Numerical Determination of Shear Strength of Steel Reinforced Concrete Column Strengthened by CFRP Sheets

The earthquake resistant property of reinforced concrete members depends on the interaction between reinforcing bars and surrounding concrete through bond to a large degree. In this paper a general system aimed at dealing with the failure analysis of reinforced concrete columns strengthened with carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) sheets including bond slip of the anchored reinforcing bars at the foot of the columns is presented. It is based on the yield design theory with a mixed modeling of the structure, according to which the concrete material is treated as a classical two dimensional continuum, whereas the longitudinal reinforcing bars are regarded as one dimensional rods including bond slip at the foot of the columns. In shear reinforced zones both the shear CFRP sheets and transverse reinforcing bars are incorporated in the analysis through a homogenization procedure and they are only in tension. The approach is then implemented numerically by means of the finite element formulation. The numerical procedure produces accurate estimates for the loading carrying capacity of the shear members taken as an illustrative application by correlation with the experimental results, so the proposed approach is valid.

Carbon Fiber Breakage Mechanism in Aluminum(Al)/Carbon Fibers(CFs) Composite Sheet during Accumulative Roll Bonding(ARB) Process

We put forward a method of fabricating Aluminum(Al)/carbon fibers(CFs) composite sheets by the accumulative roll bonding(ARB) method. The finished Al/CFs composite sheet has CFs and pure Al sheets as sandwich and surface layers. After cross-section observation of the Al/CFs composite sheet, we found that the CFs discretely distributed within the sandwich layer. Besides, the tensile test showed that the contribution of the sandwich CFs layer to tensile strength was less than 11% compared with annealed pure Al sheet. With ex-situ observation of the CFs breakage evolution with-16%,-32%, and-45% rolling reduction during the ARB process, the plastic instability of the Al layer was found to bring shear damages to the CFs. At last, the bridging strengthening mechanism introduced by CFs was sacrificed. We provide new insight into and instruction on Al/CFs composite sheet preparation method and processing parameters.

Influence of Phosphoric Acid Etching on the Bond Strength of a Universal Adhesive System to Caries-Affected Dentin

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of acid etching on the bond strength of a universal adhesive system (Single Bond Universal, 3M) to caries-affected dentin. Forty permanent third molars were selected and carious lesions were induced by the microbiological method with?S. mutans?ATCC25175. Teeth were allocated randomly across four experimental designs (n?=?10): PA-I: phosphoric acid etching and application of the adhesive system, followed by immediate microtensile bond strength testing;PA-CC: phosphoric acid etching and application of the adhesive system, followed by microtensile bond strength testing after a 14-day cariogenic challenge;NPA-I: application of the adhesive system without acid etching, followed by immediate bond strength testing and NPA-CC: application of the adhesive system without acid etching followed by bond strength testing after 14-day cariogenic challenge. For microtensile bond strength testing,?a restoration with Charisma composite resin was made and each specimen was sectioned with a cross-sectional area of 1 mm2. Only adhesive and mixed fractures were considered for bond strength calculation. Results were evaluated by the Kruskal-Wallis and Friedman tests. The highest bond strengths were observed in the phosphoric acid etching groups (p??0.05). Cariogenic challenge did not affect bond strength (p?>?0.05). The predominant fracture type was adhesive. We conclude that phosphoric acid increased the bond strength of the Single Bond Universal system to caries-affected dentin, and that cariogenic challenge did not interfere with this bond strength.

Formation mechanism and control of aluminum layer thickness fluctuation in embedded aluminum-steel composite sheet produced by cold roll bonding process

The influences of rolling reduction and aluminum sheet initial thickness(AIT)on the thickness fluctuation of aluminum layer(TFA)of embedded aluminum?steel composite sheet produced by cold roll bonding were investigated,the formation mechanism of TFA was analyzed and method to improve the thickness uniformity of the aluminum layer was proposed.The results showed that when the reduction increased,TFA increased gradually.When the reduction was lower than40%,AIT had negligible effect on the TFA,while TFA increased with the decrease of AIT when the reduction was higher than40%.The non-uniformities of the steel surface deformation and the interfacial bonding extent caused by the work-hardened steel surface layer,were the main reasons for the formation of TFA.Adopting an appropriate surface treatment can help to decrease the hardening extent of the steel surface for improving the deformation uniformity during cold roll bonding process,which effectively improved the aluminum thickness uniformity of the embedded aluminum/steel composite sheets.

Influences of diffusion bonding process parameters on bond characteristics of Mg-Cu dissimilar joints

In many circumstances,dissimilar metals have to be bonded together and the resulting joint interfaces must typically sustain mechanical and/or electrical forces without failure,which is not possible by fusion welding processes.The melting points of magnesium(Mg)and copper(Cu)have a significant difference(nearly 400℃)and this may lead to a large difference in the microstructure and joint performance of Mg-Cu joints.However,diffusion bonding can be used to join these alloys without much difficulty.This work analyses the effect of parameters on diffusion layer thickness,hardness and strength of magnesium-copper dissimilar joints.The experiments were conducted using three-factor,five-level,central composite rotatable design matrix.Empirical relationships were developed to predict diffusion layer thickness,hardness and strength using response surface methodology.It is found that bonding temperature has predominant effect on bond characteristics.Joints fabricated at a bonding temperature of 450℃, bonding pressure of 12 MPa and bonding time of 30 min exhibited maximum shear strength and bonding strength of 66 and 81 MPa, respectively.

Influence of holding time on microstructure and shear strength of Mg alloy/steel joint diffusion bonded with Zn-5Al interlayer

The diffusion bonding of AZ31B Mg alloy and Q235 steel was investigated with a Zn-5Al alloy as interlayer and under different holding time ranging from 3 to 1 200 s. The microstructure and phase compositions of bonded joints were characterized by scanning electron microscopy( SEM),energy dispersive spectrometer( EDS) and X-ray diffraction( XRD)methods. The shear strength of Mg alloy/steel joints was measured by tensile tester. It was found that the microstructure of bonded joints evolved dramatically along with the prolongation of holding time. Under the holding time of 3 s,the main part of joint was composed of MgZn_2 phase and dispersed Al-rich solid solution particles. When increased the holding time more than 60 s,the excessive solution of AZ31B into the interfacial reaction area led to the formation of coarse phase and eutectic microstructure,and also the complex Fe-Al and Mg-Al-Zn IMCs at transition layer closed to Q235 steel side. According to the tensile testing characterizations,the joints obtained under holding time of 3 s exhibited the best shear strength of 84 MPa,and the fracture occurred at the intermediary part of joint where the flexible Al-rich solid solution particles could help to impede the microcrack propagations. With prolonging the holding time to 600 s,the shear strength of joints was deteriorated enormously and the fracture position was shifted to the transition layer part closed to Q235 steel.

Interfacial Microstructure of Al-Sn-Pb Alloy/Steel During Liquid-Solid Bonding Rolling

Studies were conducted on the interfacial microstructure of a steel/liquid aluminium and its evolution during the bonding rolling process. The effects of wetting time and deformation on the diffusion layer and on the bonding strength were examined. By means of electron microscopy and electron probe analysis, it was found that the diffusion layer is mainly composed of FeAI3. For a steel temperature of 250℃ and an aluminium temperature of 850 ~C, the diffusion layer was formed within 3 s, and the shear strength of the samples increased after 8 to 14 s. Although the interface was not damaged, it was deformed notably. For an aluminium temperature of 750℃ and a wetting time of 11 to 17 s, the shear strength of the interface remained high, but the interface was obviously broken during rolling, leading to reduced bonding strength.

Effect of the number of layers on the bond strength for multi-layer brittle coating-substrate system

Finite element method(FEM) was used to investigate the effect of the number of layers on the bond strength for the brittle coating/substrate materials at contact load condition,which has not been addressed previously.The maximum shear stress was used to act as the criterion of the bonded strength.This paper discussed the relationship between the number of coating layers and the maximum shear stress of the layer/substrate interface.Firstly,the results of the FEM and the Hertz analytical method were compared to verify the accuracy of the FEM model.It was found that with the increase in the number of coating layers,the position of the suddenly changed stress along the z axis is transformed from the interface to the external surface of the coating.Finally,the increase in the number of layers contributes to the decrement of the stress along the x axis.

Characteristics of deformation joining of aluminum-stainless steel composite sheet

In order to study the characteristics of deformation joining of aluminum-stainless steel composite sheet, an applied example of this composite sheet was given. The conditions of the composite sheet were discussed, the optical micrographs and scanning electron micrographs were examined by contrast ways of deformation joining and braze joining. Simultaneously the analysis of energy spectrum was also conducted. The results indicate that the deformation joining composite sheet possesses high bonding strength, good corrosion resistance, less inclusions and less microcracks.

超音速火焰喷涂制备CoNiCrAlY涂层性能研究

CoNiCrAlY涂层常用作工作层和金属基体之间的过渡层。采用了SHV-50超音速火焰喷涂设备在45钢表面制备了CoNiCrAlY涂层。分析了CoNiCrAlY涂层的微观组织结构、显微硬度、孔隙率、表面粗糙度、结合强度、电化学性能。结果表明:SHV-50超音速火焰喷涂获得的CoNiCrAlY涂层的孔隙率为0.48%,涂层的平均显微硬度为497.2HV0.2,涂层结合强度均值达70 MPa,抗热震次数达26次,涂层的表面粗糙度平均值为Ra6.43,利于工作层与过渡层的结合。CoNiCrAlY涂层的抗电化学腐蚀能力强于基体。SHV-50超音速火焰喷涂设备制备的CoNiCrAlY涂层可用作工作层和金属基体之间的过渡层。

钛网添加对镁/铝复合板微观组织和力学性能影响研究

目的有效抑制镁/铝复合板界面处金属间化合物的形成。以钛网为中间金属夹层,研究它对镁/铝复合板微观组织和力学性能的影响。方法利用复合轧制技术制备以钛网为中间金属夹层的镁/铝-钛复合板,采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、电子背散射衍射仪(EBSD)、万能试验机等对复合板退火前后的微观组织和力学性能进行表征和分析,系统研究中间层钛网对轧制态和退火态复合板微观组织、织构、拉伸性能、界面结合强度的影响规律。结果中间层钛网均匀分布在镁/铝-钛复合板界面处,钛网的添加能有效抑制复合板退火过程中镁-铝金属间化合物的连续生长,减少金属间化合物的数量。与镁/铝复合板相比,钛网的添加对轧制态和退火态复合板中镁层和铝层的平均晶粒尺寸和织构类型的影响较小。与镁/铝复合板相比,钛网的添加降低了轧制态复合板的界面剪切强度和延伸率,但极大提升了退火态复合板的界面剪切强度、拉伸强度和延伸率。结论中间层钛网的添加可有效减少复合板界面处金属间化合物的数量,提升退火态复合板的综合力学性能。

复材界面剪切强度对铝模板粘接性能的影响分析

为探究复合材料界面剪切强度对铝模板材料粘接的影响,运用线性弹性分析方法进行计算,反映出胶层抗剪强度,并提出剪切强度的计算公式。结合整个结点的平衡方程,导出了粘弹性体的应力-应变关系式,通过考虑节点全局平衡的弯矩系数,将剪切粘接性能变化与胶层厚度相结合,提出了粘接样品的制备流程。通过仿真实验分析进行了验证,发现在加载前、加载后,铝模板材料剪切力-位移曲线基本一致,当加载时,最大剪切力可达533.5 N,胶粘力随胶粘层厚度的增大而进一步下降。结果表明,所提研究方法有助于揭示粘接材料在受力时的真实响应,为设计和优化粘接结构提供了更可靠的参考。

Effect of Surface Treatment on Bonding Strength of Aluminum-Magnesium Hot-Rolled Composite Plate

The effect of different surface treatments on the bonding strength of composite plates was investigated under the conditions of 400℃ and reduction ratio of 45%.Results show that the wire brush grinding treatment can only eliminate the oxide film on the plate surface,but it can hardly produce a hard layer on the plate surface.The bonding effect depends on the element diffusion promoted by the close contact between the metals on both sides of the interface.After anodic oxidation,there is a hard layer on the metal surface,and the hard layer broken during the rolling process forms a mechanical occlusion at the bonding interface.However,the hard layer cannot form an effective combination with the metal at the interface,and the bonding can only occur in the fresh metal bonding area at the crack of the hard layer.The acid-alkali washing treatment can completely remove the hard layer on the surface of both alloys without increasing the surface roughness of the plate,and the metal on both sides of the interface is more closely bonded during the rolling process.The optimal bonding strength can be obtained by surface treatment of acid-alkali washing for the aluminum-magnesium hot-rolled bonding.

碲化铋基热电器件的界面研究进展

热电转换技术是一种直接将电能和热能相互转换的技术,在航空航天、新型能源、电子通信等领域具有重要的应用价值。碲化铋材料是最早被发现的半导体热电材料之一,它在室温附近所展现出的优异热电性能,使碲化铋基热电器件成为目前唯一成功商业化应用的热电器件。近年来,随着5G光通信和电子芯片行业对新型制冷技术需求的持续增长,热电制冷器件的应用备受瞩目。此外,碲化铋基发电器件在低温废热回收领域也具有巨大的应用前景。然而,碲化铋基热电器件发展仍然存在一些挑战,其中器件的界面问题严重制约了其产业化应用。尤其在发电器件制备方面,仍然缺乏有效的高温界面阻挡层材料。本文从碲化铋基热电器件应用面临的界面问题出发,重点介绍相关界面研究进展,阐述界面对器件性能的影响机制,并分析改善界面性能的有效策略。

双辉等离子渗铬界面层对类石墨碳基涂层力学及磨蚀性能的影响

目的 研究渗铬界面层对铬/类石墨碳(Cr/Graphite-Like Carbon,GLC)复合涂层力学性能、结合强度及磨蚀行为的影响,阐明Cr/GLC复合涂层的抗磨蚀机理。方法 以316L不锈钢(316L)为基体,先借助双辉等离子表面合金化(DGPSA)技术制备渗铬界面层,再采用直流磁控溅射(DCMS)技术制备顶层GLC涂层。利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、共聚焦显微拉曼光谱仪(Raman)和X射线衍射仪(XRD)表征涂层的微结构与成分,采用纳米压痕仪、划痕仪、摩擦磨损仪和电化学工作站测试复合涂层的力学性能、断裂韧性、结合强度和抗磨蚀性能。结果 渗铬界面层能够促进GLC涂层的石墨化转变,实现硬度分布的梯度变化(基体为3.65 GPa,渗铬界面层为8.97 GPa,表面为13.15 GPa),有效阻碍了裂纹的扩展。与GLC涂层相比,Cr/GLC复合涂层具有较高的断裂韧性和结合强度(≥50 N),在3.5%NaCl溶液中具有更低的摩擦系数(0.055)和更低的磨损率(3.22×10^(-7)mm^(3)/Nm),其抗腐蚀性和化学稳定性也明显更优。结论 通过界面设计,实现了Cr/GLC复合涂层硬度分布的梯度过渡,提高了复合涂层的断裂韧性以及与316L的结合强度,赋予了复合涂层优异的抗磨蚀性能,为其在海洋苛刻环境下的磨蚀防护提供了有益借鉴。

真空累积叠轧多层钢的组织与性能研究

以30CrMo和316L奥氏体不锈钢作为材料组元,利用真空累积叠轧工艺,制备出高强塑性的36、72、162、405层的多层钢复合材料。结果表明,多层钢界面实现了良好的冶金结合,30CrMo层主要为回复态的铁素体组织,316L层为变形态奥氏体组织。随着层数的增加,界面由平直变成波浪状,元素扩散明显加剧,扩散层形成马氏体组织,可有效提高材料强度;多层钢强度随着层数增加而增加,36层钢的抗拉强度为734 MPa,断裂伸长率为41.5%;405层钢表现出优异强塑性组合,抗拉强度为1125 MPa,伸长率为22.5%。多层钢的高界面结合强度有利于保持两组元协调变形,韧性层和多个强界面可有效约束脆性层的过早局部颈缩,提高材料的塑性。

高精度薄厚膜异构HTCC基板制备工艺

针对高温共烧陶瓷(HTCC)基板高平整度、高密度封装需求,提出了一种高精度薄厚膜异构HTCC基板的制备方法,并对其关键工艺进行研究。结合陶瓷基板精密研磨工艺与薄膜制备工艺,该方法在大幅降低原有HTCC基板的平面度、粗糙度的同时,实现HTCC表面精密布线。测量结果表明,薄厚膜HTCC基板的平面度低至15μm,表面布线最小线宽低至10μm,与传统陶瓷基板平面度(30μm)与最小线宽(50μm)相比均有较大改善。在此基础上,研究了不同种子层厚度对薄厚膜异构HTCC基板结合力的影响。结果表明当钛钨层厚度为150 nm时,薄膜层和陶瓷基板结合力高达9.27 gf(1 gf=0.0098 N)。

基于防水粘结层附着力的桥面铺装层间粘结强度和抗剪强度预测

针对目前水泥混凝土复合式桥面铺装层间结合效果有损评价方法存在的弊端,通过室内试验建立特定桥面铺装结构和材料条件下组合结构的层间粘结强度和层间剪切强度与附着力之间的函数关系,同时求得温度修正系数;根据测得的工程现场防水粘结层的附着力计算得到组合结构的层间粘结强度和抗剪强度,进而换算成20℃条件下的强度标准值;并参照相关规范对实际工程层间结合效果进行质量评定。结果表明,防水粘结层对水泥混凝土的附着力与组合结构的层间粘结强度及抗剪强度存在较强的线性正相关,且强度预测值与实测值的误差基本都在10%以内;强度预测值换算成标准值后可直接借助规范进行层间结合效果评价。

QAl10-4-4/TC6双金属连接界面组织与力学性能分析

铜合金/钛合金双金属材料能发挥各自的性能优势,兼具轻质、耐磨、高强等优异性能。本文通过真空热压扩散法连接QAl10-4-4铝青铜和TC6钛合金,并采用显微组织观察和剪切强度测试等方法,研究了直接连接和添加AgCuZnCd连接的QAl10-4-4/TC6双金属的界面组织和力学性能,探究了连接参数与中间层对QAl10-4-4/TC6双金属连接质量的影响规律,分析了双金属界面过渡层形成机理,建立了连接工艺-界面组织-力学性能的内在关联。结果表明:直接扩散连接的QAl10-4-4/TC6双金属连接质量较差,生成的金属间化合物导致界面上生长了贯穿长裂纹,剪切强度仅有21 MPa;添加AgCuZnCd连接QAl10-4-4/TC6双金属后界面金属间化合物减少,当连接温度为850℃时,界面剪切强度最大为178.19 MPa,温度超过850℃时,双金属界面强度迅速降低。

居住建筑节能系统外保温层PUR板的剪切粘接强度研究

为解决国内外墙外保温发展存在的问题,简述了居住建筑常用节能保温改造方式,梳理了外保温层起鼓、产生裂缝和脱落的原因,重点设计了建筑外墙外保温层PUR板(聚氨酯板)的剪切粘接强度测试试验,采用PUR板、胶粘剂和混凝土砖块制备外保温层,探究粘接界面缺陷面积和缺陷位置这2个因素对外保温层剪切粘接强度的影响。试验结果表明,粘接缺陷面积占比变大,试件剪切粘接强度会偏低,缺陷面积超过60%时,产生的影响更加严重;缺陷位置靠前,试件的剪切粘接强度偏低,缺陷位置不对称,也会直接影响外保温层的粘接强度。