Challenges to Online Criminal Litigation in the Context of Smart Justice and Responses——Focusing on the Protection of the Right to Defense

Online criminal litigation transcends the constraints of physical time and space and changes the logic and path of trial hearings for some criminal cases with the help of technology.However,the leapfrog shift from the“physical field”to the“virtual field”has brought great challenges to the effective exercise of the defendant's right to defense.Online criminal justice further highlights the imbalance in the relationship between prosecution and defense in the context of smart justice,and proposes a new topic for protecting the human rights of the prosecuted.The introduction of online criminal litigation in judicial practice is intended to achieve justice in a faster and more convenient way.However,the dissipation of the ritualized remote hearings tends to undermine the effectiveness of the defense and impair the defense's ability to cross-examine evidence,while the technically advantageous public authorities can aggravate the barrier to the defense's meeting and reading the case file.The root cause is that technological power instrumentalism overemphasizes pragmatism and the pursuit of truth under the position of authority,thus diluting humanistic care for the subject of litigation.In order to resolve the problem with the quality and effectiveness of the right to defense in remote hearings,it is necessary to transform online criminal litigation from a“practical technical tool”to a“convenient auxiliary method,”and appropriately weigh the limits of pursuing truth against human rights protection in special scenarios.Meanwhile,it is also feasible to provide technical care for the defense and strengthen its ability to cross-examine evidence.Moreover,a covert communication platform should be furnished for the defender's online meeting to actively strengthen the protection of the defendant's right to defense.

The Systematic,Fair and High-quality Development of the Right to Education in China

Since the release of the first human rights white paper in 1991,the development of the right to education has made remarkable achievements along with the economic miracle of China’s continuous growth and the promotion of education reform.At the regulation level,the right to education has been systematically guaranteed based on the type and phase of education.At the value level,rural areas,poverty-stricken areas,and vulnerable groups have been given preferential treatment to comprehensively improve the quality of their educational resources such as material and financial resources,teachers and curriculum,and digital education development and ensure fair and high-quality development of their right to education.In the future,equal emphasis on fairness and quality will be the value orientation for the development of the right to education,and the rule of law in education will be needed to further provide systematic and strong institutional guarantees for the right to fair and high-quality education.

Berkeley Apartheid： Unfair Housing in a University Town

This essay suggests that in 1962-1963, before Birmingham and the March on Washington, a coalition of Black and White civil rights activists, labor, and religious leaders were in the vanguard of the struggle both on the Pacific Slope and in the nation. Berkeley＇s battle for fair housing represented an important phase of the civil rights struggle on the west coast and in cities where racial segregation was not based on law, but part of a conspiracy, silent but quite effective, among realtors, mortgage lenders, and renters, against Blacks and other minorities. Encouraged by state antidiscrimination legislation, Berkeley activists embarked upon a fair housing campaign based on surveys of the problem, efforts to enact legislation, and direct action. The irrationality of racists who defended their right to discriminate was one of the most singular aspects of the fair housing struggle. Though they lost at the local level, the coalition of new political forces succeeded a few months later at the state level and represented an effective force in liberal politics in the city for years to come. Because of the stiff opposition and the limits of reformers＇ liberal fair housing regulations, however, working class and poor African Americans still faced severe housing problems.

Intergenerational Justice： Rights versus Fairness

Among various views on intergenerational justice, the most widely accepted theory invokes the rights of future generations. However, the rights theory seems to suffer from the non-identity problem addressed by Derek Parfit. Some rights theorists attempt to circumvent the problem by examining causal links between actions taken by preceding generations and their effects on succeeding ones, Others try to do so by replacing future individual rights with such collective rights. This paper argues that both individualist and collectivist versions of the rights theory fail to supply grounds for intergenerational concern. The paper then offers an alternative theory that refines the idea of duty of fair play developed by John Rawls and applies it to the context of intergenerational relationships. To begin with, I identify several characteristics of posterity and explicate the adverse implications these characteristics have for other major theories of intertemporal concern than the rights theory. Next, different versions of the rights theory are closely examined from the perspective of the non-identity problem. Then, I offer an alternative argument for caring about future people, which is founded on the idea of intergenerational fair play. This paper concludes by noting that the fairness theory, unlike its rivals, does not face the non-identity problem or any other problems stemming from the features of posterity previously identified.

A Balance Between Court Security and Fair Trials:Court Cages in Criminal Cases——Using European Court of Human Rights Cases for Reference

In response to the 'cages in courts' issue in criminal trials,after reviewing a series of cases such as 'Svinarenko and Slyadnev v.Russia',the European Court of Human Rights has gradually clarified that the 'human dignity of the accused and his right to a fair trial are higher than the value of court security',thus found that putting the accused in a cage dock or improper use of a glass cabin dock are in breach of Article 3 and Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights,constitutes degrading treatment and violates the right to a fair trial.This position is in line with the international overall trend,which is of significance as a reference for China’s courts.Domestic courts should take the initiative to change the current use of the 'low fence dock' to further enhance China’s judicial civilization.

Interpretation of the Marrakesh Treaty Based on the Human Rights Model of Disability

The Marrakesh Treaty is,in essence,a human rights treaty.The interpretation and implementation of the treaty cannot be separate from the view on the persons with disabilities from the perspective of human rights.Based on this view,the interpretation of the treaty should reflect its value of promoting equality,instead of granting privileges to the persons with disabilities.During its implementation,it should be forbidden to aggravate the social alienation of the persons with disabilities by making excessive stipulations.Taking the implementation of the treaty as an opportunity,promoting the transformation of the view on the persons with disabilities from the individual model to the human rights model and facilitating the concept of“building the intangible accessible environment”can maximize the significance of the treaty.

Pursuing Human Rights——A Fair Go for All

The theme of this human rights conference is "Human Rights: A Fair Go For All." It’s true that all people wish to enjoy human rights, especially those who lack or are deprived of human rights. The Chinese peopie used to have no human rights at all. They paid a most terrifying price through bloodshed and sacrifices to win their rights today. Therefore, the Chinese people attach great importance to and very much treasure human rights, and they also harbor great sympathy for those who still lack human rights. In today’s world,

再论侦查阶段律师帮助权的理论界定与内涵拓展——以Salduz案为例

侦查阶段的律师帮助权是实现公正审判的重要基础,也是公正审判权的应有之义。侦查阶段律师帮助权的内涵和外延因各国司法实践的差异而有所区别。在经典的Salduz案判决生效并执行完毕后,欧洲人权法院最终系统性地总结了侦查阶段律师帮助权的基本内涵、行使起点、边界范围和例外限制等内容。欧洲人权法院对侦查阶段律师帮助权的总结不但对成员国和其他欧洲国家的刑事司法改革起到了积极的推动作用,而且为世界其他国家的刑事辩护制度完善提供了可参照的理论框架。借鉴侦查阶段律师帮助权的欧洲范式,有助于明确律师帮助权的行使起点、重申律师帮助权的辩护职能定位、细化律师帮助权的职责范围和完善律师帮助权的侵权救济,进而推动侦查阶段律师帮助权的相关制度机制走向成熟。

Manned Mission to Mars is Expected to be 2017

Dubbed"Inspiration Mars,"the flyby mission would exploita rare alignment of Earth and Mars that minimizes the time andthe fuel it would take to get to Mars and back home again.Theastronauts would come within 100 miles of the Martian surfacebefore being slung back to Earth.

Racial Disparities in the United States Criminal Justice System:“With Liberty and Justice for All?”

Racial discrimination remains a prevalent issue in the contemporary U.S.despite efforts to promote equality.Many young African American and Hispanic males are easy target for law enforcement agents.Minorities experience a higher and more unfair form of racial discrimination,racial profiling,police brutality,unfair sentencing,and mass incarceration for offences which are the same or less than those committed by White males.The rate of incarceration in the United States is five to eight times higher than most developed countries,and Black males constitute the largest percentage of inmates in the U.S.prison system.Once arrested,Black Americans are more likely to remain in prison longer,and await trial for minor offenses at a higher rate than Whites.Black and Latino males sentenced in state and federal courts face significantly greater odds of incarceration than White offenders for the same or even higher crimes.Vagins and McCurdy in a 2006 ACLU on“cracks in the system”reported that“There is no rational medical or penological reason for the 100:1 disparity between crack and powder cocaine and instead it causes an unjustified racial disparity in our penal system”(p.7).There is a racial disparity in the proportion of Black males in prison serving sentences of life without the possibility of parole(LWOP).In addition,The United States Criminal Justice System needs to be carefully examined as a top priority agenda needing immediate call of action that needs reform to guarantee the constitutional rights accorded to every American“with liberty and justice for all”.

Human Rights Challenges Posed by Drone Operations and Countermeasures

Drone strikes are increasingly used in counter-terrorism operations and other military fields,and drones are heralded as the“future of war.”Meanwhile,the use of drones as weapons also brings a series of human rights challenges,mainly reflected in the infringement upon or serious threat to basic rights such as the right to life and the right to a fair trial,leading to a series of imputation problems.In fact,international human rights law is binding on States parties,whether in peacetime or in armed conflicts,and the protection of human rights it provides continues.This requires relevant entities to incorporate this new type of military use into regulation as soon as possible.Meanwhile,based on the principle of respecting national sovereignty,they should abide by the principle of distinction and proportionality,prevent the violation of human rights through abuse of armed drones,reinterpret relevant concepts and principles,gradually develop international standards for the use of drones as weapons,fairly and reasonably determine the responsibilities of various parties,and ensure that the use of new technologies does not negatively affect human rights protection.

The Implementation of the Marrakesh Treaty in China:Theoretical Disputes and Institutional Arrangements

The Marrakesh Treaty is an international treaty specifically concluded by the World Intellectual Property organization(WIPo)to address the“book famine”for people who are blind,visually impaired,or otherwise print disabled.It uses the tools of copyright law and policy for the purpose of human rights.Prior to the conclusion of the Marrakesh Treaty,the international intellectual property treaties were all focused on intellectual property protection and the higher level of protection.The Marrakesh Treaty is the first international intellectual property treaty to highlight the limitation and exceptions of rights and explicitly use human rights discourse.There were some theoretical disputes during the negotiation of the Marrakesh Treaty,mainly because the international community failed to reach a consensus on such basic theoretical issues as the relationship between copyright and human rights and the legal nature of the Marrakesh Treaty.When implementing the Marrakesh Treaty in domestic law,China should face theoretical disputes,coordinate the protection of copyright and the promotion of human rights on the basis of its national conditions,and make corresponding institutional arrangements.

馆藏绝版作品数字化传播的规范进路

国家图书馆与北京三面向公司著作权纠纷案让馆藏绝版作品的数字化传播问题引起社会关注。为保护著作权并调和社会公共利益,避免破坏正常市场运作机制,我国《信息网络传播权保护条例》规定了馆藏绝版作品数字化传播的合理使用制度。从实施情况看,条例对适格客体条件与传播范围的限制过于严苛,存在违反基本公共服务均等性要求和违背利益平衡原则等问题。借鉴新修订《日本著作权法》中的相关条款,建议我国对于馆藏绝版作品的数字化传播规范宜采取如下改革措施:一是扩大合理使用的范围,建立覆盖馆内、馆际、馆外的传播体系,并设置匹配的补偿机制;二是优化客体适用条件,建立“绝版作品”的动态认定机制;三是探索建立以国家图书馆为枢纽的绝版作品数字化传播运行机制。

智慧教育对受教育权的变革及其在教育法典中的表达

数字技术正在推动传统教育向智慧教育蜕变,以智慧教育为显著特征的全球教育发展新格局正在形成。受教育权被赋予新的内涵,受教育机会权兼有“入学机会”和“数字教育机会”,受教育条件权从获得“物理条件”向“虚拟资源”延伸,受教育结果权的评价方式从“结果评价”变为“过程评价”。为适应权利保障诉求,教育立法价值取向应从保障“社会权为核心的受教育权”发展为追求“自由权为主的学习权”,兼顾“教育机会均等”与“公平优质教育”,从“教育管理法”向“国家教育管理权与个人受教育权的平衡法”发展。教育法典编纂应对智慧教育模式下受教育权新内涵做出回应,加大公平优质教育的制度供给;增加保障教育选择自由权的制度;确立数字教育保障制度和数字教育隐私保护制度;纳入非制度化教育与终身学习法律制度,保障教育活动中的自由权,实现人的全面发展。

基于改进分层博弈交叉效率模型的政策评价

政策评估作为政策实施过程中的关键环节,是检验政策效果的基本途径与实现资源优化配置的重要依据.在复杂博弈情境下,决策单元群体间竞合关系不变的假设已经不能满足现实中效率评价的需求,考虑群体间动态变化的合作与竞争关系至关重要.本文将外界冲击下主体间竞合关系演变纳入效率评价框架,提出改进分层博弈交叉数据包络分析方法:从公平的视角出发,基于二次目标模型构建多层次效率矩阵,结合Shapley值对决策单元动态关系演变进行效率评价,进而,以水权交易市场试点政策为例,验证该模型的可行性.该方法放松了政策前后群体竞合关系稳定的假设,验证了水权交易市场政策的有效性和外溢性,为能源与环境领域试点政策效果评价提供了新方法.

数字借阅补偿金制度及其对我国的启示

公共借阅权有排他权、获酬权和补偿金三种实施模式,其中补偿金模式是当前各国的主流选择。数字时代,很多国家开始探索将公共借阅权拓展至数字领域,澳大利亚、加拿大、英国和丹麦四国均已建立起数字借阅补偿金制度。这一制度符合功利主义社会整体利益最大化的理念。在目前制度实践的基础上,本文总结了数字借阅补偿金的运行机制,主要体现在受益者范围、借阅模式、报酬支付和管理体系四个方面。我国应当引入数字借阅补偿金制度,以激励文化创新,促进知识传播,从而实现社会利益最大化。

操纵体育比赛行为的侵害法益及其刑法保护

刑法惩罚操纵体育比赛行为的目的是要保护体育比赛的公平性和真实性,这是一项具有宪法和体育法依据的实质法益,直接表现为公平竞赛权和观看真实比赛权。然而,在当前实践中,多以赌博罪和非国家工作人员受贿罪等方式间接规制操纵体育比赛行为,此种间接规制模式呈现保护不周、体系阙如和类推解释等问题。为了更为全面、直接和系统地保护体育比赛的公平性和真实性,需要从解释论走向立法论。在前实定法阶段,应在我国刑法中增设操纵体育比赛罪,并将之设定为不真正身份犯、结果犯和法定犯,如此才能保持刑法处罚限度、理顺刑法与前置规范之间的关系。在实定法阶段,基于刑事立法的类型性原则、体系性原则和明确性原则,对妨害兴奋剂管理罪进行必要的修正和释明,使妨害兴奋剂管理罪成为操纵体育比赛罪的特殊罪名,明确二者之间的交叉型法条竞合关系。

数字经济时代消费者数据权益保护的法律困境与出路

在数字经济浪潮下,消费者数据成为企业竞争的关键资产,其价值在商业领域日益凸显。随着数据泄露和隐私侵害事件的日益增多,消费者数据权益保护面临着新的挑战和变革。法律框架需适应数字经济的发展,技术快速发展导致平衡用户信息权益与平台数据权益愈发困难,同时消费者对数据权益保护的期望也在不断上升。这些因素共同构成了推动制度变革的主要动因。为适应数字经济的特性,消费者数据权益保护需要在制度框架上进行优化,以满足新时代对数据权益保护的需求。在此过程中,谨慎平衡数据利用与保护,以及完善消费者救济渠道成为保障消费者数据权益的关键措施。

论股权估价之法律介入与公平价格判断

我国《公司法》区分设置了股权收购请求权与股权估价请求权。实践中,异议股东估价请求权是一种显性的权利,而在股份回购、夫妻股权分割、替代司法解散公司的股权转让等领域,另有隐性的估价请求权。估价请求权内含了对公平价格的要求,意图达成权利人与股权受让方的权益平衡。在对股权进行估价时,不能简单依靠会计准则或资产评估,还应当兼顾股权的成员权和财产权的双重属性。公平价格的判断应当关注股权估价的前提、假设与形成过程。其中,计算意定价格需要考虑显失公平制度与基准日提前的补充调整方法,并遵守《公司法》关于股东不得抽逃出资和利润分配等强制性规定,不能当然转化为对其他股东而言的公平价格。在缺少意定价格而采用通行估价方法时,人民法院应当明确净资产法、市场比较法、现金流量贴现法等估价方法的适用条件,并结合流动性因素对少数股权折价问题分情况予以讨论。