Chinese Liandong(Serial Verb) Constructions from the Perspective of Figure-Ground Relation

Empty categories,which lack phonological form and hence are not visible in the phonetic representation of the sentence,have both syntactic and semantic properties.Null subjects PRO and pro are base-generated empty categories.This thesis,based on Chomsky's theory about empty categories and research achievements made by Chinese scholars,attempts to analyze the liandong(Serial Verb) construction from Figure and Ground perspective.

The Relationship between the Plasmodium Falciparum Clearance and the Clinical Effect of the Case with Cerebral Malaria Treated with Artemisinin

Malaria is 1 mosquito-borne disease,which is most commonly caused by a parasite called Plasmodium falciparum(P.falciparum).Cerebral malaria is the most severe neurological complication presented in

Regional Finite-Fault Source Model for Development of Ground Motion Attenuation Relationship in Sichuan, China

The attenuation relationship of ground motion based on seismology has always been a front subject of engineering earthquake.Among them,the regional finite-fault source model is very important.In view of this point,the general characteristics of regional seism-tectonics,including the dip and depth of the fault plane,are emphasized.According to the statistics of regional seism-tectonics and focal mechanisms in Sichuan,China,and the sensitivity of estimated peak ground acceleration(PGA)attenuation is analyzed,and the dip angle is taken as an average of 70°.Based the statistics of the upper crustal structure and the focal depth of regional earthquakes,the bottom boundary of the sedimentary cover can be used as the upper limit for estimating the depth of upper-edge.The analysis shows that this value is sensitive to PGA.Based on the analysis of geometric relations,the corresponding calculation formula is used,and a set of concepts and steps for building the regional finite-fault source model is proposed.The estimation of source parameters takes into account the uncertainty,the geometric relationship among parameters and the total energy conservation.Meanwhile,a set of reasonable models is developed,which lay a foundation for the further study of regional ground motion attenuation based on seismology.

Seismic ground motion relationships in southern China based on stochastic finite-fault model

The characteristics of seismic ground motions in southern China are difficult to determine statistically due to a lack of strong ground motion data.In this study,a stochastic finite-fault ground motion model was adopted to simulate the seismic ground motions at bedrock for southern China,based on parameters derived from small and medium earthquakes that have occurred in the region.From these,the response spectra was estimated.A set of ground motion attenuation relationships was then developed based on simulated peak ground motions and response spectral parameters through regression,which would be applicable for use in engineering practice.Through comparisons,it was demonstrated that the proposed ground motion relationships are generally consistent with those obtained from other reported ground motion attenuation models for southern China.

The Study on the Strong Ground Motion Attenuation Relationship in the Pishan Area,Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region

Small earthquake data from the Pishan MS6.5 aftershocks is collected by the Xinjiang Regional Digital Seismic Observation Network.Five parameters of the focal region are obtained by micro genetic inversion:stress dropΔσof 75.95 bars,quality factor parameters Q0of 186.33 andηof 0.26,geometric attenuation parameters R1of 72.18km and R2of 139.70km.We calculate the Fourier spectrum and combine it with the random phase spectrum to get the ground motion time history,and build the strong motion acceleration attenuation relationship.The strong ground motion acceleration attenuation of the Pishan area is thus obtained.Because of the insufficiency of strong ground motion records,we added the records from the Wuqia MS6.9 earthquake on October 5,2008,the Akto MS6.2 earthquake on October 6,2008,and the Lop MS6.0 earthquake on March 9,2012 to the data.The comparison of the calculation results and the empirical attenuation relationships with strong ground motion records reveal that the strong motion data of Pishan and Lop earthquakes is higher than the empirical attenuation relationships.The Wuqia MS6.9 earthquake strong motion data is consistent with Yu Yanxiangs(2013)short axis result,and lower than the present result.

Analysis of English Complex Sentences based on Figure-Ground Theory

English is a language featuring its complex sentences composed of main and subordinate clauses. The subordinate clause conveys the unfinished messages in main clause and it becomes quite complicated. English complex sentence is a fair important sentence type and also of importance in English teaching. Analyzing complex sentence based on Figure-Ground Theory, especially the Adverbial Clause, is helpful to learn English and translate it. The Figure-Ground Theory originated in psychology studies and it was introduced in cognitive linguistics to explain some language phenomena. From Figure-Ground perspective, the essay studies attributive clause,adverbial clause and nominal clause and some critical sentence types have been analyzed carefully and the major finding is Figure-Ground Theory is dynamic not static.

Analysis of Chinese/English Codeswitching on Network Language by Figure/ground Theory

With the rapid development of network language,more and more phenomena of Chinese/English Codeswitching appear in our daily communications.Codeswitching research of the network language is a new aspect in the linguistic field.The paper starts from cognitive perspective to discuss the process of Chinese/English Codeswitching by Figure/ground theory.

Cognitive Stylistic Study on Cummings's Love Lyrics——Based on Figure-Ground Theory

The style of Cummings' s poems is unique and special among the 20 th century poets. In this thesis, his love lyrics are analyzedfrom cognitive stylistics perspective and this analysis is based on the figure-ground theory. According to Talmy's classification of lan-guage events, Cummings' s love lyrics are divided into space events and time events. Then figure and ground in different poems are de-termined on the basis of features and principles of figure and ground in two kinds of events. The analysis makes it possible for readers tobuild an interest in Cummings' s love lyrics and identify the hidden emotions and contents. What's more, connotation as well as aesthet-ic values of poems can also be explored. Theory in the cognitive stylistics is applied to the appreciation of poems in this paper, whichmay help readers imagine the scene and better understand the connotation. This method provides a new perspective for poem study.Meanwhile, it offers a new pedagogical method in poem teaching in the future.

汉语名词短语及存现句语序的“Ground-to-Figure”假说

20世纪以来的汉语语序研究虽然取得了不少成果,但仍需要全面、系统和深入的研究。从"以运用为基础"的认知语言学研究范式来看,汉语句法结构通过概念隐喻在汉语使用者的日常空间思维的基础上生成,因此,汉语名词短语:"……>名词整体(背景)>名词部分(图形)>……""……>名词大(背景)>名词小(图形)>……""……>名词空间/时间(背景)>名词对象(图形)>……"和存现句"……(NPloc/time)……(V)……(NP)……"等语序在汉语使用者的"Ground-to-Figure"的认知过程的基础上生成。在此基础上提出的汉语名词短语及存现句的"Ground-to-Figure"假说是一条汉语语序生成的重要机制,但不是唯一机制。

汉语名词短语左递归现象的“Ground-to-Figure”假说——兼论Hauser,Chomsky&Fitch的FLN假说

Hauser,Chomsky&Fitch(2002)把"语言器官"区分为FLB和FLN,并假设FLN只包含递归性,(递归性)是人类语言器官独有且唯一的构成要素,它使人类语言可以对"有限的手段进行无限运用"。按照他们的观点,类似汉语名词短语左递归现象均由FLN的递归性生成,这种观点明显不符合汉语实际,也不符合汉语使用者的认知过程。从完形心理学的图形-背景认知原则来说,汉语使用者在认知过程中遵循从背景到图形的顺序,不断切换关注中心,而语言表达也遵循从背景到图形的顺序与之对应,形成了语言使用者对外部事物的完形认知与语言完形表达的异质同构,这就是汉语名词左递归现象的"Ground-to-Figure"假说。汉语名词左递归现象植根于汉语使用者的空间认知,这种语言思维与空间思维之间的同一性关系也得到Lakoff(1987)提出的形式空间化假设的有力的支持,而形式空间化假设又被神经生理学和生物学的研究成果的证实:人类空间思维与语言思维在人类大脑神经系统中由同类结构生成。诸如汉语名词左递归现象的语言递归现象并不是由所谓的FLN的递归性生成,递归性也不是区域限定性的而是区域通用性的,不为FLN独有。从这个意义上说,Hauser,Chomsky&Fitch(2002)的FLN假说是错误的。

Study of the attenuation relationship for the Wenchuan M_s 8.0 earthquake

Prediction of peak ground acceleration is an essential element in engineering seismology and it has received great attention in last few decades. In this paper, a comprehensive database of the strong-motion records of the 2008 great Wenchuan Ms 8.0 earthquake is analyzed to investigate the seismic attenuation relationship and the directivity effects. In contrast to most existing seismic attenuation models, the proposed model considers explicitly the directivity effect which has primary influence on the magnitude of ground motion. Bayesian model updating is used to obtain the model parameters and the associated uncertainty. Comparative study is performed with the well-known Boore-Joyner-Fumal empirical formula. Results show that consideration of the directivity effect is vital in modeling the seismic attenuation relationship.

Cognitive Understanding of the English Word “Spot”

Cognitive linguistics is a rising linguistic school or a new research approach.Of so many topics for cognitive linguistics Prototype Theory,Conceptual Metaphor,Figure-ground segregation,image schema are the focus in recent years' research.Conceptual Metaphor and Figure-ground segregation in this article are applied to illustrate senses of a common English word "spot".

Study on comparison between absolute and relative input energy spectra and effects of ductility factor

Based on 266 strong ground motion records, an attenuation relationship was developed for both absolute and relative input energy spectra. The comparison of the two kinds of input energy spectra constructed from the attenuation relationship was made in this paper. The results show that there is little difference between the absolute input energy spectra and relative input energy spectra at the periods of 0.5-1.0 s for elastic systems and at the period of 0.5 s for inelastic systems. The absolute input energy spectra are much larger than relative input energy spectra in very short period range but some less than relative input energy spectra in long period range. It is also found that the ductility factor has a significant effect on both absolute and relative input energy spectra. The absolute input energy spectra increase with the increasing of ductility factor in the period range of less than 0.3 s but decrease in the period range of larger than 0.3 s. The absolute input energy spectra for different ductility factor are almost equivalent at the period about 0.3 s, but for relative input energy spectra, the period is about 0.5 s. The effect of ductility on the relative input energy spectra in the short period range is much larger than that on the absolute input energy spectra, especially on the softer site class.

Sets Under the Figure

First, we give the notion of set under the figure (ordinary set) and its operative lows. Second, it is proved that system (I￣x; 、,) of fuzzy sets is isomorphic with the system ( (x); ∩, ∪,c) of sets under the figure. Therefore we can denote fuzzy set and fuzzy relation by ordinary sets. Thus one showed new thought and new method to study deeply funzzy set and fuzzy relation.

基于地震学的天山地区地震动衰减关系研究

选取天山地区3171条矩震级为3.5~4.5级测震记录,通过计算S波段速度傅里叶幅值谱,采用微遗传算法,反演得到5个区域地壳介质参数,即应力降Δσ为18.206 MPa,品质因子参数Q 0为444.20,η值为0.35,几何衰减参数R 1和R 2分别为74.30 km和106.59 km。根据地壳介质参数计算加速度傅氏谱,再配合随机相位谱,得到某一震级、震中距下地震动时程,提取其PGA,建立区域地震动峰值加速度衰减关系。研究结果显示,矩震级为5级和6级中远场地震动衰减关系与强震动记录符合较好,尤其是5级结果,在选取的5条经验值衰减关系中,其均值和标准差均为最小,结果最优;矩震级为7级的地震动衰减关系,远场结果高于大多数强震动记录。

我国黄土高原地区地震动衰减关系研究的若干进展

地震动的衰减关系是指地震动随震级、距离和场地条件等变化的经验关系,近年来在我国亦被称为地震动预测方程,是估计地震动及其影响场的主要方法之一,在地震区划和重大工程场地地震安全性评价中被广泛应用。黄土是一种特殊土,在我国广泛分布。我国黄土高原地区地质构造复杂,新构造活动强烈,中强地震频发,地震动的衰减关系有其特殊性,总结我国黄土高原地区地震动衰减关系的研究成果对促进黄土高原地区抗震研究有重要意义。在简要介绍国内外地震动衰减关系研究的基础上,全面系统地总结我国学者在黄土高原地区的地震烈度衰减关系,基岩和土层场地地震动峰值加速度、峰值速度、峰值位移以及反应谱衰减关系方面的研究成果;评述和讨论在黄土覆盖地区地震动衰减研究领域存在的问题和今后的研究方向。文章的研究工作对从事黄土高原地区地震工程研究的科技人员有重要参考价值。

海域地震动强度包络模型研究

人工模拟地震动是目前开展海洋工程结构抗震分析的主要地震输入分析。强度包络函数是人工模拟地震动的重要参数,决定了地震动的强度非平稳性特性,并对地震动持时起控制作用。目前的地震动强度包络模型均是基于陆域地震动记录统计分析得出,无法准确反应海域地震动的强度特性。因此,基于日本K-Net强震动观测台网的实测地震数据库,分析海域地震动在时域中强度分布特性;提出适用于海域地震动的三段式强度包络模型,回归得到震级M、震中距R及关键参数上升段t_(1)、强震平稳段ts、下降段衰减率c(无量纲)的计算表达式;研究震级、震中距对海域地震动强度包络模型的影响规律,并探讨海域地震动与陆域地震动强度包络模型的异同。研究结果表明:海域地震动强度包络模型中关键参数上升段t_(1)、强震平稳段ts、下降段衰减率c的取值范围分别为[13~52 s],[12~79 s],[0.037~0.173];震级对关键参数(t_(1)、t_(s)、c)的影响要大于震中距;与陆域地震动相比,海域地震动的强度包络模型的下降段衰减率c相差显著,且各关键参数的分布范围更大。

旅游目的地供给侧系统构建研究--基于旅游“生活化”现象的观察思考

随着社会经济的发展、生活方式的改变,旅游正逐步成为现代居民生活的必要构成,呈现明显的“生活化”特征,它既表现出居民对当下生活的“需求”,也映射了居民对理想生活的“追求”。文章以现代旅游“生活化”现象为出发点,运用程序化扎根理论探究旅游者行为意向、旅游目的地“人-地-业”互动关系,并尝试构建旅游目的地“人-地-业”高质量发展系统。研究结果表明:旅游“生活化”背景下旅游者的需求呈现明显的泛中心化特征,强调对旅游目的地的在地文化感知与旅游行为后的获得感;旅游目的地供给侧结构会因旅游者需求转变而发生形变和膨胀,形成“人-地-业”动态发展框架;通过打造高度嵌合式产业结构,构建“人-地-业”高质量发展系统是克服当前供给侧缺陷、推动“人-地-业”系统良性循环的有效途径。