Retention of harvest residues promotes the accumulation of topsoil organic carbon by increasing particulate organic carbon in a Chinese fir plantation

Background As commonly used harvest residue management practices in subtropical plantations,stem only harvesting(SOH)and whole tree harvesting(WTH)are expected to affect soil organic carbon(SOC)content.However,knowledge on how SOC and its fractions(POC:particulate organic carbon;MAOC:mineral-associated organic carbon)respond to different harvest residue managements is limited.Methods In this study,a randomized block experiment containing SOH and WTH was conducted in a Chinese fir(Cunninghamia lanceolata)plantation.The effect of harvest residue management on SOC and its fractions in topsoil(0–10cm)and subsoil(20–40cm)was determined.Plant inputs(harvest residue retaining mass and fine root biomass)and microbial and mineral properties were also measured.Results The responses of SOC and its fractions to different harvest residue managements varied with soil depth.Specifically,SOH enhanced the content of SOC and POC in topsoil with increases of 15.9%and 29.8%,respectively,compared with WTH.However,SOH had no significant effects on MAOC in topsoil and SOC and its fractions in subsoil.These results indicated that the increase in POC induced by the retention of harvest residue was the primary contributor to SOC accumulation,especially in topsoil.The harvest residue managements affected SOC and its fractions through different pathways in topsoil and subsoil.The plant inputs(the increase in fine root biomass induced by SOH)exerted a principal role in the SOC accumulation in topsoil,whereas mineral and microbial properties played a more important role in regulating SOC dynamics than plants inputs in subsoil.Conclusion The retention of harvest residues can promote SOC accumulation by increasing POC,and is thus suggested as an effective technology to enhance the soil carbon sink for mitigating climate change in plantation management.

Soil microbial properties and nutrients in pure and mixed Chinese fir plantations

An investigation on soil organic carbon, total N and P, NO3-N, available P, microbial biomass C, N and P, basal respiration and metabolic quotients （qCO2） was conducted to compare differences in soil microbial properties and nutrients between 15-year-old pure Chinese fir （Cunninghamia lanceolata） and two mixed Chinese fir plantations （mixed plantations with Alnus crernastogyne, mixed plantations with Kalopanax septemlobus） at Huitong Experimental Station of Forest Ecology （26°45′N latitude and 109°30′E longitude）, Chinese Academy of Sciences in May, 2005. Results showed that the concentrations of soil organic carbon, total N, NO3^--N, total P and available P in mixed plantations were higher than that in pure plantation. Soil microbial biomass N in two mixed plantations was averagely higher 69% and 61% than that in pure plantation at the 0-10 cm and 10-20 cm soil depth, respectively. Soil microbial biomass C, P and basal respiration in mixed plantations were higher 11%, 14% and 4% at the 0-10 cm soil depth and 6%, 3% and 3% at the 10-20 cm soil depth compared with pure plantation. However, soil microbial C： N ratio and qCO2 were averagely lower 34% and 4% in mixed plantations than pure plantation. Additionally, there was a closer relation between soil microbial biomass and soil nutrients than between basal respiration, microbial C： N ratio and qCO2 and soil nutrients. In conclusion, introduction of broad-leaved tree species into pure coniferous plantation improved soil microbial properties and soil fertility, and can be helpful to restore degraded forest soil.

Effect of Continuous Plantation of Chinese Fir on Soil Fertility

The changes in soil fertility under continuous plantation of Chinese fir were studied by comparing soilsamples from different forest stands: the first and second plantations of Chinese fir, evergreen broad-leavedforests, and clear-cut and burnt Chinese fir land located at Xihou Village, Nanping of Fujian Province. Thesoils were humic red soil originated from weathered coarse granite of the Presinian system. Soil PH, CEC,base saturation, exchangeable Ca￣(2+), exchangeable Mg￣(2+) and Al-P declined after continuous plantation ofChinese fir. The same trends were also found in the soils under broad-leaved stands and slash burnt lands.The explantation was that not merely the biological nature of the Chinese fir itself but the natural leachingof nutrients, soil erosion and nutrient losses due to clear cutting and slash burning of the preceding plantationcaused the soil deterioration. Only some of main soil nutrients decreased after continuons plantation ofChinese fir, depending on specific silvicultural system, which was different from the conclusions in some otherreports which showed that all main nutrients, such as OM, total N, available P and available K decreased.Some neccessary steps to make up for the lost base, to apply P fertilizer and to avoid buring on clear cutlands could be taken to preventsoil degradation and yield decline in the system of continuous plantation ofChinese fir.

Stability of soil organic carbon changes in successive rotations of Chinese fir(Cunninghamia lanceolata(Lamb.) Hook) plantations

The importance of soil organic carbon （SOC） under forests in the global carbon cycle depends on the stability of the soil carbon and its availability to soil microbial biomass. We investigated the effects of successive rotations of Chinese fir （Cunninghamia lanceolata （Lamb.） Hook） plantations on the stability of SOC and its availability to microbes by adopting the two-step hydrolysis with H2SO4 and density fractionation. The results showed that successive rotations of Chinese fir decreased the quantity of total SOC, recalcitrant fraction, and carbohydrates in Labile Pool I （LPI）, and microbial properties evidently, especially at 0-10 cm horizon. However, cellulose included in Labile Pool Ⅱ （LP Ⅱ） and the cellulose/total carbohydrates ratio increased in successive rotations of Chinese fir. The noncellulose of carbohydrates included in LPI maybe highly available to soil microbial biomass. Hence the availability of SOC to microbial biomass declined over the successive rotations. Although there was no significant change in recalcitrance of SOC over the successive rotations of Chinese fir, the percentage of heavy fraction to total SOC increased, suggesting that the degree of physical protection for SOC increased and SOC became more stable over the successive rotations. The degradation of SOC quality in successive rotation soils may be attributed to worse environmental conditions resulted from disturbance that related to ＂slash and burn＂ site preparation. Being highly correlated with soil microbial properties, the cellulose/total carbohydrates ratio as an effective indicator of changes in availability of SOC to microbial biomass brought by management practices in forest soils.

Comparative study on active soil organic matter in Chinese fir plantation and native broad-leaved forest in subtropical China

Active soil organic matter (ASOM) has a main effect on biochemical cycles of soil nutrient elements such as N, P and S, and the quality and quantity of ASOM reflect soil primary productivity. The changes of ASOM fractions and soil nutrients in the first rotation site and the second rotation site of Chinese fir plantation and the native broad-leaved forest were investigated and analyzed by soil sampling at the Huitong Experimental Station of Forestry Ecology (at latitude 26°48′N and longitude 109°30′E under a subtropical climate conditions), Chinese Academy of Sciences in March, 2004. The results showed that values of ASOM fractions for the Chinese fir plantations were lower than those for the broad-leaved forest. The contents of easily oxidisable carbon (EOC), microbial biomass carbon (MBC), water soluble carbohydrate (WSC) and water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) for the first rotation of Chinese fir plantation were 35.9%, 13.7%, 87.8% and 50.9% higher than those for the second rotation of Chinese fir plantation, and were 15.8%, 47.3%, 38.1% and 30.2% separately lower than those for the broad-leaved forest. For the three investigated forest sites, the contents of MBC and WSOC had a larger decrease, followed by WSC, and the change of EOC was least. Moreover, soil physico-chemistry properties such as soil nutrients in Chinese fir plantation were lower than those in broad-leaved forest. It suggested that soil fertility declined after Chinese fir plantation replaced native broad-leaved forest through continuous artificial plantation.

Conversion of pure Chinese fir plantation to multi-layered mixed plantation enhances the soil aggregate stability by regulating microbial communities in subtropical China

Background:Soil aggregates are the basic units of soil structure,and their stability is a key indicator of soil quality and capacity to support ecosystem functions.The impacts of various environmental factors on soil aggregates have been widely studied.However,there remains elusive knowledge on the synergistic effects of changing forest stand structure on soil aggregate stability(SAS),particularly in subtropical China where soil erosion remains a critical issue.Methods:We investigated variations in the components of soil humus(HS),including humic acids(HAs),fulvic acids(FAs),and humins(HMs),under pure Chinese fir(Cunninghamia lanceolata)plantation(PP)and multilayered mixed plantation(MP)comprising C.lanceolata,Castanopsis hystrix,and Michelia hedyosperma.The state of soil aggregate stability,was determined by three separate methods,i.e.,dry-sieving,wet-sieving,and the Le Bissonnais.High-throughput sequencing was used to determine the diversity and composition of microbial communities under PP and MP.We then built partial least squares path models(PLS-PM)for assessing the responses of SAS to the variations in soil microorganisms and HS components.Results:The MP stands had significantly greater SAS(P<0.05),higher content of HAs and more rapid organic matter humification within aggregates,than the PP stands.High-throughput sequencing confirmed that the Pielou andα-diversity index values(Chao1 and Shannon)for fungi were all significantly higher under MP than under PP,while no marked difference was found in bacterialα-diversity between the two plantation types.Moreover,there were markedly greater abundance of three bacterial phyla(Verrucomicrobia,Chloroflexi,and Gemmatimonadetes)and three fungal phyla(Ascomycota,Kickxellomycota,and Glomeromycota),and significantly less abundance of two bacterial phyla(Planctomycetes and Firmicutes)and four fungal phyla(Basidiomycota,Mortierellomycota,Mucoromycota,and Rozellomycota)under MP than under PP.The Chloroflexi and Ascomycota phyla appeared to be the primary drivers of soil aggregate distribution.Our findings revealed that the promotion of SAS under MP was mainly driven by increased soil organic matter(SOM)content,which altered bacterial communities and enhanced fungal diversity,thereby increasing HAs content and the rate of organic matter humification.Conclusions:Considering the combined effects of enhanced soil quality,productivity,and relevant economic costs,introducing broadleaved tree species into Chinese fir plantations can be an effective strategy for stabilizing soil structure against erosion in subtropical China.Our study elucidated the controls on variations of SAS in Chinese fir-dominated plantations and demonstrated the benefit of converting pure Chinese fir plantation to multi-layered mixed plantations in increasing soil structural stability and improving site quality.

Accumulation of residual soil microbial carbon in Chinese fir plantation soils after nitrogen and phosphorus additions

Nitrogen （N） and phosphorus （P） additions can affect soil microbial carbon （C） accumulation. However, the mechanisms that drive the changes in residual microbial C that occur after N and P additions have not been well-defined for Chinese fir plantations in subtropical China. We set up six different treatments, viz. a control （CK）, two N treatments （NI： 50kgha-1 a-1; N2： 100 kg ha-1 a-1）, one P treatment （P： 50 kg ha-1 a-1）, and two combined N and P treatments （NIP： 50kgha-1a-1 of N ＋50kgha-1a-1 of P; N2P：100 kg ha-1 a-1 of N ＋ 50 kg ha-1 a-1 of P）. We then investigated the influences of N and P additions on residual microbial C. The results showed that soil pH and microbial biomass decreased after N additions, while microbial biomass increased after P additions. Soil organic carbon （SOC） and residual microbial C contents increased in the N and P treatments but not in the control. Residual microbial C accumulation varied according to treatment and declined in the order： N2P 〉 N1P 〉 N2 〉 N1 〉 P 〉 CK. Residual microbial C contents were positively correlated with available N, P, and SOC contents, but were negatively correlated with soil pH. The ratio of residual fungal C to residual bacterial C increased under P additions, but declined under combined N1P additions. The ratio of residual microbial C to SOC increased from 11 to 14% under the N1P and N2P treatments, respectively. Our results suggest that the concentrations of residual microbial C and the stability of SOC would increase under combined applications of N and P fertilizers in subtropical Chinese fir plantation soils.

Dynamics of soil inorganic phosphorus fractions at aggregate scales in a chronosequence of Chinese fir plantations

Successive cultivation of Chinese fir(Cunninghamia lanceolata) would markedly affect the distribution and accumulation of soil inorganic phosphorus(Pi).However,how different chronosequence phases of Chinese fir plantations exerting influences on the quality and quantity of soil Pi fractions in aggregate-scale remain poorly understood. This study researched the dynamic changes of aggregate-related Pi fractions encompassing occluded-P(O-P), aluminum-bound P(Al-P), iron-bound P(Fe-P), and calcium-bound P(Ca-P) in topsoil(0-20 cm) from different stand aged(9-, 17-, and 26-yr) Chinese fir plantations and one nearby abandoned land(CK) in Rongshui County,Guangxi, China. In this study, soil aggregates were classified into micro-aggregates(< 0.25 mm), small macro-aggregates(1-0.25 mm), medium macroaggregates(2-1 mm), and large macro-aggregates(> 2 mm) by one wet-sieving process. As the primary aggregate fractions correlated with better soil aggregate stability, the large macro-aggregates took the highest proportion in all aggregate sizes regardless of various stand ages of Chinese fir plantations. Besides, the 17-yr plantations of Chinese fir displayed the highest stability of aggregates structure. Compared with CK, all four soil Pi fractions from three different stand ages of Chinese fir plantations generally showed increasing trends.Irrespective of chronosequence phases, Al-P was mainly carried by small macro-aggregates. O-P showed the opposite tendency to Al-P, which had the lowest content in small macro-aggregates. Fe-P and Ca-P showed an even distribution in all aggregates.The contribution rates and stocks of each Pi fraction exhibited close relevance to the content of soil aggregates. As revealed from the results, planting of Chinese fir before 17-yr was beneficial to prompt the formation of large macro-aggregates and the level of soil P. But after 17-yr, successive monoculture planting of Chinese fir would reduce the stability of soil aggregates and render the losses of soil P. The dynamics of soil total phosphorous(TP) and Pi fractions contents were highly related to the stand ages of Chinese fir plantations, but less related to the distribution of soil aggregate sizes. As the major carriers for soil P stocks, the large macro-aggregates played a vital role in the cycles and reserves of soil P.

Soil Biological Changes for a Natural Forest and Two Plantations in Subtropical China

Conversion of natural forests into pure plantation forests is a common management practice in subtropical China.To evaluate the effects of forest conversion on soil fertility, microbe numbers and enzyme activities in topsoils (0-10 cm)were quantified in two 33-year-old monoculture plantations of Castanopsis kawakamii Hayata (CK) and Cunninghamia lanceolata Lamb. (Chinese fir) (CF), and compared to a neighboring relict natural C. kawakamii forest (NF), in Sanming,Fujian. Five soil samples were collected once each in January, April, July, September and November in 2000 in each forest for laboratory analysis. Over the sampling year, there were significant differences for bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes between forests and between seasons (P ＜ 0.05). The largest bacteria and fungi populations were in NF, while CF contained the greatest number of actinomycetes. There were also significant differences (P ＜ 0.05) with microbial respiration for forests and seasons. Additionally, compared with NF, urease and acid phosphatase were significantly lower (P ＜ 0.05)in CK and CF. Also, the correlations of soil hydrolysable N and available P to soil microbial and enzymatic activities were highly significant (P ＜ 0.01). Thus, to alter the traditional Chinese fir monoculture so as to mimic the natural forest conditions, managing mixed stands of Chinese fir and broadleaf trees or conducting crop rotation of conifers and broadleaf trees as well as minimizing forest disturbances like clear-cutting, slash burning and soil preparing, could be utilized.

Natural Resistance of Two Plantation Woods Populus × canadensis cv. and Cunninghamia lanceolata to Decay Fungi and Termites

Natural durability of two plantation woods, Chinese fir and I-214 poplar, was investigated thoroughly by three test- ing methods, namely an accelerated laboratory decay test, a fungus cellar test and a field test. After the decay test using Postia pla- centa and Trametes versicolor, Chinese fir and the I-214 poplar showed 34% and 69% of mass loss, respectively, indicating they should be classified as slightly durable and non-durable wood. This conclusion was confirmed by the fungus cellar test and the field test. Like the performance in the decay test, I-214 poplar showed no resistance to termites either in the laboratory or in the field, whereas Chinese fir would be classified as moderately resistant.

杉木层状压缩的形成及其密度分布特征

实木层状压缩技术是以实体木材的定向定位压缩为目标,以最小的材积损耗,最大限度地提高木材力学性能的一种新型木材压缩方法。通过水热分布调控以及外力加载的协同作用,在调控压缩层的形成位置、厚度和多层压缩的基础上,分析压缩木材密度分布特征,研究层状压缩技术对于人工林杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)的适用性及其层状压缩形成的特点。结果表明:预热时间控制在0.5~30 min之间时,获得压缩层位置不同的层状压缩杉木。随着预热时间的增加,压缩层由表层逐渐向中心(厚度方向)移动,压缩层密度达到0.583 g/cm^(3)及以上;通过调控压缩量,获得压缩层厚度为3.00~8.07 mm的4种厚度的表层压缩杉木,压缩层密度提高率比木材整体密度提高率平均高28.7%;将表层压缩和中心层压缩工艺并用,实现形成3个压缩层的多层压缩。扫描电镜观察结果表明,无论压缩层形成于表层还是中心层,压缩层与未压缩层界线出现在早材区域或早晚材交界处,压缩层的早材细胞发生细胞壁屈曲变形,至细胞腔几乎完全消失,而晚材细胞壁及细胞腔仅发生微变形或不变形。依据压缩前后木材密度分布曲线及特征值计算结果,杉木压缩层部位的早材密度提高率最大值可以达到210.6%。

施肥对杉木林不同土层温室气体排放的影响

为深入研究深层土壤温室气体的迁移扩散特征,以亚热带杉木人工林为研究对象,设置施肥和不施肥2种处理,采用气体浓度梯度扩散法研究施肥对杉木人工林0~40 cm土层深度温室气体通量的影响,在此基础上结合土壤物理、化学和微生物指标的变化阐明影响不同土层温室气体通量的主导因子。结果表明:杉木人工林土壤是二氧化碳(CO_(2))与氧化亚氮(N_(2)O)的排放源,甲烷(CH_(4))的吸收汇;土壤排放的CO_(2)、N_(2)O通量和土壤吸收的CH_(4)通量均随着土壤深度的增加而降低,0~10 cm土层土壤排放的CO_(2)、N_(2)O通量和吸收的CH_(4)通量分别是30~40 cm土层气体通量的1.3、2.5和3.3倍;与不施肥处理相比,施肥显著抑制了各土层CO_(2)的排放与CH_(4)的吸收(P<0.05),施肥处理后杉木人工林土壤排放的CO_(2)通量降低了56.7%~77.5%,土壤吸收的CH_(4)通量降低了30.4%~57.8%,而且施肥对这两种气体排放的抑制作用分别在30~40 cm和20~40 cm土层中最明显;施肥显著降低了10~30 cm土层土壤排放的N_(2)O通量(P<0.05),其中10~20 cm土层土壤排放的N_(2)O通量降低最明显。施肥主要通过提高土壤湿度以降低土壤CO_(2)与N_(2)O的排放和土壤对CH4的吸收。

Distribution of organic carbon fractions in soil aggregates in Chinese fir plantations with different stand ages

Background:Revealing the variations in soil aggregate-related organic carbon(OC)and labile organic carbon(LOC)fractions in a chronosequence of Chinese fir plantations plays an important role in better understanding the impact of soil carbon sink or source on the Chinese fir plantation ecosystem.In this study,soil samples in a depth of 0–20 cm were collected from Chinese fir plantations at different stand ages(0,9,17,and 26 years old)in Guangxi,China.With the optimal moisture sieving method adopted,the soil aggregates of 4 different sizes were obtained,including>2-mm,2–1-mm,1–0.25-mm,and<0.25-mm aggregates.Soil OC and LOC fractions were measured in the aggregates of different sizes.The LOC fractions included readily oxidizable carbon(ROC),particulate organic carbon(POC),microbial biomass carbon(MBC),water-soluble organic carbon(WOC),and mineralized organic carbon(MOC).Results:Soil aggregate stability,as indicated by the mean weight diameter(MWD),was the highest in the 17-yearold Chinese fir plantations and was significantly positively related(p<0.05)to the concentrations of OC and LOC fractions(except for the ROC and MOC),with the POC in particular.As for all stand ages of Chinese fir plantations,the concentrations of soil OC and LOC fractions were significantly increased as the aggregate size decreased.Consequently,there were more OC and LOC fractions distributed in the<0.25-mm aggregates.During the stand development,the concentrations of soil OC and LOC fractions first increased and then decreased,with the highest levels detected in the 17-year-old Chinese fir plantations,indicating that the 17-year-old Chinese fir plantations were conducive to the accumulation of soil OC and LOC fractions.Conclusion:After 17 years of planting,promoted soil carbon(especially for the POC)accumulation contributes significantly to enhancing soil aggregate stability for the Chinese fir plantations in Guangxi,China.

中龄林修枝对杉木林生长和材种结构的影响

为培育杉木大径级无节柱材,探讨修枝对杉木人工林生长和材种结构的影响,选择17年生中龄林,设置修枝与不修枝处理试验,20 a后调查中龄林修枝处理对杉木人工林生长和材种结构影响。结果表明:修枝后的前两年,修枝处理显著提高了杉木人工林的胸径年生长量(P<0.05),对树高、林分蓄积量年生长量没有显著影响,随后修枝处理对杉木人工林生长的影响逐渐减弱。中龄林修枝处理20 a对杉木人工林的胸径、树高、林分蓄积量和总生物量均没有显著影响,但显著提高了杉木人工林干生物量分配比例(P<0.05),显著降低了叶生物量分配比例(P<0.05)。中龄林修枝处理20 a显著提高了杉木人工林大径材出材率(P<0.05),有利于杉木人工林大径无节柱材培育。

间伐保留密度对杉木人工林生长的影响

以广东省清远市11年生杉木人工林为研究对象,探究了不同保留密度(1200、1800、2500株·hm^(-2))杉木人工林3 a期间的动态生长规律、环境影响因子间差异、林分生长与环境因子之间的关系。结果表明:随着间伐保留密度的增加,杉木人工林的林分平均胸径、树高、冠幅、单株材积的3 a生长量及生长率均有所下降,小、中径材的出材量明显上升,其中,保留密度为1200株·hm^(-2)的林分大径材出材量最高,为22.46 m^(3)·hm^(-2);其次是保留密度为1800株·hm^(-2)的林分,大径材出材量为15.36 m^(3)·hm^(-2);保留密度为2500株·hm^(-2)的林分无大径材产出。保留密度为1800株·hm^(-2)林分的总出材量最大,为131.55 m^(3)·hm^(-2)。随着间伐保留密度的降低,林冠开阔度和光照均有所增加,其中,保留密度为1200株·hm^(-2)的林分光照条件优于其他2种保留密度林分。不同土层间各土壤理化性质变化趋势基本一致,较多的土壤理化性质在保留密度为1200株·hm^(-2)时表现最好。灌木层和草本层物种多样性各指数大多在保留密度为1200株·hm^(-2)时最大。林分的生长主要与林冠开阔度、叶面积指数、林下直射光、散射光、土壤pH、全氮质量分数、土壤密度、草本层Shannon-Wiener指数和Patrick指数显著相关(P<0.05)。将低保留密度(1200株·hm^(-2))作为林分经营密度的效果最佳,最适合大径材的培育;若仅考虑木材产出,则应选择1800株·hm^(-2)为经营密度,该保留密度下总出材量最大。

不同产区杉木生物量与碳储量模型

【目的】建立适用于不同产区的杉木人工林生物量和碳储量模型,以便准确估算杉木人工林生物量和碳储量。【方法】基于四川、广西、江西和福建共109株杉木的树干、树皮、枝、叶和根实测生物量数据以及四川、广西和福建共40株杉木的树干、枝、叶和根的含碳量实测数据,建立不同产区、不同林龄和综合产区成熟林的可加性生物量、碳储量模型。采用似乎不相关回归(SUR)对可加性模型系统中的参数进行联合估计,并用调整后确定系数R^(2)_(a)和总相对误差TRE检验模型拟合精度。【结果】1)4个产区和不同林龄杉木生物量模型的R^(2)_(a)为0.6350~0.9958,TRE为−17.88%~21.39%,树干、树皮和全株生物量模型的R^(2)_(a)均在0.91以上,适用于建模地的杉木人工林生物量预测。广西分侧根拟合的生物量模型除一级侧根外,R^(2)_(a)均在0.80以上,TRE为−5.42%~7.21%,可用于预测广西杉木人工林侧根生物量。枝、叶、根的生物量模型拟合精度较干、树皮低。2)四川、广西和福建3个产区碳储量模型R^(2)_(a)为0.8050~0.9940,TRE为−19.34%~19.84%,树干、根和全株模型R^(2)_(a)在0.93以上,适用于各地区杉木人工林碳储量预测。枝、叶的碳储量模型拟合精度较干和根低。3)不同产区的生物量、碳储量模型通用性存在地域差异,位于中亚热带西区的四川生物量模型通用性最差,位于南亚热带的广西带皮干和全株生物量模型通用性较好,位于中亚热带东区的福建和江西生物量模型可进行相互预测;南亚热带广西的碳储量模型通用性最好,而四川和福建的碳储量模型仅适用于本地碳储量预测。4)综合生物量模型R^(2)_(a)为0.7335~0.9669,根据交互检验结果,综合模型可准确估算不同产区成熟林和福建幼龄林、中龄林的带皮干和全株生物量,TRE为−10.47%~19.88%;还可对江西和福建成熟林及福建中龄林除枝以外的各器官和全株生物量进行准确预测;综合碳储量模型R^(2)_(a)为0.8029~0.9826,除对广西杉木人工林枝碳储量的预测误差相对较大以外,其他检验样本TRE为−9.57%~15.70%,说明模型的通用性好,可准确预测不同产区的杉木人工林各器官和全株碳储量。【结论】本研究所建立的模型均适用于建模地生物量和碳储量的预测;模型的通用性受产区差异的影响;综合模型可用于不同地区生物量和碳储量的预测。

基于平均优势木胸径的湖南杉木人工林立地质量评价模型

【目的】研究立地因子对湖南杉木平均优势木胸径生长的影响,构建含立地随机效应的立地质量评价模型,以解决杉木立地质量评价的问题。【方法】基于湖南杉木人工林509块样地实测数据,在统计之林软件中使用数量化方法Ⅰ筛选出对杉木平均优势木胸径生长影响显著的立地因子,将立地因子按照标准分级、组合,构建初始立地类型;通过R语言拟合杉木人工林平均优势木胸径与年龄的相关关系,从4种基础生长模型中筛选出最优基础模型;应用K-means聚类将参数值相近的立地类型聚类成立地类型组,并将聚类后形成的立地类型组作为随机效应加入最优基础模型中,构建混合效应模型;通过导算,得到立地质量评价模型。【结果】1)对杉木平均优势木胸径产生显著影响的因子包括海拔、坡位、土壤类型和土壤厚度,影响程度从高到低的顺序为:坡位>土壤类型>土壤厚度>海拔。2)4个候选基础生长模型的拟合精度均较低(R2=0.6415~0.6420),选取单分子式(Mitscherlich)(R2=0.6420)作为构建立地质量评价的基础模型。3)考虑立地效应对模型的影响,将不同立地因子及其组合作随机效应进行非线性混合效应模拟,确定系数R2从0.6415~0.6420提高到0.6642~0.8258,拟合精度的高低与主导立地因子的显著性紧密相关,其中含立地类型的混合模型模拟精度最高(R2=0.8258)。4)以确定系数≥0.95为聚类精度标准将立地类型划分为10个立地类型组,含立地类型组的混合模型在便于应用的同时提高了建模的精度(R2=0.8409)。【结论】立地因子对杉木平均优势木胸径生长具有显著影响。同时,将立地因子作为随机效应加入混合模型中能够提高预测的准确性,更适合于多种立地类型下的立地质量评价。

Research on Change of Rhizosphere Soil Properties of Chinese fir Plantation

This article emphatically reviews the difference of soil biological activities, biochemical activities and soil chemical properties between the rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soil of first rotation of Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb) Hook) plantation. It also reviews their dynamic patterns during Chinese fir plantation development. The results show that the contents of organic and inorganic nutrients in the rhizosphere soil of young, half-mature and near-mature Chinese fir of first-rotation ...

增温对亚热带杉木人工林土壤微生物呼吸及熵值的影响

增温通过改变微生物生物量和微生物代谢状况影响土壤微生物呼吸。然而,有关亚热带地区土壤微生物呼吸如何响应长期土壤增温尚不清楚。以增温7年后的杉木人工林为研究对象,比较增温对杉木人工林土壤微生物呼吸和微生物代谢熵的影响。结果表明:(1)增温后,微生物生物量碳在8月份和12月份分别降低了32.1%和59.8%(P<0.05)。(2)增温后土壤基础呼吸与底物诱导呼吸与对照相比均无显著差异;水分添加后,与基础呼吸相比,增温和对照的土壤呼吸在8月显著增加了38.3%和104.8%;葡萄糖添加后,增温和对照的底物诱导呼吸在8月份分别显著增加了113.1%和152.9%,在12月份分别显著增加了118.0%和160.9%(P<0.05)。(3)增温后,微生物代谢熵在12月显著增加了127.7%,8月无显著变化(P<0.05)。(4)在增温和对照处理中,微生物代谢熵与可溶性有机碳和微生物生物量碳含量呈负相关,与土壤含水率正相关(P<0.05)。研究结果表明,土壤增温7年后碳的可利用性和水分的降低是影响杉木人工林土壤微生物呼吸的重要因素。

杉木人工林杉木绿叶与凋落叶分解速率对比

以亚热带杉木人工林绿叶和杉木凋落叶为对象,研究其理化性质和分解速率的变化。结果表明,杉木绿叶和凋落物分解和养分释放动态特征相似,但杉木凋落叶的分解速率和养分释放均快于绿叶。2年分解期内,两种叶含水率显著降低,分解速率也都有降低,且杉木凋落叶处理间差异显著,2年分解期结束,两种叶的质量残留率在23%~38%之间。2年分解期内,两种叶分解速率呈现快-慢的变化。杉木凋落叶的分解速率快于绿叶。相关分析表明C∶N和木质素∶N与凋落叶分解速率的相关性较高,说明凋落叶分解速率主要受C∶N和木质素∶N的影响。