A Research Report on the Prescription Rights of Chinese Nurses

Objective: To explore the feasibility of the nurse’ s prescription right in China, to develop the requirements for the qualification of the ap-plicant for the prescription right of nurse, and to determine the content of certain prescriptions in the specific circumstances. Methods: Literature review on the relevant articles/material with the contents of the nurse’ s right of prescription home and a-broad. Semi-structured depth interview method was used to interview 18 experts on whether the nurses can participate in the graded nursing decision and whether nurses with certain ability can make the decision. Using the self-made questionnaire“Nur-ses involved in graded nursing decision-recognition questionnaire”, 553 nurses completed questionnaires on willingness to nurse decision-making grading. Using the analytic hierarchy process, the 23 experts’ judgment on the main body of the graded nurs-ing was rated. Using semi-structured depth interview method, 17 experts were interviewed on the graded nursing quality assess-ment and training outline. The form of expert personal judgment and the“grading nursing qualification experts predict question-naire”were used as a preliminary designing tool, 32 experts were asked to predict the graded nursing quality. The relatively im-portant factors that might promote implementation of right of Chinese nurse prescribing weights setting were obtained by analytic hierarchy process. Using Delphi method, 2 rounds of consultation to 291 experts/times were performed, and determined its con-tent on the fields of graded nursing decision, nurses’ job description, decision making nurse in graded nursing work process and related management system, decision-making main body of clinical nursing, nurse authority of prescription application qualifi-cation, clinical nurses, diabetes specialist nurses, tumor specialist nurses, nurses in emergency department, community nurses in certain circumstances writing prescription, and nursing undergraduate added with nurse authority of prescription related courses. Results: The physician is not considered to be the best decision-making main body of clinical nursing work and graded nurs-ing, nurses can participate in the work of decision-making. The qualification of hierarchical decision-making nurse and nurse prescribing applicants have been determined. The hierarchical nursing decision-making nurses’ position description and training outline have been compiled. Experts suggest that clinical nurses with certain qualifications should be given the rights of some prescription form ( independent prescription, prescription, prescription protocol extension) to prescribe specific drugs in high fe-ver, hypoglycemia, hypertension, anaphylactic shock and other 11 specific circumstances. The nurses of the diabetes should be given the right of prescribing sulfonylureas, biguanides, glucosidase inhibitor, and protamine zinc insulin, and the right to write the prescription and consultation for part of medical equipment, health education, and four routine tests, which contains blood sugar monitoring, urine glucose monitoring, glycosylated hemoglobin assay, and oral glucose tolerance test. Tumor specialist nurses should be given the right to write the prescription of 7 specific circumstances including blood routine tests, electrocardio-gram, blood biochemistry and other 9 laboratory tests, constipation, phlebitis, and cancer pain, and the right of 5 tumor emer-gency prescription including chemotherapy drug allergy, hemorrhagic shock, acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Nurses in e-mergency department with certain qualification should be given the right to prescribe specific drugs in 15 circumstances which include cardiac arrest, ventricular fibrillation, and acute cardiogenic chest pain. Community nurses with certain qualification should be given the right to write the prescriptions on 14 contents including disinfection and cleaning, sterile infusion type, and wound care products. Experts suggest that nursing undergraduate education in China should be added with 2 courses which are prescription rights related laws and regulations and nursing intervention, and that pharmacology course should be supplemented with related course in order to adapt to the implementation of nurse prescribing rights. Conclusions: China’ s nurses with certain qualification or after special training have the ability to accept and should be given the right of prescriptions in certain circumstance within the scope of their work.

Effect of Waste Paper Fiber on Properties of Cementbased Mortar and Relative Mechanism

The aim of this work was to investigate the effect of waste paper fiber on the properties of cement-based mortar and the relative mechanism. The cement-based mortars with various contents and mixing way of waste paper fibers were prepared and the slump flow, setting time and strength developments of all mortars were tested. Besides, Ca（OH）_2 content in hardened pastes at different ages and the microstructures of all mortar at 90 d were observed by scanning electron microscopy. The experimental results showed that in the process of mixing, more superplastizier was consumed to maintain the workability because of the absorption of water and superplastizer on waste paper fiber. With more waste paper fiber being added, longer setting time is available for the pastes with it because of the carbohydrate dissolving and its retarding to the cement hydration. Waste paper fiber is adverse to the early and later strength of cement-based mortar, but it increases the mortar strengths at 7 and 28 d. The strength, Ca（OH）_2 content and microstructure are related to the content and mixing way of waste paper fiber. Waste paper fiber helps produce the Ca（OH）_2 at 7 and 28 d, but this case is reverse at ages of 1 and 3 d. Overall, waste paper fiber leads to the appearance of more pores in the hardened paste. However, it increases the toughness of cement-based mortar.

Leaf Water Status and Its Relationship with Reproductive Responses of Common Bean (<i>Phaseolus vulgaris</i>L.) Genotypes under Water Stress

Two tolerant (BB24 and BB43) and two susceptible (BARI busbean-2 and BB04) genotypes of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) were evaluated for their water status and its relationship with reproductive responses under continuous water stress (50% field capacity) and control (80% field capacity) conditions in a net house covered with polyethylene sheet at the Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Bangladesh. Under water stress condition, the susceptible genotype namely BB04 exhibited more negative leaf water potential (LWP) which was followed by that of BARI bushbean-2 in all the time of the day except at noon. The tolerant genotype namely BB24 exhibited less negative LWP at noon. The tolerant genotypes maintained higher relative water content (WRC) than the susceptible ones from dawn to dusk. The relationship between RWC and LWP was examined separately for four genotypes under water stress condition. The genotype BB24 showed a smaller decrease in RWC with more negative LWP than BB04. Water stress reduced pod setting ratio. The relationship between the leaf water status and reproductive responses showed that the genotype with a little reduction in mid-day drop of RWC or with high mid-day RWC displayed a high pod setting ratio.

Oxidative stress and labile plasmatic iron in anemic patients following blood therapy

AIM: To determine the plasmatic iron content and evaluate the oxidative stress(OS) markers in subjects receiving blood therapy.METHODS: Thirty-nine individuals with unspecified anemia receiving blood transfusions and 15 healthy subjects were included in the study. Anemic subjects were divided into three subgrou P:(1) those that received up to five blood transfusions(n = 14);(2) those that received from five to ten transfusions(n = 11); and(3) those that received more than ten transfusions(n = 14). Blood samples were collected by venous arm puncture and stored in tubes containing heparin. The plasma and cells were separated by centrifugation and subsequently used for analyses. Statistical analyses were performed using Kruskal-Wallis analysis of variance followed by Dunn's multiple comparison tests when appropriate.RESULTS: The eletrophoretic hemoglobin profiles of the subjects included in this study indicated that no patients presented with hemoglobinopathy. Labile plasmatic iron, ferritin, protein carbonyl, thiobarbituric acidreactive substances(TBARS) and dichlorofluorescein diacetate oxidation were significantly higher(P < 0.05), whereas total thiol levels were significantly lower(P < 0.05) in transfused subjects compared to controls. Additionally, the activity of catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase were significantly lower in the transfused subjects(P < 0.05). Antioxidant enzyme activities and total thiol levels were positively correlated(P < 0.05), and negatively correlated with the levels of protein carbonyl and TBARS(P < 0.05). In contrast, protein carbonyl and TBARS were positively correlated(P < 0.05). Altogether, these data confirm the involvement of OS in patients following therapy with repeated blood transfusions.CONCLUSION: Our data reveal that changes in OS markers are correlated with levels of labile plasmatic iron and ferritin and the number of transfusions.

PCK Study of Middle School Chemistry Teachers in Yan'an Based on the Core Quality of Chemistry Subject

The new round of curriculum reform requires the promotion on the development of students'core literacy,and how the core literacy of chemistry can take root in the chemistry classroom is inseparable from the guidance and nurture of teachers in the teaching process.The"Professional Standards for Secondary School Teachers"clearly stipulates that pedagogical content knowledge(PCK)is regarded as the professional knowledge of teachers.PCK is the core content of teachers'professional knowledge and an important guarantee for teachers to carry out teaching activities.Teachers5 PCK level is not only a direct measure of their teaching achievements,but also an important criterion for guiding novice teachers to become experienced teachers.The research subjects selected for this study are the middle school chemistry teachers in Yan'an City.By using the Delphi method to investigate the understanding of Yan'an middle school chemistry teachers on the core literacy of chemistry and to explore the PCK mastery of middle school chemistry teachers at different stages,it serves to deepen the Yan'an middle school chemistry teachers5 own knowledge and learning of PCK while help to promote the improvement of the teaching level and professional development of chemistry teachers in Yan'an middle schools.At the end of the paper,the relevant suggestions made based on the investigation of the chemistry PCK study of middle school chemistry teachers in Yan'an City on the core literacy of the chemistry subject will improve the overall building level of the middle school chemistiy teachers of Yan'an City.

基于ISI Current Contents Connect的学科网站研究——以气象学为例

本文从专家推荐网站入手对学科网站进行研究,以气象学为例,通过检索ISI Current Contents Connect数据库,对学科网站的地理分布、语种分布、信息来源、出版者及关键词进行统计分析,总结出学科网站的一些特点。最后对目前学科网络信息资源研究提出了自己的看法。

A brief review of Teacher Talk in EFL class

Teacher Talk （TT） is an important language input in EFL （English as a Foreign Language） class and the quality of TT is closely related with the proficiency of second language acquisition. In recent years, many scholars have carried out some theoretical and empirical studies on the various features of TT. Based on the papers published in some world key journals, this paper has made a comparison between Chinese scholars and western scholars on the research features of TT in terms of the three levels： research subject, research methodology and research content. The paper has also proposed some suggestions on how to improve Chinese English teacher＇s talk and the classroom teaching quality.

The information content of rules and rule sets and its application

The information content of rules is categorized into inner mutual information content and outer impartation information content. Actually, the conventional objective interestingness measures based on information theory are all inner mutual information, which represent the confidence of rules and the mutual information between the antecedent and consequent. Moreover, almost all of these measures lose sight of the outer impartation information, which is conveyed to the user and help the user to make decisions. We put forward the viewpoint that the outer impartation information content of rules and rule sets can be represented by the relations from input universe to output universe. By binary relations, the interaction of rules in a rule set can be easily represented by operators： union and intersection. Based on the entropy of relations, the outer impartation information content of rules and rule sets are well measured. Then, the conditional information content of rules and rule sets, the independence of rules and rule sets and the inconsistent knowledge of rule sets are defined and measured. The properties of these new measures are discussed and some interesting results are proven, such as the information content of a rule set may be bigger than the sum of the information content of rules in the rule set, and the conditional information content of rules may be negative. At last, the applications of these new measures are discussed. The new method for the appraisement of rule mining algorithm, and two rule pruning algorithms, λ-choice and RPClC, are put forward. These new methods and algorithms have predominance in satisfying the need of more efficient decision information.

L-Fuzzy拓扑空间中的p-准Lindelof性质

在ＬＦｕｚｙ拓扑空间中定义了一种新的Ｌｉｎｄｅｌｏｆ空间ｐ准Ｌｉｎｄｅｌｏｆ空间，得到了一些较好的性质．

Content-Based Image Retrieval：Near Tolerance Rough Set Approach

The problem considered in this paper is how to detect the degree of similarity in the content of digital images useful in image retrieval,i.e.,to what extent is the content of a query image similar to content of other images.The solution to this problem results from the detection of subsets that are rough sets contained in covers of digital images determined by perceptual tolerance relations(PTRs).Such relations are defined within the context of perceptual representative spaces that hearken back to work by J.H.Poincare on representative spaces as models of physical continua.Classes determined by a PTR provide content useful in content-based image retrieval(CBIR).In addition,tolerance classes provide a means of determining when subsets of image covers are tolerance rough sets(TRSs).It is the nearness of TRSs present in image tolerance spaces that provide a promising approach to CBIR,especially in cases such as satellite images or aircraft identification where there are subtle differences between pairs of digital images,making it difficult to quantify the similarities between such images.The contribution of this article is the introduction of the nearness of tolerance rough sets as an effective means of measuring digital image similarities and,as a significant consequence,successfully carrying out CBIR.

Nutritional Screening in a University Hospital:Comparison between Oncologic and Non-Oncologic Patients

Background & Aims: We compared the screening nutritional data of patients with malignant and non-malignant disease, and classified their nutritional risk according to the primary tumor’s site. Methods: Subjective Global Assessment was applied to 3008 patients within 48 h of admission to a public university. Subjects were divided into Oncologic Group (n = 576) or Non-Oncologic Group (n = 2432) according to the presence of neoplasms or other diseases respectively. These data were compared by the t-student test and classic chi-square test, with statistical significance set at p < 0.05. Results: The Oncologic Group presented a higher prevalence of weight loss (60.3% vs. 49.3%), quantitative (40.7% vs. 28.5%) and qualitative (16.4% vs. 7.6%) alterations in the food intake pattern, gastrointestinal symptoms and muscle waste (23.2% vs. 13.2%) as compared to the Non-Oncologic Group. Also, there was a higher prevalence of nutritional disturbances in the Oncologic Group, with 49.5% of the subjects moderately (or suspected to be malnourished) and 12.7% severely mal-nourished. Severe malnourishment was mainly observed in patients with head and neck (25%), upper digestive tract (21.9%) and soft tissue and bones (17.9%) tumors. Conclusion: When compared to other hospitalized patients, patients with neoplastic disease were in higher nutritional risk.

生育的幸福效应——兼论其对低生育率的支撑

生育的幸福效应是理解低生育率社会中个体生育决策的一个重要维度。利用中国家庭追踪调查2010—2018年数据,考察孩子出生前后父母幸福感轨迹。研究发现,个人在主观幸福感方面对生育事件有积极的预期收益,主观幸福感在生育事件发生的当年达到顶峰,然后随着时间的推移逐渐下降。生育事件前后的主观幸福感轨迹表明,生育事件对个人的心理和生活感知有积极的促进作用,同时也证实了适应效应的存在。就业性质对生育的幸福效应具有调节作用,并且存在显著的性别差异,表明当父亲和母亲的工作允许他们有更多时间照顾孩子时,他们都会增加亲子互动和沟通并从中获得更高水平的幸福感。生育的这种幸福效应具有超经济性,并借助个人的生育决策筑成低生育率的底部。

全球空间安全治理视域下临近空间飞行监管研究

临近空间作为全球一体化的重要连接点,是实现长期驻空侦察、全球精准打击的军事战略高点。受空天划界论争的影响,临近空间飞行的监管规则仍依附于国内立法,在国际层面尚未实现有效规制和协调。在临近空间法律地位不清、监管主体不明、监管客体不定、监管内容复杂、飞行活动存有争议的情况下,现有国际航空航天法律制度已无法满足调整此类新型利益关系的实践需要。构建针对性的监管制度不仅是行业有序发展的基础,也是确保地面国国防安全和临近空间资源有序开发利用的重要保障。在国内立法层面,中国可参鉴《临近空间管制公约(草案)》的相关条款,积极推进临近空间融入航空法或航天法的制度设计,或制定单行的临近空间法,以国内立法引领国际立法;在国际立法层面,应以国际民用航空组织为主导,通过修订《国际民用航空公约》(又称《芝加哥公约》)相关附件或增设临近空间飞行的新附件标准,推进国际统一规则的构建。

脱萼剂对“浙梨6号”果实品质与着果率的影响

针对“浙梨6号”因部分萼片宿存或残存、果顶尖凸等而影响果实品相问题,选择PBO、氟硅唑、丙环唑3种脱萼剂,以清水为对照进行试验。结果表明:与对照相比,3种脱萼剂处理果实的脱萼率提高23.27~26.01百分点,果顶尖凸率降低24.55~26.44百分点,扁圆果占比、单果质量、可溶性固形物含量分别增加33.19~37.66百分点、37.9~57.1 g和0.68~0.94百分点,但果实偏斜度、全锈果率分别偏高0.54~0.74和18.36~19.23百分点,端正果率、着果率分别下降15.89~21.07和5.43~6.62百分点,差异达显著或极显著水平。上述3种脱萼剂分别选择4000、333.3、444.4 mg·L^(-1)和花序分离期进行喷施,在保证脱萼防凸效果的同时,可有效降低对着果率及果形端正度等的不利影响。

基于模糊贝叶斯网络的引水隧洞安全评价模型分析

为准确预测黄河引水隧洞安全隐患,提出基于模糊集理论和主观贝叶斯方法的模糊贝叶斯安全评价模型。结合实际巡检数据,模型使用贝叶斯网络处理模糊信息与不确定信息,将巡检数据中给出的多态性故障事件模糊化;再通过贝叶斯网络的条件概率表找出不同故障事件之间的逻辑关系;最后获得对引水隧洞安全模型的整体评价。通过开展引水隧洞安全评价模型实例分析,验证了该方法的可行性。

界限的漂移与主体性的守护:智能化内容生产潮流下人的主体性问题反思

智能时代,人类主体在走向复合化,这既体现为人机一体的赛博格化主体,也体现为智能技术连接的复合人类主体。智能机器对人的思维、语言、意识、情感、社会性等的模仿能力越来越强,这使得人与机器之间的能力界限不再明晰,但人类身体及其生理层面的机理仍难以被机器认识与模仿。对人类来说,思维、语言等能力也仍是维护其在内容生产中的主体性的关键要素。未来的内容生产越来越多地基于人机协同,在协同中,人需要通过意向性、创造力和专业性等来进一步守护自己的主体性。我们也要警惕智能机器对主体性的反噬风险,特别是技术逻辑的泛化风险和增强中的削弱风险。在未来,人类需要更好地理解“人是目的”的含义,以德性、理性和自律来应对机器带来的挑战。

基于启动时间和完全故障的双阶段休假排队系统的流体模型性能分析

基于风力发电路灯的能量转化机制,该文构建并分析了具有启动时间和完全故障策略的M/M/1排队系统驱动的流体模型.首先,对驱动系统进行模型描述,运用矩阵几何解方法得到驱动系统的稳态概率分布.其次,引入流体模型的净输入率结构,并利用概率分析方法得到流体库存水平在稳态条件下的微分差分方程组,进而运用Laplace-Stieltjes transform(LST)方法得到稳态条件下库存量的均值及空库概率.根据性能指标构建系统的费用函数,在数值分析中给出系统参数对性能指标和费用的影响.

土建类专业“三接三合”的工匠型人才培养模式研究

在我国由“建造大国”向“建造强国”的转型升级过程中,新技术不断涌现,对土建类专业人才培养也提出了新的要求,在此背景下确立“能设计、能施工、能创新、有证书、能上岗、德技双修的工匠型人才”为土建类专业人才培养目标,围绕培养目标,构建了土建类专业“三接三合”的工匠型人才培养模式,实施以工程建设全过程为导向的课程体系,采用过程积分的考核评价方法,建设了建筑工程岗位教学中心,开展社会服务,为建筑行业培训岗位人才,成立工程咨询公司锻炼学生的实战能力。实践证明“三接三合”的工匠型人才培养模式成效显著。

高等学校档案工作责任制构建方法与策略研究

档案工作责任制的法律地位在2021年新修订的《中华人民共和国档案法》中被确定。构建高等学校档案工作责任制可以加强档案管理意识、提高档案管理水平、创新档案服务方式。以吉林大学档案工作者为访谈对象,对档案工作责任制发展落实情况进行调研分析;最后,从制度保障、管理优化、定岗定责、督评组织等四方面提出了高等学校档案工作责任制构建策略,以期为相关研究者提供借鉴。