A Parallel Discrete Event Simulation Engine for the Low-Earth-Orbit Satellite Constellation Networks

Low-Earth-Orbit satellite constellation networks(LEO-SCN)can provide low-cost,largescale,flexible coverage wireless communication services.High dynamics and large topological sizes characterize LEO-SCN.Protocol development and application testing of LEO-SCN are challenging to carry out in a natural environment.Simulation platforms are a more effective means of technology demonstration.Currently available simulators have a single function and limited simulation scale.There needs to be a simulator for full-featured simulation.In this paper,we apply the parallel discrete-event simulation technique to the simulation of LEO-SCN to support large-scale complex system simulation at the packet level.To solve the problem that single-process programs cannot cope with complex simulations containing numerous entities,we propose a parallel mechanism and algorithms LP-NM and LP-YAWNS for synchronization.In the experiment,we use ns-3 to verify the acceleration ratio and efficiency of the above algorithms.The results show that our proposed mechanism can provide parallel simulation engine support for the LEO-SCN.

Simulation for MSS-2 low-perigee elliptical orbit satellites:an example of lithospheric magnetic field modelling

A future constellation of at least four geomagnetic satellites(designated Macao Scientific Satellite-1(MSS-1)and Macao Scientific Satellite-2(MSS-2))was recently proposed,to continue high-quality geomagnetic observations in the post-Swarm period,focusing especially on collecting data that will provide a global,three-dimensional survey of the geomagnetic field.In this paper,we present a simulation of two years of orbits(2020.01.01-2022.01.01)of two satellites(tentatively denoted as MSS-2)that are constellated in elliptical(200×5,300 km)low-perigee orbits.By comparing error variances of Gauss coefficients,we investigate the sensitivity of lithospheric magnetic field modelling to data collected from various satellite orbits,including a near circular reference orbit of 300×350km,and elliptical orbit of 180×5,300 km,220×5,300 km,200×3,000 km and 200×1,500 km.We find that in two years the two MSS-2 satellites can collect 35,000 observations at altitude below 250 km,data that will be useful in advancing the quality of lithospheric magnetic field modelling;this number of observations reflects the fact that only 4.5%of the flight time of these satellites will be below250 km(just 6.4%of their flight time below 300 km).By combining observations from the MSS-2 satellites’elliptical orbits of 200×5,300km with observations from a circular reference orbit,the variance of the geomagnetic model can be reduced by a factor of 285 at spherical harmonic degree n=200 and by a factor of 1,300 at n=250.The planned lower perigee of their orbits allows the new satellites to collect data at unprecedentedly lower altitudes,thus dramatically improving the spatial resolution of satellite-derived lithospheric field models,(up to 80%at n=150).In addition,lowering the apogee increases the time interval during which the satellites fly at near-Earth altitudes,thus improving the model predictions at all spherical harmonic degrees(around 52%-62%at n=150).The upper limit of the expected improvement to the field model at the orbital apogee is not as good as at the perigee.However,data from the MSS-1 orbit can help fill the gap between data from the MSS-2 orbits and from the circular reference orbit for the low-degree part of the model.The feasibility of even lower-altitude flight requires further discussion with satellite engineers.

Study on GNSS satellite signal simulator

Satellite signal simulator for global navigation satellite system(GNSS)can evaluate the accuracy of capturing,tracing and positioning of GNSS receiver.It has significant use-value in the military and civil fields.The system adopts the overall design scheme of digital signal processor(DSP)and field-programmable gate array(FPGA).It consists of four modules:industrial control computer simulation software,mid-frequency signal generator,digital-to-analog(D/A)module and radio frequency(RF)module.In this paper,we test the dynamic performance of simulator using the dynamic scenes testing method,and the signal generated by the designed simulator is primarily validated.

Satellite Simulator Control System Design Using SDRE Method

This paper presents the application of the State-Dependent Riccati Equation （SDRE） method in conjunction with Kalman filter technique to design a satellite simulator control system. The performance and robustness of the SDRE controller is compared with the Linear Quadratic Regulator （LQR） controller. The Kalman filter technique is incorporated to the SDRE method to address the presence of noise in the process, measurements and incomplete state estimation. The effects of the plant non-linearities and noises （uncertainties） are considered to investigated the controller performance and robustness designed by the SDRE plus Kalman filter. A general 3-D simulator Simulink model is developed to design the SDRE controller using the states estimated by the Kalman filter. Simulations have demonstrated the validity of the proposed approach to deal with nonlinear system. The SDRE controller has presented good stability, great performance and robustness at the same time that it keeps the simplicity of having constant gain which is very important as for satellite onboard computer implementation.

Research of Ionospheric Time-Delay Error Simulation in High Dynamic GPS Signal Simulator

The ionospheric time-delay is an important error source for GPS users. How tosimulate the ionospheric error is one of the key problems that need to be solved in high dynamicGPS signal simulator design. The ionospheric effects are related to the user's position. Based onthe analysis to the different ionospheric time-delay error correction methods for ground users andspace users, the approaches to calculate the ionospheric time-delay error in a high dynamic GPSsignal simulator are studied and the mathematic models are also given in this paper. The calculationproblem of eight ionospheric coefficients broadcasted in a GPS satellite message in differentapplication situations is solved. The validity of the ionospheric time-delay error calculationmethods given by this paper has been proved by simulations.

Comparison Between Computer Simulation of Transport and Diffusion of Cloud Seeding Material Within Stratiform Cloud and the NOAA-14 Satellite Cloud Track

A precipitation enhancement operation using an aircraft was conducted from 1415 to 1549 LST 14 March 2000 in Shaanxi Province. The NOAA-14 satellite data received at 1535 LST soon after the cloud seeding shows that a vivid cloud track appears on the satellite image. The length, average width and maximum width of the cloud track are 301 km, 8.3 and 11 km, respectively. Using a three-dimensional numerical model of transport and diffusion of seeding material within stratiform clouds, the spatial concentration distribution characteristics of seeding material at different times, especially at the satellite receiving time, are simulated. The model results at the satellite receiving time are compared with the features of the cloud track. The transported position of the cloud seeding material coincides with the position of the track. The width, shape and extent of diffusion of the cloud seeding material are similar to that of the cloud track. The spatial variation of width is consistent with that of the track. The simulated length of each segment of the seeding line accords with the length of every segment of the track. Each segment of the cloud track corresponds to the transport and diffusion of each segment of the seeding line. These results suggest that the cloud track is the direct physical reflection of cloud seeding at the cloud top. The comparison demonstrates that the numerical model of transport and diffusion can simulate the main characteristics of transport and diffusion of seeding material, and the simulated results are sound and trustworthy. The area, volume, vidth, depth, and lateral diffusive rate corresponding to concentrations 1, 4, and 10 L-1are simulated in order to understand the variations of influencing range.

A modeling and simulation of control system of satellite tracking platform antenna

Based on the platform of mobile carrier satellite tracking has a wide range of applications. The paper adopts the advanced method of to step response identify, using the data obtained by the experiment model of high-speed acquisition, using the method of the least squares, finally the antenna control system model function was identified. Make use of integral separation algorithm, simu- link simulation and experiment analysis to set the control parameters of it. Stimulate the signal antenna control system under inter- fering. The experiment of the simulation experiment showed that the antenna control system model is stable with little error.

Distributed cooperative task planning algorithm for multiple satellites in delayed communication environment

Multiple earth observing satellites need to communicate with each other to observe plenty of targets on the Earth together. The factors, such as external interference, result in satellite information interaction delays, which is unable to ensure the integrity and timeliness of the information on decision making for satellites. And the optimization of the planning result is affected. Therefore, the effect of communication delay is considered during the multi-satel ite coordinating process. For this problem, firstly, a distributed cooperative optimization problem for multiple satellites in the delayed communication environment is formulized. Secondly, based on both the analysis of the temporal sequence of tasks in a single satellite and the dynamically decoupled characteristics of the multi-satellite system, the environment information of multi-satellite distributed cooperative optimization is constructed on the basis of the directed acyclic graph（DAG）. Then, both a cooperative optimization decision making framework and a model are built according to the decentralized partial observable Markov decision process（DEC-POMDP）. After that, a satellite coordinating strategy aimed at different conditions of communication delay is mainly analyzed, and a unified processing strategy on communication delay is designed. An approximate cooperative optimization algorithm based on simulated annealing is proposed. Finally, the effectiveness and robustness of the method presented in this paper are verified via the simulation.

Satellite-based RAR performance simulation for measuring directional ocean wave spectrum based on SAR inversion spectrum

Some missions have been carried out to measure wave directional spectrum by synthetic aperture radar （SAR） and airborne real aperture radar （RAR） at a low incidence.Both them have their own advantages and limitations.Scientists hope that SAR and satellite-based RAR can complement each other for the research on wave properties in the future.For this study,the authors aim to simulate the satellite-based RAR system to validate performance for measuring the directional wave spectrum.The principal measurements are introduced and the simulation methods based on the one developed by Hauser are adopted and slightly modified.To enhance the authenticity of input spectrum and the wave spectrum measuring consistency for SAR and satellite-based RAR,the wave height spectrum inversed from Envisat ASAR data by cross spectrum technology is used as the input spectrum of the simulation system.In the process of simulation,the sea surface,backscattering signal,modulation spectrum and the estimated wave height spectrum are simulated in each look direction.Directional wave spectrum are measured based on the simulated observations from 0 ？ to 360 ？ .From the estimated wave spectrum,it has an 180 ？ ambiguity like SAR,but it has no special high wave number cut off in all the direction.Finally,the estimated spectrum is compared with the input one in terms of the dominant wave wavelength,direction and SWH and the results are promising.The simulation shows that satellite-based RAR should be capable of measuring the directional wave properties.Moreover,it indicates satellite-based RAR basically can measure waves that SAR can measure.

Multipath Fading Channel Simulation for Mobile Satellite Communication System

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Numerical simulation of the sensor output on Macao Science Satellite-1

Macao Science Satellite-1(MSS-1)will be launched at the early of 2023 into a near-circular orbit.The mission is designed to measure the Earth’s geomagnetic field with unpreceded accuracy through a new perspective.The most important component installed on the satellite,to ensure high accuracy,is the deployable boom(Optical Bench).A Vector Field Magnetometer(VFM),an Advanced Stellar Compass(ASC),and a Couple Dark State Magnetometers(CDSM)are deployed on the deployable boom.In order to maximize the mission’s scientific output,a numerical simulator on MSS-1’s deployable boom was required to evaluate the adaptability of all devices on the deployable boom and assist the satellite’s data pre-processing.This paper first briefly describes the synthesis of the Earth’s total magnetic field and then describes the method simulating the output of scalar and vector magnetometers.Finally,the calibration method is applied to the synthetic magnetometer data to analyze the possible noise/error of the relevant instruments.Our results show that the simulator can imitate the disturbance of different noise sources or errors in the measuring system,and is especially useful for the satellite’s data processing group.

Simulator of GNSS signals for testing of space objects receivers in the earth conditions

A technique for testing space object receivers using global navigation satellite system （GNSS） signal simulator of the navigation field is proposed. Its structure consists of two blocks which allow synthesizing the scenario of reciprocal displacement of the receiver relative to navigation satellites and their signals. In the first block, according to the known coordinates of the receiver which are specified in tabular form or analytically, the distances between the receiver and the navigation satellites are calculated as well as their relative velocities. According to these data, the second block synthesizes the signals of navigational travelers with the specified characteristics which are transmitted via the air or cable with a given attenuation to the receiver. This allows testing on the earth receivers for airplanes and space objects under different scenarios of their movement, which not only reduces the risk of problems during the flight, but also avoids significant economic costs. Based on real data obtained by approaching two spacecraft using a simulator, the receiver was tested, which shows the promise of the proposed technology.

Seasonal Adaptation of Vegetation Color in Satellite Images for Flight Simulations

Automatic vegetation identification plays an important role in many applications including remote sensing and high performance flight simulations. This paper proposes a novel method that identifies vegetative areas in satellite images and then alters vegetation color to simulate seasonal changes based on training image pairs. The proposed method first generates a vegetation map for pixels corresponding to vegetative areas, using ISODATA clustering and vegetation classification. The ISODATA algorithm determines the number of clusters automatically. We then apply morphological operations to the clustered images to smooth the boundaries between clusters and to fill holes inside clusters. Six features are then computed for each cluster and then go through a feature selection algorithm and three of them are determined to be effective for vegetation identification. Finally, we classify the resulting clusters as vegetation and non vegetation types based on the selected features using a multilayer perceptron (MLP) classifier. We tested our algorithm by using the 5-fold cross-validation method and achieved 96% classification accuracy based on the three selected features. After the vegetation areas in the satellite images are identified, the proposed method then generates seasonal color adaptation of a target input image based on a pair of training images and, which depict the same area but were captured in different seasons, using image analogies technique. The final output image has seasonal appearance that is similar to that of the training image. The vegetation map ensures that only the colors of vegetative areas in the target image are altered and it also improves the performance of the original image analogies technique. The proposed method can be used in high performance flight simulations and other applications.

Digital Simulation Platform for Satellite Launch Mission Verification

To simulate the satellite launch mission under a general platform which could be used in a full-digital mode as well as in a semi-physical way, is an important way to certify the mission design performance as well as technical feasibilities, and it relates to complex system simulation methods such as multi-disciplinary coupling, multi-language modeling as well as interactive simulation and virtual simulation technologies. This paper introduces the design of a digital simulation platform for satellite launch mission verification.The platform has the advantages of high generality and extensibility, being easy to build up. The Functional Mockup Interface(FMI) Standard is adopted to achieve integration of multi-source models. A WebGL based 3D visual simulation tool is also adopted to implement the virtual display system which could display the rocket launch process and rocket-satellite separation with high fidelity 3D virtual scenes. A configuration tool was developed to map the 3D objects in the visual scene with simulation physical variables for complex rocket flight control mechanisms, which greatly improves the platform's generality and extensibility. Finally the real-time performance had been tested and the YL-1 launch mission was adopted to demonstrate the functions of the platform.The platform will be used to construct a digital twin system for satellite launch missions in the future.

基于Saber-Simulink的PPT卫星电源控制器联合仿真

本文的目的是通过Saber-Simulink联合仿真来验证作者建立的峰值功率跟踪(PPT)卫星电源控制器的有效性以及这种联合仿真方法的合理性。首先在MATLAB/Simulink中建立卫星电源控制器模型,包括PPT控制器模块,工作模式转换模块以及恒流-恒压(CC-CV)充电控制器模块。结合Simulink和Saber两者的优势,详细介绍了两软件接口定义方法并对基于PPT的卫星电源系统进行联合仿真。仿真结果表明卫星电源控制器工作模式切换正常,Saber-Simulink联合仿真是一种可靠的系统仿真方法,适合用于卫星电源控制器的仿真。

基于Simulink的车载“动中通”伺服系统的仿真研究

在分析“动中通”伺服系统关键技术即天线稳定与波束跟踪的基础上,引入了实际行车时可能会遇到的阴影问题。给出了一种把天线稳定和波束跟踪相结合的方法,建立了基于Matlab/Simulink的仿真模型,进行了“动中通”伺服系统的仿真研究,并给出了仿真结果。仿真结果表明该方法不仅具有有效性,而且对于误差的修正时间也比较短,还能克服阴影带来的问题,对“动中通”伺服系统的研究设计具有实际意义。

基于Simulink的星间链路信道仿真分析

对星间链路信道统计模型进行了理论分析,在MATLAB/Simulink平台上,设计并实现了一种星间链路仿真模型。该模型充分考虑了星间链路信道中的多普勒频移、卫星星座的周期性引起的自由空间传播衰减,以及链路中存在的干扰、噪声、时延等对卫星通信信号的影响。仿真结果证明了该模型的正确性。

基于SIMULINK的卫星通信系统仿真研究

简要分析卫星通信系统组成,估算卫星通信系统中存在的各种损耗与噪声,提出以链路信噪比、通信误码率作为衡量卫星通信系统性能的主要指标,并建模研究与分析信噪比与误码率的内在联系。运用SIMULINK仿真软件,以同步卫星为仿真对象,在卫星通信原理基础上对卫星通信系统适当简化,构建卫星通信基带等效模型,仿真得到出发射前和解调后信号星座图、功率谱图以及通信误码率曲线,对仿真结果的分析证明该仿真系统的合理性与可靠性,为运用SIMULINK软件仿真研究卫星通信系统奠定基础。

Study on relative orbital configuration in satellite formation flying

In this paper, the relative orbital configurations of satellites in formation flying with non-perturbation and J2 perturbation are studied, and an orbital elements method is proposed to obtain the relative orbital configurations of satellites in formation. Firstly, under the condition of non-perturbation, we obtain many shapes of relative orbital configurations when the semi-major axes of satellites are equal. These shapes can be lines, ellipses or distorted closed curves. Secondly, on the basis of the analysis of J2 effect on relative orbital configurations, we find out that J2 effect can induce two kinds of changes of relative orbital configurations. They are distortion and drifting, respectively. In addition, when J2 perturbation is concerned, we also find that the semi-major axes of the leading and following satellites should not be the same exactly in order to decrease the J2 effect. The relationship of relative orbital elements and J2 effect is obtained through simulations. Finally, the minimum relation perturbation conditions are established in order to reduce the influence of the J2 effect. The results show that the minimum relation perturbation conditions can reduce the J2 effect significantly when the orbital element differences are small enough, and they can become rules for the design of satellite formation flying.

Dynamic Uplink Transmission Scheduling for Satellite Internet of Things Applications

Satellite communication systems provide a cost-effective solution for global internet of things(IoT)applications due to its large coverage and easy deployment.This paper mainly focuses on Satellite networks system,in which low earth orbit(LEO)satellites network collect sensing data from the user terminals(UTs)and then forward the data to ground station through geostationary earth orbit(GEO)satellites network.Considering the limited uplink transmission resources,this paper optimizes the uplink transmission scheduling scheme over LEO satellites.A novel transmission scheduling algorithm,which combined Algorithms of Simulated Annealing and Monte Carlo(SA-MC),is proposed to achieve the dynamic optimal scheduling scheme.Simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed SA-MC algorithm in terms of cost value reduction and fast convergence.