Summer Atmospheric Water Cycle under the Transition Influence of the Westerly and Summer Monsoon over the Yarlung Zangbo River Basin in the Southern Tibetan Plateau

This study compares the summer atmospheric water cycle,including moisture sources and consumption,in the upstream,midstream,and downstream regions of the Yarlung Zangbo River Basin in the southern Tibetan Plateau.The evolutions of moisture properties under the influence of the westerly and summer southerly monsoon are examined using 5-yr multi-source measurements and ERA5 reanalysis data.Note that moisture consumption in this study is associated with clouds,precipitation,and diabatic heating.Compared to the midstream and downstream regions,the upstream region has less moisture,clouds,and precipitation,where the moisture is brought by the westerly.In early August,the vertical wet advection over this region becomes enhanced and generates more high clouds and precipitation.The midstream region has moisture carried by the westerly in June and by the southerly monsoon from July to August.The higher vertical wet advection maximum here forms more high clouds,with a precipitation peak in early July.The downstream region is mainly affected by the southerly-driven wet advection.The rich moisture and strong vertical wet advection here produce the most clouds and precipitation among the three regions,with a precipitation peak in late June.The height of the maximum moisture condensation is different between the midstream region(325 hPa)and the other two regions(375 hPa),due to the higher upward motion maximum in the midstream region.The diabatic heating structures show that stratiform clouds dominate the upstream region,stratiform clouds and deep convection co-exist in the midstream region,and deep convection systems characterize the downstream region.

Evolutionary trend of water cycle in Beichuan River Basin of China under the influence of vegetation restoration

The study aims to identify a suitable site for open and bore well in a farmhouseusing ground magnetic survey in south India.It also aims to define depth to granitoid and structural elements which traverse the selected area.Magnetic data(n=84)measured,processed and interpreted as qualitative and quantitatively.The results of total magnetic intensities indicate that the area is composed of linear magnetic lows trending NE-SW direction and circular to semi-circular causative bodies.The magnetic values ranged from-137 nT to 2345 nT with a mean of 465 nT.Reduction to equator shows significant shifting of causative bodies in the southern and northern directions.Analytical signal map shows exact boundary of granitic bodies.Cosine directional filter has brought out structural element trending NE-SW direction.Results of individual profile brought to light structurally weak zone between 90 m and 100 m in all the profile lines.Sudden decrease of magnetic values from 2042 nT to 126 nT noticed in profile line 6 between 20 m and 30 m indicates fault occurrence.Magnetic breaks obtained from these maps were visualized,interpreted and identified two suitable sites for open and bore well.Radially averaged power spectrum estimates depth of shallow and deep sources in 5 m and 50 m,respectively.Euler method has also been applied to estimate depth of granitoid and structural elements using structural indexes 0,1,2,and 3 and found depth ranges from<10 m to>90 m.Study indicates magnetic method is one of the geophysical methods suitable for groundwater exploration and site selection for open and borewells.

Study on consumption efficiency of soil water resources in the Yellow River Basin based on regional ET structure

Based on the regional water resources character, the concept of soil water resources is first redefined, and then associated with their transfer relationship in the hydrological cycle, Evapotranspiration (ET)-based consumption structure and consumption efficiency of soil water resources are analyzed. According to ET 's function in productivity, the consumption efficiency of soil water resources is di- vided into three classes: high efficient consumption from vegetation transpiration, low efficient con- sumption from soil evaporation among plants with high vegetation coverage and inefficient consump- tion from soil evaporation among plants with low vegetation coverage and bare soil evaporation. The high efficient and low efficient consumption were further classified as productive consumption. The ineffi- cient consumption is considered non-productive consumption because it is significant in the whole hydrological cycle process. Finally, according to these categories, and employing a WEP-L dis- tributed hydrological model, this paper analyzes the consumption efficiency of soil water resources in the Yel- low River Basin. The results show that there are 2078.89×108 m3 soil water resources in the whole basin. From the viewpoint of consumption structure, the soil water resources are comprised of 381.89×108 m3 transpiration consumption from vegetation and 1697.09×108 m3 evaporation consumption from soil among plants and bare soil. From the viewpoint of consumption efficiency, soil water re- sources are composed of 920.11×108 m3 efficient consumption and 1158.86×108 m3 of inefficient con- sumption. High efficient consumption accounts for 41.5 percent of the total efficient consumption of the whole basin, low efficient for 58.5 percent. Furthermore, consumption efficiency varies by region. Compared with ET from different land use conditions, the whole basin appears to follow the trend of having the greatest proportion of consumption as inefficient consumption, followed by low efficient consumption, and then the least proportion as high efficient consumption. The amount of inefficient consumption in some regions with vegetation is less than in other regions without vegetation. The amount of inefficient consumption in grasslands is much greater than in forestlands. However, the proportion of low efficient consumption is the greatest in crop fields. The amount of high efficient con- sumption in grasslands and forelands is similar to the corresponding low efficient consumption. However, the low efficient consumption in grasslands is larger than in the forelands. Therefore, when adjusting the utilization efficiency of soil water resources, vegetation coverage and plant structure should be modulated in terms of the principle of decreasing inefficient consumption, improving low efficiency ET and increasing high efficiency ET according to area character.

Water Shortage Risk Assessment in the Haihe River Basin, China

This paper studies water balance in the Haihe River Basin, China and assesses water shortage risk for the period 1994–2007. The authors identify that there is a water shortage problem in this area and propose that the non-intake water consumption （NIWC） is a very important water balance element. The NIWC in the Haihe River Basin flow is 5.91×109m3 in normal years. It was concluded from our evaluation that the water shortage risk during 1994–2007 was very high. Using international water risk assessment theory, multiyear risk indicators in Haihe River Basin can be calculated. Water risk rate, resiliency, stability, and vulnerability for the Haihe River Basin for the period 1994–2007 were 0.786, 0.000, 0.154 and 0.173 respectively. With the use of counter-force factors and adoption of different priorities to different water consumers, the water shortage risk can be decreased. The integrated water shortage risk indicators of the Haihe River Basin are 0.095–0.328. In this study, water availability from the South-North Water Diversion Project is also considered. By the year 2014, about 5×109m3 of water will be diverted from the Yangtse River, and the water shortage risk in the Haihe River Basin will drop from 0.229–0.297 to 0.152–0.234 under an inflow water frequency of 50%–75%. However, a risk of water shortage in this area will persist.

Drought analysis using multi-scale standardized precipitation index in the Han River Basin,China

Regional drought analysis provides useful information for sustainable water resources management.In this paper,a standardized precipitation index(SPI) at multiple time scales was used to investigate the spatial patterns and trends of drought in the Han River Basin,one of the largest tributaries of Yangtze River,China.It was found that,in terms of drought severity,the upper basin of the Han River is the least,while the growing trend is the most conspicuous;a less conspicuous growing trend can be observed in the middle basin;and there is an insignificant decreasing trend in the lower basin.Meanwhile,the impact of drought on the Middle Route of the South-to-North Water Transfer Project was investigated,and it is suggested that water intake must be reduced in times of drought,particularly when successive or simultaneous droughts in the upper and middle basins of the Han River Basin occur.The results can provide substantial information for future water allocation schemes of the South-to-North Water Transfer Project.

新时代黄河流域水土保持标准体系建设框架研究

为了贯彻落实《黄河保护法》,推动黄河流域水土保持各项工作规范化、标准化,满足黄河流域水土保持事业高质量发展的现实需要,根据《黄河保护法》有关规定,结合新时代黄河流域水土保持工作目标和特点,在全面分析水土保持标准体系建立的背景、意义及必要性的基础上,全面梳理现行的水土保持国家标准体系,广泛征集有关省(区)业务人员和专家的意见、建议,组织专家开展专题研究,提出了包括基础类、规划设计类、治理类、淤地坝类、监测类、监管类、信息化类、试验示范类等8类73项标准(其中沿用原有标准48项、建议新增标准25项)的黄河流域水土保持标准体系建设框架。

新疆车尔臣河流域平原区绿洲耗水格局研究

随着大规模水土资源开发,近30年车尔臣河流域人工绿洲与天然绿洲占比从4∶96演变为现在的17∶83,主要表现为部分天然绿洲、荒漠被改造为人工绿洲。水是流域稳定发展的最关键资源,合理调配人工绿洲与天然绿洲用水需求,已成为流域水资源开发利用、保护与管理工作的重中之重。为此,文章系统分析了车尔臣河流域平原区人工绿洲与天然绿洲的现状耗用水情况及主要成因,并提出未来流域平原区绿洲可耗水量、可利用水量的计算思路与水利工程建设方向,从而促进流域合理调配人工绿洲、天然绿洲用水需求,支撑经济社会高质量发展与生态文明建设。

黄河流域强制性用水定额研究与思考

严格用水定额管理,从根本上抑制不合理用水需求,是当前缓解黄河流域水资源短缺问题的首要任务。强制性用水定额管理是《中华人民共和国黄河保护法》确立的一项基本制度,其核心目标是促进节约用水,强化节水监管,推进新阶段黄河流域节水工作高质量发展。在分析黄河流域现行用水定额管理的基础上,探讨了黄河流域强制性用水定额适用的行业范围,分析了相关法律法规要求,提出了开展强制性用水定额管理的建议,以期为黄河流域强制性用水定额管理制度的落实落地提供参考。

淮河流域工业水资源绿色效率测算及空间分异研究

以淮河流域39个城市为研究对象,运用超效率SBM模型测算2011—2021年各市工业水资源绿色效率水平,探究淮河流域工业绿色水资源利用效率空间的分布特征及其演变过程,并利用标准差椭圆法对效率的空间转移变化进行分析。结果表明:淮河流域工业水资源绿色效率整体呈上升趋势,但波动较大,区域间差异显著,表现为上游、下游高,中游低。省际间,淮河流域山东段工业水资源绿色效率较高,安徽段相对较低。城际间,泰安市效率值偏高,淮南、淮北市效率值偏低。淮河流域工业水资源绿色水资源空间上呈“东北—西南”分布格局,效率重心整体向西南方向移动,移动轨迹为“东北—西南—西北”。

清潩河流域水污染物排放标准实施评估

污染物排放标准评估是排放标准执行周期中的重要环节,但中国对流域型水污染物排放标准实施效果评估的实践探索较缺乏。在现有规范指南的基础上,针对《清潩河流域水污染物排放标准》(DB 41/790—2013)构建了适用于清潩河流域特点的水污染物排放标准评估体系,并在清潩河流域对该标准实施情况进行了评估。结果表明,该标准对重点污染物控制处于中等水平,在分区域精细控制方面略有欠缺,该标准实施实现了流域内污染源排放方式优化,促进了污染物排放量的削减、产业结构优化、落后产能淘汰;该标准实施后流域水环境得到较大改善,但也存在对行业排污控制针对性、约束性不足等问题。

气候变化影响下澜湄流域下游水稻生产用水量模拟与分析

农业用水是社会经济用水的主要行业,气候变化对农业用水的影响可能改变区域的水资源供需情势。以澜沧江-湄公河流域下游为研究区,基于ERA5-Land数据集和最新的CMIP6气候预测数据,选用SSP1-2.6、SSP2-4.5、SSP5-8.5三种排放情景,AquaCrop模型将非生产性土壤蒸发和生产性作物蒸腾分离,将水稻生长期内蒸腾总量作为水稻生产用水量,模拟了澜沧江-湄公河流域下游历史和未来时期水稻生产用水量,分析了水稻生产用水量的变化情况及其与温度、降水和CO_(2)浓度之间的相关关系。结果表明:澜沧江-湄公河流域下游水稻生产用水量在空间上表现为北多南少,总体呈现逐年减少趋势,且在SSP5-8.5情景下趋势更加明显。SSP5-8.5情景下的未来远期,澜沧江-湄公河流域下游水稻生产用水量将减少29.7%。与温度和降水相比,水稻生产用水量和CO_(2)浓度之间的相关性最强。SSP5-8.5情景下的未来远期,在泰国的相关系数为-0.875,其余国家各季度下的相关系数均小于-0.9。

滇池流域河道生态补偿机制成效评价与完善对策

2017年4月起实施的昆明市滇池流域河道生态补偿机制,为市级层面小流域生态补偿机制的建立和实施提供了先行先试经验。为充分发挥生态补偿机制对河道水质改善的促进作用,采用定性定量相结合的方法,分析了昆明市滇池流域河道生态补偿机制建设运行情况和水环境改善效益,评估该机制的有效性,总结成效与存在的问题,提出机制完善的对策建议。研究表明:滇池流域河道生态补偿机制实施以来,河湖水环境明显改善、水质监测网络逐步健全、水环境管理能力明显提升,机制总体有效,但也还存在考核指标待优化、补偿范围不全面、补偿方式单一、监管评估和公众参与有待加强等问题,需要进一步完善补偿机制,多渠道筹集补偿资金,健全生态补偿绩效评价制度,促进形成可复制可推广的滇池流域生态补偿模式。

2016-2019年长江流域水质时空分布特征

为掌握"十三五"以来长江流域的水环境质量时序变化和空间分布特征,基于国家生态环境监测网2016-2019年长江流域615个可比断面监测数据,从流域主要污染特征、主要超标指标浓度时空变化等方面分析了长江流域水质变化情况.结果表明:2016-2019年,长江流域水质总体好转.依据GB 3838-2002《地表水环境质量标准》评价,Ⅰ~Ⅲ类水质断面比例上升7. 2百分点,劣Ⅴ类下降2. 8百分点.TP、NH3-N和COD是长江流域的主要超标指标,2019年三者的浓度较2016年分别下降了28. 3%、35. 0%和8. 0%;从流域不同级别河流来看,三者浓度在干流均为最低;从干流来看,三者浓度较高的断面主要分布在长江中游;TP和COD污染主要来自面源,NH3-N主要来自点源.研究期间,TP对长江流域水环境污染贡献最大,其断面超标率一直排在首位.针对流域水质分布特征,建议继续加强流域内TP防控,重点加强中游污染治理;同时,优化流域产业结构,进一步改善流域水质和生态环境质量.

嫩江流域近45年来径流演变规律研究

采用随机水文学方法对嫩江流域1956—2000年的年径流量序列演变特征进行分析。结果表明，嫩江流域径流的水文周期是32a，整体而言，45a径流序列不存在明显的趋势性。此外，对嫩江流域用水性消耗程度进行分析。结果表明，人类用水性消耗量对流域水循环整体影响程度为5％，但是在流域内部影响程度存在较大差异。洮儿河子流域影响因子达到16％，反映该地区人类取用水消耗量较大。从年际分析，整个流域在70年代的影响因子要高于其它年段，呈现出越是枯水年段人类用水影响程度越大的现象。

基于水足迹的流域生态补偿标准模型研究

流域水资源是一种公共物品,其系统的整体性以及资源外部性等特征要求各相关区域应共同承担环境保护。如何衡量各区域水资源开发利用与环保投入的关系,建立合理的生态补偿标准模型,已成为流域管理研究领域普遍关注的问题。本文运用水足迹理论和方法,界定流域水足迹内涵,通过反映流域沿岸各区域水生态服务耗费情况判断分析水生态系统安全状态,提出流域生态补偿标准计量流程及不同情况下的流域生态补偿标准测算模型,从而客观、准确地量化流域生态补偿额度,为管理者正确分析和解决流域各区域间利益冲突提供科学的决策依据与支持。同时本文以碧流河为案例,收集并分析了2002-2006年间碧流河沿岸各行政区水足迹和环保投入情况,理清各区域生态系统状态及相互关系,计算补偿标准,进而验证模型的可行性。

城市饮用水水源地生态补偿标准测算与资金分配研究——以广东省东江流域为例

生态补偿作为解决城市饮用水源地生态环境保护问题,协调保护方和受益方利益冲突的重要手段,已成为国内外学者研究的热点,其中补偿标准是决定生态补偿能否顺利实施的关键环节。选取珠江三角洲城市群重要饮用水水源地——广东省东江流域作为研究对象,在总结分析现有补偿标准的基础上,运用生态保护成本法和条件价值评估法,分别从流域水源地保护方和下游受益方的角度对东江流域生态补偿标准进行测算,并依据下游用水量对补偿金进行分摊。通过测算,广东省东江流域上游六县生态保护总成本为105.38亿元,其中直接成本5.40亿元,间接成本99.98亿元,引入水质修正系数和水量分摊系数后,下游四市应补偿上游六县的生态补偿额度为24.69亿元。下游四市生态补偿支付意愿总额为5.91亿元,应支付总补偿额度超出支付意愿总额18.79亿元。因此,在充分考虑流域上游生态保护成本和下游支付意愿、支付能力的前提下,利益相关双方通过谈判、协商在生态补偿标准问题上达成一致,对东江流域生态环境保护和生态补偿机制的建立有着重要的现实意义。

基于水量平衡的流域生态耗水量计算——以海河为例

论文提出一个基于水量平衡的流域生态耗水量的计算方法。以海河流域为例,利用流域多年年降雨、入海水量、引黄水量、地下水超采水量、工业用水量、农业用水量、生活用水量、工业废污水排放量和生活污水排放量等资料,得出1956～1998年流域生态耗水量的多年变化。计算结果显示,虽然流域在1956～1998年的43年间环境发生明显变化,然而流域生态耗水总量没有呈明显的上升或下降趋势。最后通过对比研究,给出了论文提出的算法与基于当地水资源的算法结果的物理解释。

河流生态与环境用水研究进展

回顾了 2 0世纪 80年代以来 ,国内外在流域生态用水方面的研究进展 .在国外 ,从通过某一生物来确定最小河流流量 ,到考虑生态系统可接受的流量变化 ,取得了一定的研究成果 .在国内 ,对生态需水的研究提出了基本的框架 ,但由于对水生生态环境系统的生化特性、物种关系、食物链、河流和洪泛平原的相互关系等缺乏足够的认识 。

辽河流域氨氮水质基准与应急标准探讨

水质基准是水质标准制/修订的科学依据,针对我国流域状况进行水质基准研究,并以此为依据制/修订我国相关水质标准已成为迫切需求.针对辽河流域的水生生物分布和水质状况,借鉴美国氨氮基准方法学,对氨氮毒性数据进行分析,得出了以水体温度和pH值为自变量的辽河流域氨氮急性和慢性基准函数方程,由方程可知,pH值8.0,25℃时,辽河流域的氨氮急性和慢性基准分别为3.06,0.364mg/L.利用荷兰和澳大利亚的水质基准技术对推算结果进行了验证和比较,结果表明3种方法得值在同一数量级,且荷兰基准技术方法相对保守.此外,基于生态风险评估对氨氮水质基准向应急水质标准的转化进行了探讨.

潘家口水库入库水资源变化趋势及影响因素

采用滑动平均和线性回归法对潘家口水库1956-2003年入库径流进行了分析，探讨了影响径流变化的基本因素，给出了降雨量、用水量和下垫面等因素变化对径流量变化贡献程度的定量估算方法。结果表明：入库径流呈不规则的周期波动变化，且整体呈较为明显的减小趋势；降雨量、用水量和下垫面等因素变化是影响径流量变化的主要因素，特别是下垫面的变化，其贡献程度可达70％左右。