For middle latitude permafrost regions of the Tibetan Plateau, further research is required to ascertain its potential development of gas hydrates. This paper reviewed pertinent literature on gas hydrates in the Tibetan Plateau. Both geological and ge- ographical data are synthesized to reveal the relationship between gas hydrate formation and petroleum geological evo- lution, Plateau uplift, formation of permafrost, and glacial processes. Previous studies indicate that numerous residual basins in the Plateau have been formed by original sedimentary basins accompanied by rapid uplift of the Plateau. Ex- tensive marine Mesozoic hydrocarbon source rocks in these basins could provide rich sources of materials forming gas hydrates in permafrost. Primary hydrocarbon-generating period in the Plateau is from late Jurassic to early Cretaceous, while secondary hydrocarbon generation, regionally or locally, occurs mainly in the Paleogene. Before rapid uplift of the Plateau, oil-gas reservoirs were continuously destroyed and assembled to form new reservoirs due to structural and thermal dynamics, forcing hydrocarbon migration. Since 3.4 Ma B.P., the Plateau has undergone strong uplift and extensive gla- ciation, periglacier processes prevailed, hydrocarbon gas again migrated, and free gas beneath ice sheets within sedi- mentary materials interacted with water, generating gas hydrates which were finally preserved under a cap formed by frozen layers through rapid cooling in the Plateau. Taken as a whole, it can be safely concluded that there is great temporal and spatial coupling relationships between evolution of the Tibetan Plateau and generation of gas hydrates.

Altered expression of mitochondrial related genes in the native Tibetan placents by mitochondrial cDNA array analysis

Objective： To explore the mechanism of native Tibetan fetuses adaptation to hypoxia, we tried to find the different expression genes about mitochondrial function in the native Tibetan placents. Methods： In this study, the placents of native Tibetan and the high-altitude Hart （ha-Hart） were collected. After the total RNA extraction, the finally synthesized cDNAs were hybridized to mitochondrial array to find the altered expression genes between them. Then, the cytochrome c oxidase 17 （Coxl7）, dynactin 2 （DCTN2, also known as p50）, and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor （VEGFR, also known as KDR） were chosen from the altered expression genes to further verify the array results using the SYBR Green real-time PCR. Because the altered expression genes （such as Cybb and Cox 17） in the array results related to the activities of COXI and COXIV, the placental mitochondria activities of COXI and COXIV were measured to find their changes in the hypoxia. Results： By a standard of≥1.5 or ≤0.67, there were 24 different expressed genes between the native Tibetan and the ha-Han placents, including 3 up-regulated genes and 21 down-regulated genes. These genes were related to energy metabolism, signal transduction, cell proliferation, electron transport, cell adhesion, nucleotide-excision repair. The array results of Cox17, DCTN2 and KDR were further verified by the real-time RT-PCR. Through the mitochondria respiration measurements, the activity of COXI in the native Tibetan placents were higher than that of ha-Han, there was no difference in COXIV activity between them. Conclusion： The altered mitochondrial related genes in the native Tibetan placents may have a role in the high altitude adaptation for fetuses through changing the activity of mitochondrial COX.

Variations of trace elements under hydrological conditions in the Min River, Eastern Tibetan Plateau

In order to better understand the relative importance of hydrologic variation and anthropogenic disturbance and their complex interactions within the trace elemental geochemical cycle, water samples were collected monthly over 1 year in the Min River, eastern Tibetan Plateau, and analyzed for trace element composition. The dissolved trace elements exhibited different relationships with increasing discharge compared with major elements.The elements analyzed can be divided into three groups according to their behavior in response to changing discharge:(1) elements that showed weak positive correlation with discharge, e.g. Cu, V, and Ba;(2) elements that exhibited weak negative correlation with discharge,including Rb, Sr, Pb, Sb, Zn, Cr, Cd, and U; and(3) elements that displayed no significant correlation with variation in discharge, e.g. Ti, Fe, Co, Ni, and As. Cu was strongly affected by anthropogenic activities and flushed into the river with increasing discharge. Ba has a strong solubility in the terrestrial environment, dissolved quickly,and was released into the river. The positive relationship between V concentration and discharge may be attributed to secondary reactions, such as precipitation and adsorption on oxides and aluminosilicate clays. Conservative behavior had an impact on the geochemical behavior of Sr and Rb across hydrologic variation. Pb, Zn, Sb, Cd, and Cr underwent a mild dilution effect connected with anthropogenic activities. The chemostatic behavior of U was regulated by carbonate dissolution and biological uptake.In addition, higher temperatures enhanced biotic activities,affecting the concentrations of Fe and Ni. The relationship between power law slopes and coefficient of variation for discharge and solute concentration suggests that concentrations of trace elements vary significantly with increasing discharge compared with major elements. Silicate mineral weathering had less effect on the fluvial solutes with increasing discharge. Mining activity may exert an additional control on concentration–discharge dynamics of anthropogenic trace elements.

Hematological parameters in high altitude residents:Tibetan natives versus Han migrants

Objective Aim of our study was to compare hematological parameters in Tibetan natives with those in Han migrants living on the Tibet plateau in order to determine the potential effects of age,gender,and ethnicity on hematological response to hypoxia.Methods Blood hemoglobin(Hb,g/dl),hematocrit(Hct,%),red blood cells(RBC,10~6/mm^3) were measured in 3 588 healthy Tibetan natives and 3 371 Han migrants ranging in age from 5 to 72 years,living at a mean altitudes of 2 664 m,3 813 m,4 525 m and 5 226 m.Results Hemoglobin(Hb) concentration analysis was made by multiple regression equations relating hemoglobin to altitude and age.For 2 093 Han males,Hb =9.612+ 0.001440xaltitude+ 0.06148 xage.For1 948 Tibetan males,Hb =12.202+ 0.000462xaltitude+ 0.02893 xage.For 1 278 Han females,Hb = 10.858+0.000939xaltitude+ 0.02632 xage.For 1 640 Tibetan females,Hb =11.402+ 0.000626xaltitude+ 0.00412 xage.Each of the four equations was statistically significant(P<0.001),and had variance(r2) of 0.86 or more,indicating that altitude and age accounted for at least 85%of the variation in hemoglobin levels.The coefficients for altitude and for age were higher(P<0.05) in Han males than in Tibetan males and higher(P<0.05)in Han females than in Tibetan females.The Tibetan postmenopausal females had higher Hb values than premenopausal females only presented at altitude above 4 000 m while this phenomenon was beginning at altitude of 2 664 m among Han females.Conclusion We conclude that gender and increasing age in Tibetans are associated with lower hemoglobin values than those in Han at high altitude,and we speculate that genetic factors seems to be important.

论康巴藏族作家群汉藏文化互融书写

康巴藏族作家群汉藏文化互融书写,主要包括以茶马互市为轴心的汉藏文化互融书写,以汉藏通婚为轴心的汉藏文化互融书写,以民俗、建筑、宗教等为重心的汉藏文化互融书写。它不仅凸显了汉藏民族对彼此文化的认同感,彰显了汉藏两个民族的友谊与感情,歌颂了汉藏民族“一家亲”的和谐民族关系,而且对汉藏族等各民族铸牢中华民族共同体意识,反对民族分裂,维护国家统一、稳定与安定团结,推动各民族共同发展繁荣等,具有重要现实意义。

喜饶嘉措与近代汉藏文化交流

喜饶嘉措是中国近代历史上的一位著名的爱国宗教人士。在新旧时代交替的历史背景下,喜饶嘉措及同时代的汉藏有识之士为汉藏文化交流的促进和中华民族共同体意识的凝聚发挥了积极作用。喜饶嘉措也是近代汉藏文化交流先驱之一,他是民国时期在内地国立高校介绍宗喀巴三士道思想的第一位藏族僧侣;他与太虚大师的交往,以及受到汉藏教理院等内地新式佛教教育的启发,设立青海喇嘛教义国文讲习所,创建藏传佛教最早的现代僧伽教育的贡献不容忽视。

汉藏文化交融背景下的安多地区藏族建筑檐下装饰构件做法研究

安多地区是我国三大藏区之一,处于青藏高原向黄土高原、河西走廊、四川盆地过渡的关键地带。在汉、藏建筑文化交流与碰撞的背景下,安多地区藏族建筑基于自身地域特点发展出了“摞活”“挑头檩”“挂牌”“花板代栱”等类型多样、兼具汉藏融合特点的檐下装饰构件做法,极大丰富了藏族建筑异彩纷呈的整体面貌。以往安多地区受到了地理尺度巨大、科研力量欠缺等研究限制,而如今成为“一带一路”沿线的热点区域后,其地域性营造特征又面临着特色丧失的显著趋同化威胁,亟需对安多地区藏族建筑具有代表性和多样化的檐下装饰构件做法开展深入研究。

从对立到融通:经史关系研究的视角转换与范式重构

经史关系研究领域有一种很有代表性的观点,认为经学和史学是此消彼长的对立关系。但对照经学和史学发展的轨迹,可以看出这种对立关系其实并不存在。之所以会出现这种观点,主要原因是古代有关经史关系的讨论一直集中在经史尊卑问题上,“经学盛则史学衰”实质上是这类传统议题的延续。当前研究经史关系问题,不能局限在比高下、较盛衰的传统研究范式中,必须及时转换研究视角,把关注点放在经史之间的相互联系和影响上。

清代满汉关系研究综述

清朝统治268年,满汉关系始终是影响社会发展进程的一条重要线索。这一线索的演变,不仅在很大程度上决定了清朝的兴衰,而且对近代中国的走向产生了深远影响。本着详近略远的原则,本文将海内外研究分为四个部分加以综述。第一部分是基础研究,梳理研究史发展的基本脉络;第二部分至第四部分包括三个主题:清入关前的满汉关系研究、以八旗制度为中心的满汉关系研究、鸦片战争至辛亥时期的满汉关系研究,附带介绍民国时期满汉关系研究。为推进这项研究,结语从研究时段、研究内容、研究方法、研究视野、史料挖掘、概念澄清等六个方面略陈己见。

清前期鲁魁山地区的治策与“汉夷”关系

滇南鲁魁山地区由于其位于滇南交通扼要且环境复杂,明清之际成为各方政治力量角逐的战略要地。清朝底定中原后为稳定全国局面、恢复发展对当地土司采取相对宽松的扶绥政策,同时也不断通过垦荒、开矿等措施鼓励中原人口向云南转移,然而鲁魁山地区土司的不断做大,劫掠客商、压榨土民,为祸一方,并最终成为阻碍清初滇南地区发展的主要力量。随后清廷经过对政策与当地实际情况的不断思考与总结,抓住当地“汉夷”、官民之间的矛盾施策,将该地区改土归流进而彻底纳入王朝掌控之中,但“汉夷”双方又在围绕盐、茶等生计而不断爆发出新的冲突,在王朝与地方的力量互动中,清廷通过镇压叛乱、遍施礼教等方式,完成当地“汉夷”格局的再平衡。

An approach to extracting surface supply relationships between glaciers and lakes on the Tibetan Plateau

Surface supply relationships between glaciers and lakes are needed to analyze and understand hydrological processes at regional and global scales.However,these supply relationships still cannot be extracted efficiently by existing methods.This paper proposes an automatic and efficient approach to extracting surface supply relationships between glaciers and lakes based on meltwater flow paths.The approach includes two stages:(1)identifying direct connections between objects(i.e.glaciers and lakes)based on flow direction derived from digital terrain analysis on a gridded digital elevation model(DEM)and(2)deriving all(or user-specified)kinds of surface supply relationships based on graph search.All computation-intensive steps in this approach have been parallelized;and all steps in the proposed approach have been integrated as an automatic program.Results for the Tibetan Plateau show that given outline data for glaciers and lakes and the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission DEM,the proposed approach can automatically derive diverse surface supply relationships under userspecified restrictions on the attributes of the supply route.The parallelization in the approach effectively improves the computing efficiency.The proposed approach could also be applied to developing a detailed fundamental dataset of supply relationships between glaciers and lakes for other region or period.

论秦汉时期廪君蛮与板楯蛮的关系

史料记载廪君蛮和板楯蛮与巴是有密切关联互动的族群,其中对活动在川东地区的板楯蛮与活动于汉水流域以及鄂西清江流域的廪君蛮关系探讨仍有一定的空间。对板楯蛮与廪君蛮的关系的追溯,可窥见我国历史上各民族多方面的交往交流交融,是构建中华民族多元一体的格局进程的历史见证。

面向藏文文本的人物关系抽取语料库的构建

作为实体关系抽取研究的重要基础,构建高质量、标准化的语料库能够提高实体关系抽取任务的精确度和召回率。目前,藏文关系抽取语料库构建大多依靠传统人工标注方法且局限于特定领域,存在标注效率低且人物关系语料库相对缺乏的问题。文章构建了藏文人名实体识别语料库;通过分析人物关系特征和实体关系类别及其标注规范,构建触发词词典进行语料回标,生成15400条实体识别和8000条藏文人物关系抽取标注语料。为验证语料库的可用性,利用命名实体识别和关系抽取实验进行统计分析,其实体识别F1值达到67.2%,关系抽取F1值达到66.2%,结果表明该语料库的构建对后续面向藏文人物关系抽取研究提供了数据基础。

《默记》中狄青与韩琦关系考辨

韩琦与狄青分别是仁宗朝文臣武将的杰出代表,提及狄青的发迹与黯然陨落,韩琦都牵涉其中。两人交际情况在《宋史》《续资治通鉴长编》等正史中有零散记载,宋人笔记《默记》有专门文字叙述“韩琦狄青事”,后人常以此记载认为狄青与韩琦不睦,韩琦有意打压、猜忌武将出身的狄青。但阅读其他文献,对比考证后,会发现韩琦与狄青亦师亦友、惺惺相惜,并非是简单的文士与武夫相轻相争的关系。

《汉旧仪》所见西汉相府中丞相——属吏的往来方式:兼论“治出于二”与官僚政治

基于文献、出土图像资料与简牍,对东汉初年卫宏所撰《汉旧仪》中关于西汉时期丞相府内属吏与丞相之间往来的两条记载进行了分析与阐释,揭示了在“文书行政”之外双方日常往来中仪节上的具体要求,指出相府内丞相与属吏之间的上下级关系是镶嵌在身体、物品与文辞的仪节中,而非简单的命令—服从。这种关系常被视为“二重君臣关系”,其实与真正的君臣关系有细微而关键的差别。在此基础上对源自宋代,近代以来因西学传入而更趋突出的偏重“理性行政”而忽视“仪式性”的制度史研究思路进行了反思。