<span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Studies were carried out to comparatively assess the proximate and mineral composition of </span><i><s...<span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Studies were carried out to comparatively assess the proximate and mineral composition of </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Solanum aethiopicum </span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">L.</span><i> </i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">and </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Cucumis</span></i> <i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">sativus</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> L. fruit samples grown in the South Eastern and North Central regions of Nigeria respectively, following standard analytical procedures and instrumentation. The mineral elements (Na, K, Zn and Ca) were determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometer after wet digestion of the samples while the proximate parameters</span><i> </i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">(ash content, moisture content, crude fibre content, crude protein content, crude fat content and carbohydrate content) were determined in accordance with standard analytical procedures. The mean range of the moisture, crude fibre, crude protein, crude fat, ash and carbohydrate contents in the </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">S. aethiopicum </span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">L.</span><i> </i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">fruit samples grown in the North Central and South Eastern regions of Nigeria were 72</span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">.</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">49</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> -</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> 88</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">.</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">23, 2.15</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">- 3.67, 1.31</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">- 1.85, 0.43 - 0.76, 0.51 - 0.84 and 3.18% - 5.72% respectively. Additionally, the moisture, crude fibre, crude protein, crude fat, ash and carbohydrate contents in the </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Cucumis sativus </span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">L.</span><i> </i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">fruit</span><i> </i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">samples grown in the South Eastern and North Central regions of Nigeria, had mean range of values of 93.60 - 98.76, 0.53 - 0.77, 2.14 - 2.84, 0.29 </span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> 0.46, 0.90 </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> 1.14 and 3.88% </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> 4.66% respectively. The range of mean values of Na, K, Zn and Ca in the </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">S. aethiopicum </span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">L.</span><i> </i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">fruit samples from the South Eastern and North Central regions of Nigeria were 0.36 - 0.57, 1.92 - 2.80, 0.84 - 1.01 and 0.43 - 0.61 μg/g respectively. Also, Na, K, Zn and Ca</span><i> </i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">had mean range of values of 1.36 </span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> 4.08, 10.16 - 13.09, 0.45 - 0.66 and 5.85 - 9.3</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">μg/g respectively in the </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">C. sativus </span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">L. fruit samples grown in the South Eastern and North Central regions in Nigeria. The levels of the determined proximate of parameters</span><i> </i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">and mineral elements in the studied fruit samples from the investigated regions of Nigeria were statistically significant. This therefore indicates that the geographical locations where these fruit samples grew could have significantly impacted on their nutrient content levels. The levels of the determined proximate</span><i> </i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">parameters from the selected regions of Nigeria show</span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">s</span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> that consumption of the fruit samples (</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">S aethiopicum </span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">L. and</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> C. sativus </span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">L.)</span><i> </i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">especially regularly, would help supply the essential nutrients and minerals required for a healthy living.展开更多
<span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Studies were carried out to comparatively assess the phytochemical and heavy metal levels in </span><i>&l...<span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Studies were carried out to comparatively assess the phytochemical and heavy metal levels in </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Solanum aethiopicum </span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">L. and </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Cucumis sativus </span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">L. fruit samples grown in the South Eastern and North Central regions of Nigeria respectively using standard analytical procedures and instrumentation. The fruit samples were assayed for selected heavy metals (Pb, Cd and Cu) using atomic absorption spectrophotometer after wet digestion of the samples. The five detected phytochemicals (flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, saponins and glycosides) were present at varying amounts in the investigated fruit samples from the South Eastern and North Central regions of Nigeria. The range of mean values of flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins and glycosides in the </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">S. aethiopicum </span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">L. fruit samples from the two studied regions were 0.50 - 0.57, 0.53 - 1.26, 0.44 - 0.78, 1.12 - 1.93 and 0.40 - 0.50 mg/g respectively. The range of mean values of flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, saponins and glycosides in the </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">C. sativus </span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">L.</span><i> </i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">fruit samples from the two studied regions of Nigeria were 1.27 - 1.69, 0.53 - 0.55, 0.96 - 1.51, 0.41 - 0.83 and 0.90 - 1.74 mg/g respectively. The range of mean vales of Pb, Cd, and Cu in the </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">S. aethiopicum </span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">L. fruit samples from the two studied regions were 0.15 - 0.24, 0 - 0.01, 0.78 - 1.12 μg/g respectively. 0.31 - 0.40, 0.02 - 0.05 and 0.62 -</span></span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">0.96 μg/g were the range of mean values of Pb, Cd and Cu</span><i> </i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">respectively in the </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">C. sativus </span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">L.</span><i> </i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">fruit samples from the two studied regions of Nigeria. Of the three investigated heavy metals, only Cd was at toxic levels in the </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">C. sativus </span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">L. fruit samples from the South Eastern and North Central regions of Nigeria. This is therefore a health concern to the fruit consumers that includes these fruits in their habitual daily fruit diets. Although the therapeutic and pharmaceutical benefits that </span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">would</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> be derived from consuming</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">,</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> the investigated fruit samples ha</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">s</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> been shown in this study, there is therefore a possible risk of undue exposure to environmental pollutants such as heavy metal, especially through growing these fruits in polluted soils resulting from unwholesome anthropogenic practices. For fruit consumers to derive maximum health benefits from consuming these fruits, pollutants like heavy metals must be at non-toxic levels and this can only be achieved by ensuring that these fruits samples are grown and harvested in environments with less anthropogenic activities.展开更多
Effective utilization of renewable energy sources and efficient management of electric energy are essential for any developing countries like India. This can be envisioned through the implementation of concepts of sma...Effective utilization of renewable energy sources and efficient management of electric energy are essential for any developing countries like India. This can be envisioned through the implementation of concepts of smart grid (SG). One of the key requisites for SG implementation is that the grid should be completely observable. Renovation of conventional Indian power grid to a SG necessitates incorporation of the phasor measure- ment units (PMUs) in the present power grid measurement and monitoring system. Since the cost of PMU is high and any bus containing a PMU makes the neighboring connected buses observable, optimal placement of PMUs is very important for complete observability of the grid. This paper proposes optimal redundant geographical locations in the northern, eastern and north-eastern regions of Indian power grid for PMU placement. The PMUs installed in these geographical locations will make the grid completely observable and maintain the observability under the conditions of failure of some PMUs or branch outages. Integer linear programming has been used for finding the optimal PMU locations. The results proposed in this paper can be a stepping stone for revamping the Indian power grid to a SG ensuring complete observability during different contingency conditions.展开更多
文摘<span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Studies were carried out to comparatively assess the proximate and mineral composition of </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Solanum aethiopicum </span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">L.</span><i> </i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">and </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Cucumis</span></i> <i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">sativus</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> L. fruit samples grown in the South Eastern and North Central regions of Nigeria respectively, following standard analytical procedures and instrumentation. The mineral elements (Na, K, Zn and Ca) were determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometer after wet digestion of the samples while the proximate parameters</span><i> </i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">(ash content, moisture content, crude fibre content, crude protein content, crude fat content and carbohydrate content) were determined in accordance with standard analytical procedures. The mean range of the moisture, crude fibre, crude protein, crude fat, ash and carbohydrate contents in the </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">S. aethiopicum </span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">L.</span><i> </i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">fruit samples grown in the North Central and South Eastern regions of Nigeria were 72</span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">.</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">49</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> -</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> 88</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">.</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">23, 2.15</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">- 3.67, 1.31</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">- 1.85, 0.43 - 0.76, 0.51 - 0.84 and 3.18% - 5.72% respectively. Additionally, the moisture, crude fibre, crude protein, crude fat, ash and carbohydrate contents in the </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Cucumis sativus </span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">L.</span><i> </i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">fruit</span><i> </i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">samples grown in the South Eastern and North Central regions of Nigeria, had mean range of values of 93.60 - 98.76, 0.53 - 0.77, 2.14 - 2.84, 0.29 </span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> 0.46, 0.90 </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> 1.14 and 3.88% </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> 4.66% respectively. The range of mean values of Na, K, Zn and Ca in the </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">S. aethiopicum </span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">L.</span><i> </i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">fruit samples from the South Eastern and North Central regions of Nigeria were 0.36 - 0.57, 1.92 - 2.80, 0.84 - 1.01 and 0.43 - 0.61 μg/g respectively. Also, Na, K, Zn and Ca</span><i> </i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">had mean range of values of 1.36 </span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> 4.08, 10.16 - 13.09, 0.45 - 0.66 and 5.85 - 9.3</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">μg/g respectively in the </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">C. sativus </span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">L. fruit samples grown in the South Eastern and North Central regions in Nigeria. The levels of the determined proximate of parameters</span><i> </i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">and mineral elements in the studied fruit samples from the investigated regions of Nigeria were statistically significant. This therefore indicates that the geographical locations where these fruit samples grew could have significantly impacted on their nutrient content levels. The levels of the determined proximate</span><i> </i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">parameters from the selected regions of Nigeria show</span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">s</span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> that consumption of the fruit samples (</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">S aethiopicum </span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">L. and</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> C. sativus </span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">L.)</span><i> </i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">especially regularly, would help supply the essential nutrients and minerals required for a healthy living.
文摘<span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Studies were carried out to comparatively assess the phytochemical and heavy metal levels in </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Solanum aethiopicum </span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">L. and </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Cucumis sativus </span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">L. fruit samples grown in the South Eastern and North Central regions of Nigeria respectively using standard analytical procedures and instrumentation. The fruit samples were assayed for selected heavy metals (Pb, Cd and Cu) using atomic absorption spectrophotometer after wet digestion of the samples. The five detected phytochemicals (flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, saponins and glycosides) were present at varying amounts in the investigated fruit samples from the South Eastern and North Central regions of Nigeria. The range of mean values of flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins and glycosides in the </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">S. aethiopicum </span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">L. fruit samples from the two studied regions were 0.50 - 0.57, 0.53 - 1.26, 0.44 - 0.78, 1.12 - 1.93 and 0.40 - 0.50 mg/g respectively. The range of mean values of flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, saponins and glycosides in the </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">C. sativus </span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">L.</span><i> </i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">fruit samples from the two studied regions of Nigeria were 1.27 - 1.69, 0.53 - 0.55, 0.96 - 1.51, 0.41 - 0.83 and 0.90 - 1.74 mg/g respectively. The range of mean vales of Pb, Cd, and Cu in the </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">S. aethiopicum </span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">L. fruit samples from the two studied regions were 0.15 - 0.24, 0 - 0.01, 0.78 - 1.12 μg/g respectively. 0.31 - 0.40, 0.02 - 0.05 and 0.62 -</span></span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">0.96 μg/g were the range of mean values of Pb, Cd and Cu</span><i> </i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">respectively in the </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">C. sativus </span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">L.</span><i> </i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">fruit samples from the two studied regions of Nigeria. Of the three investigated heavy metals, only Cd was at toxic levels in the </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">C. sativus </span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">L. fruit samples from the South Eastern and North Central regions of Nigeria. This is therefore a health concern to the fruit consumers that includes these fruits in their habitual daily fruit diets. Although the therapeutic and pharmaceutical benefits that </span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">would</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> be derived from consuming</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">,</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> the investigated fruit samples ha</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">s</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> been shown in this study, there is therefore a possible risk of undue exposure to environmental pollutants such as heavy metal, especially through growing these fruits in polluted soils resulting from unwholesome anthropogenic practices. For fruit consumers to derive maximum health benefits from consuming these fruits, pollutants like heavy metals must be at non-toxic levels and this can only be achieved by ensuring that these fruits samples are grown and harvested in environments with less anthropogenic activities.
文摘Effective utilization of renewable energy sources and efficient management of electric energy are essential for any developing countries like India. This can be envisioned through the implementation of concepts of smart grid (SG). One of the key requisites for SG implementation is that the grid should be completely observable. Renovation of conventional Indian power grid to a SG necessitates incorporation of the phasor measure- ment units (PMUs) in the present power grid measurement and monitoring system. Since the cost of PMU is high and any bus containing a PMU makes the neighboring connected buses observable, optimal placement of PMUs is very important for complete observability of the grid. This paper proposes optimal redundant geographical locations in the northern, eastern and north-eastern regions of Indian power grid for PMU placement. The PMUs installed in these geographical locations will make the grid completely observable and maintain the observability under the conditions of failure of some PMUs or branch outages. Integer linear programming has been used for finding the optimal PMU locations. The results proposed in this paper can be a stepping stone for revamping the Indian power grid to a SG ensuring complete observability during different contingency conditions.