Fruit Production Distribution and Adjustment Strategies under the Constraint of Grain Security

Grain security is the foundation of national security,and guaranteeing the grain security by every possible means is a development priority for the whole country.Rapid development of the fruit industry satisfies increasing demands of people for fruits,but also presents certain competition for grain production.From the perspective of limited resources and comparative income,this paper analyzed potential threats of fruit production distribution to grain production in farmland and labor resources,and came up with pertinent adjustment strategies.

Impacts of nighttime post-anthesis warming on rice productivity and grain quality in East China

The impacts of nighttime post-anthesis warming on rice productivity and grain quality in East China were evaluated for two cultivars, II You 128, an indica rice, and Wuyunjing 7, a japonica rice. Warming by 3.0 °C stimulated the nighttime respiration rate and decreased the photosynthesis rate, resulting in significant decreases of 21.2% and 24.9% in aboveground biomass accumulation for II You 128 and Wuyunjing 7, respectively. Warming significantly reduced the rates of seed setting and grain filling, especially of inferior kernels(those lower in panicles), while the filling rate of superior kernels remained almost unchanged. As a result, 1000-grain weight and grain yield were respectively 3.7% and 30.0% lower for II You 128 and 12.8% and 34.3% for Wuyunjing 7 in warmed plots than in the unwarmed control. Nighttime warming also significantly reduced the grain milling and appearance quality of both varieties. More negative effects of warming on inferior than on superior kernels were found. The above results have important implications for rice variety cultivation in East China.

Modeling the effects of urbanization on grain production and consumption in China

The impact of rapid urbanization on food security of China has received considerable attention.It is not clear whether China can strike a balance between urbanization and food security,especially grain security.There have been numerous studies examining the effects of urbanization on grain production or consumption,but few studies have yet analyzed grain balances.Based on the Chinese World Agricultural Regional Market Equilibrium Model（CWARMEM）,this paper explores the impacts of urbanization on national and regional grain balances through different scenarios.The CWARMEM is a global partial equilibrium multimarket model which captures the differences between urban and rural residents as well as the effects of globalization.The results show that urbanization has a small negative effect on maintaining grain self-sufficiency.Despite of that,China is able to achieve the objective of grain security set by its policymakers.Moreover,urbanization changes regional grain balances across China：The position of Northeast China and North China,as two dominant grain suppliers of China,will be weaken;Central China and East China will increase dependence on other grain suppliers;the grain surplus of Northwest China will increase slightly.Besides,in terms of grain category,urbanization helps China achieve self-sufficiency in food grain（rice and wheat）,while expands deficit of feed grain（maize）.

Overview of Studies on Grain Security in China

Through overview of relevant literature and on the basis of basically grasping frontier study and development trend,this paper discussed the grain security from industrial structure,farmland protection,grain import,urbanization and industrialization,grain reserve,ecological protection,and grain security pre-warning,in the hope of providing some convenience and reference for future related researches.

Promoting the Empowerment of Science and Technology to Ensure Food Safety Production:A Case Study of Huizhou City

The current situation of grain production in Huizhou City was analyzed firstly,and then the existing problems and challenges of grain safety production were pointed out,such as increases in the pressure to ensure grain safety production and the difficulty of stable development of grain production.Finally,several countermeasures and suggestions for the stable development of grain production were put forward.

Optimization of Cowpea Dry Grain Yield through the Stimulation of the RNA Synthetic Activity of NADH-Glutamate Dehydrogenase

Several potentially practical biochemical processes in plant systems still remain hidden, especially the NADH-glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) synthesis of nongenetic code-based RNA that optimizes crop nutritious yield by degrading superfluous genetic code-based RNA. In continued characterization of the biochemistry of cowpea grain yield, GDH was purified by electrophoresis from seeds of cowpea treated with solutions of stoichiometric mixes of mineral salts. The GDH was made to synthesize RNAs in the amination (α-KG/NADH/) and then in the deamination (L-Glu/NAD+) direction. The initial product RNAs were captured and sequenced. The grand challenge was to discover the specific molecular roles of the redox enzyme in the optimization of cowpea grain yields. In the amination direction, the GDH hexamers synthesized plus-RNA, but in the deamination direction, they synthesized minus-RNA. The plus-RNAs and minus-RNAs were homologous to about the same numbers of different mRNAs encoding the key enzymes that regulate photosynthesis;saccharide biochemistry and glycolysis;phenylpropanoid biosynthesis;nodulation nitrogen fixing processes;dehydrin drought and glutathione environmental stress resistance processes;purine, pyrimidine, DNA, RNA and essential amino acid biosynthesis;storage protein vicilin accumulation;isoflavone earliness of cowpea maturity;peroxidase synthesis of lignin and sequestration of CO2 to enrich soil organic carbon contents;triglyceride physiology in the biosynthesis of bioactive compounds that render cowpea resistant to insects and fungi;etc., all of which constitute the GDH chemical pathways for discrimination of biochemical, physiological, metabolic, genetic reactions;and optimization of cowpea dry grain yields. Each stoichiometric mix of mineral salts produced optimally yielding biochemical variant of purple hull cowpea;the K + K + K mix was spectacular because it increased the grain yield to 7598 kg from the 3644 kg·ha-1 in the control cowpea. Optimized nutritious staple crop yield buttresses food security. The synthesis of plus-RNA in amination and minus-RNA in deamination is an economic tactical plan in biochemistry for the selection of superfluous mRNAs that would be degraded to assure the survival of cowpea growing under unfavorable environmental conditions.

The Grain-population Relationship and the Effect of Main Food Producing Areas in China

With the increase of global population,grain-population relationship has attracted great attention worldwide.In China,grain-population relationship has become an increasingly important economic concern.Of central importance to the food security debate in China is the geography of grain supply and demand.This paper uses a grain demand and supply index (DSR) to analyze the spatial-temporal relationship between population and grain in China from 1949 to 2007 at national and provincial scales.The results are examined in three periods.(1) From 1949 to 2007,with the increase of grain production,the relationship between population and grain of China improved considerably.(2) Over the past 35 years (1970-2005),on the whole the grain producing areas have had grain surplus and contributed to the nation by providing grain,but the ability to provide sufficient grain is not stable.(3) Over the past 15 years (1990-2005),decreases in planting area brought pressure on national grain food security.The paper concludes that the key to providing more food for the main food producing provinces is increasing yield on the basis of steady plant area.

Impact of Irrigation on Food Security in Bangladesh for the Past Three Decades

Bangladesh has made impressive progress in agriculture sector in the last three decades and has almost be-come self-sufficient in food grain production. This is a tremendous achievement owing to its small territory and huge population and this was achieved through agricultural mechanization and modernization. Irrigation is one of the leading inputs has direct influence to increase yield, food grains production and plays vital role for ensuring food security in Bangladesh. The present study examined the growth of irrigated area and its impact on food grain production during last three decades. Time series data were used for the study. Differ-ent statistical methods such as mean, percentage, linear and exponential growth model were applied for get-ting meaningful findings. Various technologies have been used for irrigating crops which have contributed to rapid expansion of irrigated area. The conventional irrigation methods (Low Lift Pump, Dhone, Swing Bas-ket, Treadle Pump etc.) were replaced by modern methods (i.e Deep Tube Well and Shallow Tube Well). In addition, surface water irrigation also sharply declined, losing its importance due to lack of new surface irri-gation project and the ineffectiveness of earlier project. Groundwater covered 77 percent of total irrigated area and major (62%) extractions occurred through Shallow Tube Wells (STWs). The rapid expansion of ground water irrigation in respect to STWs irrigation was due to government’s withdrawal on restrictions on tube well setting rule, encouraging private sector and the cost effectiveness of Chinese engine which have been affordable to the small and medium farmers. Irrigated area thus, increased by about three times and cropping intensity also increased from 154 to 176 percent. Boro rice, an irrigated crop, consumed 73 percent of the total crop irrigation and contributed to a greater extent in total rice production in Bangladesh. Boro rice alone contributed to 55 percent of total food grain and was also highest (3.44 MT per hectare) compared to aus rice (1.66 MT per hectare) and aman rice (1.99 MT per hectare) per unit production. Consequently, the cultivated area of boro rice increased by 1168 to 4068 thousand hectares. The higher productivity of boro rice has almost helped the nation to meet her food requirements (about 24 Million MT). Boro rice production was highly correlated (r = .978) with irrigated area. Expansion of one hectare of irrigated area added 3.22 MT of boro rice in Bangladesh. Finally, the study suggested for expansion of irrigated areas (ground water and surface water), adoption of modern technologies and formulation of farmers’ friendly policy.

Strategic Analysis on Objectives of National Grain Security

Price of global agricultural products rises with great fluctuation. China's food price also increases constantly. This leads to high concern of both at home and abroad for food and grain security. On the basis of making an overall analysis on current situation of grain security and making judgment on future grain security in China,this paper analyzed objectives,strategies and policies of national grain security in the new period. Finally,it came up with strategies and policy recommendations for improving agricultural production and guaranteeing national grain security.

基于Grain v1的认证加密算法研究与设计

Grain v1算法为eSTREAM项目面向硬件的优胜算法之一,在硬件实现方面极具优势。本文针对Grain v1的结构弱点对其进行细节修改,并在此基础上提出Grain v1+AE和Grain v1+AEAD两种认证加密算法。这两种算法在保证机密性和完整性的同时,为Grain系列认证加密算法在安全等级、硬件规模角度提供更多选择,拓展Grain系列算法适用范围。

The transformation of agriculture in China: Looking back and looking forward

China’s grain yield increased from 1 t hain 1961 to 6 t hain 2015, while successfully feeding not only its large population but also supplying agricultural products all over the world. These achievements were greatly supported by modern technology and distinct governmental policy. However, China’s grain production has been causing a number of problems mainly related to declining natural resources and a lack of environmental protection. Due to the growing population and changing dietary requirements, increasing food production must be achieved by increasing resource use efficiency while minimizing environmental costs. We propose two novel development pathways that can potentially sustain agricultural crop production in the next few decades:(i) enhancing nutrient use efficiency with zero increase in chemical fertilizer input until 2020 and(ii) concurrently increasing grain yield and nutrient use efficiency for sustainable intensification with integrated nutrient management after 2020. This paper provides a perspective on further agricultural developments and challenges, and useful knowledge of our valuable experiences for other developing countries.

Agricultural Production Structure Optimization: A Case Study of Major Grain Producing Areas, China

A large number of mathematical models were developed for supporting agricultural production structure optimization decisions; however, few of them can address various uncertainties existing in many factors （e.g., eco-social benefit maximization, food security, employment stability and ecosystem balance）. In this study, an interval-probabilistic agricultural production structure optimization model （IPAPSOM） is formulated for tackling uncertainty presented as discrete intervals and/or probability distribution. The developed model improves upon the existing probabilistic programming and inexact optimization approaches. The IPAPSOM considers not only food security policy constraints, but also involves rural households’income increase and eco-environmental conversation, which can effectively reflect various interrelations among different aspects in an agricultural production structure optimization system. Moreover, it can also help examine the reliability of satisfying （or risk of violating） system constraints under uncertainty. The model is applied to a real case of long-term agricultural production structure optimization in Dancheng County, which is located in Henan Province of Central China as one of the major grain producing areas. Interval solutions associated with different risk levels of constraint violation are obtained. The results are useful for generating a range of decision alternatives under various system benefit conditions, and thus helping decision makers to identify the desired agricultural production structure optimization strategy under uncertainty.

A New Indicator for Global Food Security Assessment: Harvested Area Rather Than Cropland Area

Cropland area has long been used as a key indicator of food security.However,grain yield is not solely controlled by the area of the cropland.Therefore,we proposed a new indicator to assess food security.Results show that from 1992 to 2004,the global cropland area increased by 840200 km^(2)(99.4%),but the grain yield increased only by 310 million t(29.1%);and from 2004 to 2015,the cropland area decreased by 39000 km^(2)(4.64%),but the grain yield increased by 370 million t(70.84%).This result showed that grain yield was not linearly correlated with cropland area,and delimiting the threshold of cropland protection may not guarantee food security.Combined with further correlation analysis,we found that the increase in the global grain yield was more closely related to the harvested area(R^(2)=0.94),which indicated that the harvested area is a more scientific and accurate indicator than cropland area in terms of guaranteeing food security.Therefore,if governments want to ensure the food security,they should choose a new and more accurate indicator:harvested area rather than cropland area.

China’s Potential of Grain Production Due to Changes in Agricultural Land Utilization in Recent Years

The changes in utilization of agricultural land have gradually grown into one of the major factors impacting grain output in China. This study explores the various components of agricultural production in China from the land utilization perspective, involving changes in grain production per unit area, multi-cropping index, and adjustment of agricultural structure. Compared with the record values, different research methodologies are used to analyze the po- tential of above three components. The results indicate that grain production potential of 65.68×109kg was unexploited in 2006, in which 45.8×109kg came from the restructuring in agriculture. So we can infer that the reduction of grain production in China could be primarily attributed to agricultural restructuring in recent years. So the productive poten- tial can be fully restored by increasing agricultural investment, or recovering agricultural structure in favorable condi- tions. So we can say that China’s current condition of food security is good.

Foreign Grain Security Mechanisms and Implications for China

With constant growth of China's population and increasingly serious situation of farmland protection,the grain security has become a hot issue of China.This study firstly elaborated grain security measures in grain exporters,such as the United States,Australia,and EU,and grain importers such as Japan,South Korea and India.In line with these security measures,it analyzed implementation background of these policies.Finally,combining social and economic development situations and natural resource endowment of China,it revealed the implications of these measures for China and came up with policy recommendations for China's grain security.

High Standard Capital Farmland Construction Based on Grain Security

In the context that global grain security is still in very severe situation,the grain security situation in China is not optimistic as well. The " Red Line of Farmland Area" cannot completely solve the grain security problems in China. We still need to seek new breakthroughs in the quality and yield of farmland. The construction of high standard capital farmland is the important premise to guarantee national grain security. On this basis,this paper has summarized the difficulties we are facing in the construction of high standard capital farmland,and has proposed the methods and measures to construct high standard capital farmland and lay a solid foundation for grain security in China.

Collaborative Reversing of Input Formats and Program Data Structures for Security Applications

Reversing the syntactic format of program inputs and data structures in binaries plays a vital role for understanding program behaviors in many security applications.In this paper,we propose a collaborative reversing technique by capturing the mapping relationship between input fields and program data structures.The key insight behind our paper is that program uses corresponding data structures as references to parse and access different input fields,and every field could be identified by reversing its corresponding data structure.In details,we use a finegrained dynamic taint analysis to monitor the propagation of inputs.By identifying base pointers for each input byte,we could reverse data structures and conversely identify fields based on their referencing data structures.We construct several experiments to evaluate the effectiveness.Experiment results show that our approach could effectively reverse precise input formats,and provide unique benefits to two representative security applications,exploit diagnosis and malware analysis.

Impact of Industrialization on Grain Consumption and Countermeasures

This paper analyzes the impact of industrialization on grain consumption from growth of residents' income and change of diet structure,expansion of size of population,and development of new biomass energy industry.The economic growth in the course of industrialization promotes growth of residents' income,changes residents' diet structure;industrialization leads to rural urbanization and rise of urban residents;industrial development brings about grain demand of biomass energy.All of these greatly increase demand of grain consumption.On the basis of these situations,it presents following countermeasures to guarantee grain consumption demand in the course of industrialization:heighten awareness to fully realize the significance of rapid development of industrialization to grain security;control population growth and improve grain conversion ratio;strengthen grain-saving construction and advocate moderate consumption;develop non-grain biomass energy in many channels to guarantee grain security.

Is the Farmland of China Sufficient?——Analysis Based on the Second National Land Survey

According to the data of the second national land survey,the farmland area of China at the end of 2009 was 200 million mu more than the original statistical data.This raises widespread concern.Analysis is carried out from the perspective of task,technique,necessities and effect on China's grain security of the second national land survey.Through analysis,it can be deemed that data of the second national land survey are reliable.It overcomes defects of traditional survey projects and will be of profound significance for grasping current situations of farmland resources in China.Farmers are grain production entities,while the grain yield survey of farmers is calculated through sampling survey of per unit area yield and the sown area.Therefore,the increase in farmland area may indicate underestimation of the grain yield,and the grain security risk of China will decline accordingly.

Study on the "Going out" Strategy in Reform of the Supply Front for Agriculture

The three rural issues have been always valued by all circles. At present,the main conflict of agriculture in China has been changed from insufficient total amount to structural conflict. Thus,deeply promoting the reform of agricultural supply front has become a primary work in rural areas. It is required to follow the national grain security strategy based on domestic supply and moderate imports,to ensure production capacity. Besides,China should make full use of domestic and foreign markets and resources to protect the domestic agricultural consumption demand,which is favorable for resolving the current structural conflict and also favorable for sustainable agricultural development.