Since 1865, the scholars from different countries have been studying the Genoese Massari＇s ledger of 1340. The authors have used a fundamentally new approach when studying this famous register. The authors have also ...Since 1865, the scholars from different countries have been studying the Genoese Massari＇s ledger of 1340. The authors have used a fundamentally new approach when studying this famous register. The authors have also analyzed the full-scale financial processes （from registering the expenses of the commune to their coverage by revenue） instead of analyzing some separate transactions which could prove the presence of the double-entry when registering each economic fact. This becomes possible as a result of the reconstruction of medieval entries and registers in the form of a modem account and the construction of the computer model of the whole ledger of 1340. The model of the system is formed according to seven summits of the revenue of the commune, which are distributed upon many factors of registered expenses and united into 17 reporting points. The special attention is paid to the date of the transaction. The authors have found many answers to some questions which were mysteries before. The explanation is given to the sales of goods below the purchasing price and to the exchange of money with significant losses.展开更多
There have been disputes on the financial crisis upon the auto market in 2009.An expert held that the growth rate could stay at 5 percent. We do not have to argue whether the judgment is correct.There has been phi- lo...There have been disputes on the financial crisis upon the auto market in 2009.An expert held that the growth rate could stay at 5 percent. We do not have to argue whether the judgment is correct.There has been phi- losophy between crisis and opportunities. And if we adopt the logic in analyzing the sales networks,some detailed coun- termeasures can be worked out.展开更多
文摘Since 1865, the scholars from different countries have been studying the Genoese Massari＇s ledger of 1340. The authors have used a fundamentally new approach when studying this famous register. The authors have also analyzed the full-scale financial processes （from registering the expenses of the commune to their coverage by revenue） instead of analyzing some separate transactions which could prove the presence of the double-entry when registering each economic fact. This becomes possible as a result of the reconstruction of medieval entries and registers in the form of a modem account and the construction of the computer model of the whole ledger of 1340. The model of the system is formed according to seven summits of the revenue of the commune, which are distributed upon many factors of registered expenses and united into 17 reporting points. The special attention is paid to the date of the transaction. The authors have found many answers to some questions which were mysteries before. The explanation is given to the sales of goods below the purchasing price and to the exchange of money with significant losses.
文摘There have been disputes on the financial crisis upon the auto market in 2009.An expert held that the growth rate could stay at 5 percent. We do not have to argue whether the judgment is correct.There has been phi- losophy between crisis and opportunities. And if we adopt the logic in analyzing the sales networks,some detailed coun- termeasures can be worked out.
