The Rights of Persons Charged with Penal Offences to Access to Lawyers——A comparison between international and domestic laws

I. Getting help from lawyers and its realization according to international standards The right to defense for a person involving in a law suit is a universal human right. Article 11 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights provides： ＂Everyone charged with a penal offence has the right to be presumed innocent until proved guilty according to law in a public trial at which he has had all the guarantees necessary for his defence.＂ This means （1） the right to defence is a basic human right due to all persons charged with a penal offence; （2） it is a basic requirement for the principle of presumption of innocence and fair trial; and （3） the realization of the fight needs practical and effective guarantees.

From "Criminal on Death Row" to "Acquittal of Charge"——A showcase of China's human rights protection in the administration of justice

In Januaury 1996, a case of murder shocked the seat of Qiaojia County in Yunnan Province. Eight years later, in February 2004, the county town was again astir with the news that the alleged murderer Sun Wangang returned home after being acquitted of the murder charge.

Addressing Japan’s disposal of nuclear-contaminated water from the perspective of international human rights law

The discharge of nuclear-contaminated water containing radionuclides into the ocean by Japan will lead to its integration into the entire ecosystem through processes of circulation and biomagnification,eventually entering the human body via the food chain.This poses a substantial risk of irreversible damage to both the ecosystem and human health,a situation that will worsen with the ongoing discharge of such water.The respect and protection of human rights represent an international consensus,and safeguarding fundamental human rights is a substantial obligation that states must undertake in accordance with both international and domestic law.Since the Fukushima nuclear disaster,Japan has continuously violated its international legal obligations to protect human rights in several areas,including the resettlement of disaster victims,the reduction of nuclear radiation levels,and the handling of contaminated water.Such actions have compromised and will continue to compromise the basic human rights of not only its citizens but also those of people worldwide,including environmental rights,the right to life,development rights,and food rights.In the aftermath of the Fukushima meltdown,the public and workers involved in handling nuclear contaminants have been continually exposed to high radiation levels,endangering their rights to life,development,and health.Japan’s inadequate efforts in victim resettlement and environmental restoration have jeopardized the environmental and food rights of its citizens to live healthily and access food in an environment unaffected by nuclear radiation.The release of nuclear-contaminated water poses a risk of Japan’s nuclear pollution to the people of neighboring countries and the global population at large.The principle of human rights underpins the theory of a community with a shared future for humanity,and human rights are a crucial area of China’s active participation in United Nations affairs and global governance.By voicing concerns over Japan’s potential human rights violations globally,China demonstrates its role as a responsible major country.In response to Japan’s breach of legal obligations and human rights violations,China can adopt a reasoned and beneficial approach,including calling on the international community to hold Japan criminally accountable for crimes against humanity under the Rome Statute and advancing scholarly discussions on ecocide and crimes against the marine environment.Furthermore,China should persist in seeking advisory opinions from the International Court of Justice and strive for substantive accountability,utilizing the mechanisms of international human rights organizations to make its voice heard.

The State of White Supremacy in America:It Is Time to Stand Together

The United States has numerous social-cultural issues affecting its population.One of these problems is white supremacy.This concept refers to a racist perception that white persons are naturally superior to individuals of other races and should thus dominate them.While white supremacy in previous centuries galvanized a lot of support among white people,the concept is now regarded vicious by white,African American,Latino as well as other races.The modern American society is structured under cultural sensitiveness,racial equality,and religious tolerance.Unlike the years of slavery or reconstruction,all citizens in the United States are afforded equal rights irrespective of their cultural identities.Nevertheless,white supremacist notions persist in a nation that prides itself for its democratic model,cultural diversity,religious tolerance and socioeconomic transcendence.The state of white supremacy is that America can be manifested by violence,imperialistic tendencies,discrimination in the society,unfair immigration policies,poor political leadership,and the deplorable role of the media.With the growing number of atrocities being committed around the United States by both members of identified and non-identified white supremacist group,it is time to address this issue together.This paper,is a constructive discussion venting the many ills of racial discrimination in every aspect that affects minorities at all spheres of the society and the deplorable state of white supremacy in America.

Bleeding Wounds: Japanese Denial of War Crimes and Effects on Human Rights

Japanese aggressive war committed extremely serious crimes, which brought miserable experiences and damage to Asian people including Chinese. Undoubtedly war crimes committed by the government and the army of Japan were the violation of human rights physically and emotionally. However, Japan refused to admit these crimes and even made excuses postwar, which constituted further violation of human rights. If Japan respected human rights, took the responsibility and apologized for what they’ve done, it would help those nations recover from trauma and contribute to build more peaceful relationships among nations.

China's Criminal Law Reform from the Perspective of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights reflects the world’s perception of human rights, and is of vital importance in the field of international human rights. The Covenant has been signed by Chinese government. Although not ratified yet, it will definitely have an impact on the reform of China’s Criminal Law. Therefore, it is necessary to further change our notion of the criminal law system by defining the boundary between public power and civil rights and developing the view of human rights protection. In terms of the specific system, it is necessary to further reduce the number of crimes punishable by the death penalty and limit the application of the death sentence, improve China’s Criminal Procedural Law to protect the fundamental rights of suspects and defendants in terms of compulsory measures, investigation means and judicial form, and add some charges like enslavement and illegal human experimentation, which are criminalized around the world, so as to be in line with the requirements of international human rights protection.

A Novel Model of Charged Leptons

A novel model of charged leptons is presented, which contains two basics hypotheses. The first hypothesis is that the Yukawa coupling between Higgs field and charged leptons is the weak interaction, the Higgs field is a scalar intermediate boson which changes the chirality of charged leptons in the weak interaction. The other hypothesis is that the flavor eigenstates of charged leptons are the superposition states of left-handed and right-handed elementary Weyl spinors before the electroweak symmetry breaking. According to this model, the Yukawa coupling constants between Higgs field and three generations of charged leptons are considered to be a universal constant, and the difference of the masses of different charged leptons is due to the different left-right mixing angles of their flavor eigenstates.

数据产权刑法保护模式的构建

数据产权是一种具有财产权属性的新型权利,该权利与虚拟财产权和知识产权具有明显差异。数据产权属于刑法保护的公法益范畴,其应归属于市场经济秩序法益之中。现行刑法有关财产犯罪、知识产权犯罪和数据犯罪的规定均无法实现对数据产权的全面保护。刑法对数据产权的保护应以促进数据流通为主要目标,且应当覆盖数据处理的各流程阶段。对侵犯数据产权行为进行刑法规制时,应对“未经同意”获取数据行为审慎入罪。应增设妨害数据流通管理秩序罪,对“情节严重的”妨害数据流通管理秩序行为予以刑法规制。

侵犯数据产品权利行为的刑法认定

通过刑法手段有效保护数据产品的权利,促进数据产品的安全高效流通与利用,是新质生产力发展的重要推动力,也是数字经济时代网络空间刑法之治进一步发展的必由之路。侵犯数据产品权利行为的刑法认定中面临界定数据产品法律属性、确定侵犯数据产品权利行为之刑法认定最优方案,以及如何适配传统罪刑规范体系对侵犯数据产品权利的行为进行有效规制等现实问题。三个问题之间环环相扣、层层递进,是数字经济时代构建有效保护数据产品权利的刑法机制时不可回避、必须解决的问题。于前者,数据产品的使用价值和交换价值应得以肯认;于中者,“数据犯罪说”“数据犯罪与财产犯罪竞合说”面临规范认定或方法论层面的障碍;于后者,需要根据数据产品的特征与存在形态,对财产犯罪中非法占有目的、占有转移、数额等对财产犯罪认定具有重要影响的事实重新进行构成要件符合性的判断,从而将传统财产犯罪的构成要件重新适配于侵犯数据产品权利行为的认定。

数字经济环境下数据犯罪规制和认定模式的演变

在数字经济环境下,保证数据安全和保障数据共享活力同样重要,数据犯罪的规制和认定应当同时满足这两方面的需求。现有数据犯罪规制和认定采用的是权利保护模式,即通过保护数据权利主体的利益进行数据犯罪规制和认定。权利保护模式不能满足数字经济发展的需求;以非法获取行为为规制重点的前置化保护不当可能导致数据流通受阻;现行刑法规制数据犯罪行为方式的局限可能导致数据安全保护不全面。数据犯罪规制和认定应当采用秩序维护模式,关注数据价值实现过程中各方主体的利益,看重一般数据的公共产品属性。为实现数据犯罪规制和认定的秩序维护模式,立法者应当增设维护数据管理秩序的新罪名。在数据犯罪的司法认定上,也需要及时调整思路,做好保护数据安全和保障数据共享活力之间的利益平衡。

“权利束”视角下数据资产的刑法保护

数据的刑法保护不只是指保护个人数据、个人信息权利,还需要保护大数据产业链中处于处理、经营状态下的数据资产利益。在数据确权问题存在巨大争议的背景下,数据资产刑法法益的确定应“搁置确权争议”,遵循“权利束”确权逻辑及路径,承认数据资产上存在“个人信息利益”“数据处理者、经营者经济财产利益”“社会公共秩序及国家安全利益”多元法益,这些法益的比例和形态在数据的采集、处理分析及交易交换等不同场景下有着阶段性的变化。构建数据资产刑法保护规范体系,应顺应保护数据经营利用价值的需求,对侵犯公民个人信息罪、非法经营罪、财产犯罪、知识产权犯罪及计算机信息系统犯罪进行解释性改造,以实现对数据资产中的个人信息利益、正当竞争利益、财产性利益、衍生数据知识产权利益及社会公共秩序等复杂法益的保护。

经济犯罪案件侦查期限制度研究

侦查期限是侦查行为可以持续的最长时间,是侦查机关自立案至侦查终结的时间限度。优化营商环境背景下经济犯罪案件侦查期限对于保护民营企业家人身和财产安全具有重要意义。我国刑事诉讼法规定的侦查羁押期限无法起到侦查期限的作用,应当增加侦查期限制度规定。经济犯罪案件侦查期限不仅适用于采取强制措施的犯罪嫌疑人,也适用于未采取强制措施的犯罪嫌疑人。经济犯罪案件侦查期限仅适用于“因人立案”,而不适用于“因事立案”,对于“因事立案”的,应根据追诉时效来限制侦查权。对于经济犯罪案件侦查期限应在立法上加以明确,强化侦查期限制度刚性,确立撤案并非错案理念。

侵犯个人信息行为的刑法全流程规制模式研究

在个人信息行为规制方面,我国前置法与刑法之间存在明显差异,前置法通过处理规则的设计实现了全流程规制,而刑法只能对部分不法处理行为进行惩治。此种规范格局导致法律难以衔接并形成刑法保护的盲区,不利于全面保护个人信息权益。对此,应提倡个人信息的刑法全流程规制模式,通过间接罪名适用法和法益量刑评价法对不同类型处理行为进行合理规制。通过理论维度和规范维度的证成,可以验证全流程规制模式具有可操作性。应当适用刑法合理规制非法收集行为和非法存储行为,保障前期阶段信息处理安全;适用刑法精准规制非法加工行为、非法使用行为和非法流转行为,保障中期阶段信息处理安全;运用刑法适度规制非法披露行为和非法删除行为,保障后期阶段信息处理安全。

未成年男性性权益的刑法保护——对我国《刑法》第236条之一的立法论思考

我国刑事立法对未成年男性的性权益保护存在不均衡、不完整情况。并且学界对于性侵未成年人犯罪的法益尚未达成共识,致使对未成年男性性权益的保护并不完整。基于未成年人的特殊身份以及以性别不同为基础的心理差异,家长主义应当介入未成年男性性权益的保护。根据平等原则以及儿童利益最大化原则的要求,加强未成年男性性权益的保护具有必要性。为实现对未成年男性性权益的周延保护,首先,应将身心健康作为被性侵未成年男性的首要法益;其次,应扩充负有照护职责人员性侵罪的犯罪对象,将男性也纳入本罪保护范围,并将年龄保护区间扩大至14周岁到18周岁;再次,还需增设负有照护职责人员猥亵罪,以完善对未成年男性的保护;最后,应强化未成年男性保护行政、刑事衔接,凝聚法治保护合力。

孟德斯鸠犯罪治理思想探析

孟德斯鸠在犯罪与犯罪治理领域提出了独特的见解,他认为判定何种行为是犯罪应当依具体情况加以规定,并强调犯罪治理应当围绕制约权力、保障个人权利不受侵犯的原则展开。同时,他强烈反对过度使用重刑,极力倡导罪刑法定原则。这些观点构成了孟德斯鸠犯罪治理的核心思想,他进一步提出了一套制约治理权力与“刑、民、行”的综合治理体系,在依法治理的同时也认同良好的习俗与风尚在犯罪预防中的积极作用,从而达到有效预防犯罪和显著减少犯罪的双重目标。孟德斯鸠的这些观点不仅对后世产生深远影响,也为当代中国在犯罪治理领域提供了借鉴意义。

盗播体育赛事直播行为的刑法规制

盗播体育赛事直播行为侵犯合法直播人的经济利益,破坏市场竞争秩序,严重危害体育赛事产业发展。由于我国刑法立法缺乏相关规范,民事赔偿责任不足以有效遏制该行为,导致体育赛事转播知识产权保护不力,无法发挥刑法预防犯罪、规制行为的保障功能。为有效保护合法直播人的广播组织权,维护公平竞争的市场经济秩序,有必要对盗播体育赛事直播行为进行刑法规制。建议修改《刑法》第217条侵犯著作权罪,增加侵犯广播组织权的行为类型,以实现对该行为的刑法规制。该行为的犯罪化回应社会现实需求,满足法益保护需要,填补刑法立法漏洞,具有著作权法和政策基础。

非法转让、倒卖土地使用权罪中“变相入罪”问题研究

非法转让、倒卖土地使用权罪在司法实践中存在着转让、倒卖行为的形式多样化,司法裁定不一,刑事违法性判断阙如,罪与非罪的判断受到政策影响等情况,推动了变相入罪在该罪中的司法适用。“变相”应当被定位为在刑法适用中运用实质思维对案件事实进行实质判断,以确定其是否符合构成要件的工具,它不应也无需应用于刑法解释中。非法转让、倒卖土地使用权罪的保护法益应当被具体化为市场资源利益,以发挥法益的解释论机能。对于司法实践中本罪的典型形态应当结合构成要件具体分析。

刑法中人权保障功能的协调性思考——基于刑事一体化视角的改良方案

加强人权刑事法治保障是提升我国人权保障效能的基础性工作。刑法中的人权保障内容应当由其惩治犯罪、保护人民的根本任务决定。目前从刑法视角研究人权保障存在冲突的根本性问题在于:刑法的内部缺乏一体性的认识与考察;刑法的外部缺乏与其他部门法的协调与联动。运用刑事一体化的思维观念和运作方法,从刑法的内外关系入手,不仅能够实现刑法运行的内外协调,亦能够解决刑法中人权保障过程中存在的冲突。

数据犯罪的双重法益及其保护路径

大数据时代数据的重要性日益凸显,但当下我国刑法对数据法益的保护依然存在一些问题,包括数据秩序法益的内涵过于抽象,难以承担保护数据法益、保障数据技术平稳健康发展的使命;单一的数据安全法益说,会导致利用公开数据不当入罪。数据犯罪所侵犯的法益是双重法益,其外壳是数据安全,内核是数据自决权。以数据犯罪的双重法益为基础,我国在立法上应当通过修改旧罪、增设新罪的方式对数据进行刑法保护,在确立数据法益独立保护的基础上,修改《刑法》第285条第2款,同时增设专门针对数据的破坏、滥用数据罪;在司法上应当以双重数据法益合理界定侵害数据行为的入罪门槛和处罚范围,实现对个人数据及社会公共数据、国家数据的体系化保护。

NFT的法益识别及保护路径

作为一种新型权利类型,NFT属于民法和刑法共同保护的对象。NFT民事权利性质的确立,为刑事法益的识别提供内在依据与外在边界。在民事权利性质的讨论中,新型权利说的分离视角导致NFT的权利内容和边界不明;债权说将NFT作为网络技术服务合同的客体,但NFT与债权客体在管领支配、转让规则与救济方法等方面都存在差异;信息化时代的物权客体不局限于有体物,权利人对NFT具有排他性支配力,属于物权的客体。NFT具有经济价值性和事实上的支配可能性,属于刑法保护的财产性利益。NFT是数据的功能性体现,非法获取NFT的行为未侵害数据安全法益,不构成数据犯罪。NFT是知识产权的价值载体,区别于知识产权犯罪的客体。非法获取NFT的行为排除原权限,建立新支配状态,符合财产性利益盗窃的构造。