Perspectives on “the biology of spinal cord regeneration success and failure”

In our recently co-authored Physiological Reviews manuscript entitled ＂The biology of regeneration failure and success after spinal cord injury＂ （Tran et al., 2018b）, we sought to provide a comprehensive and up-to-date de- scription of how the glial scar develops following spinal cord injury （SCI） to chronically inhibit axon regeneration.

ON INFORMATION THEORY METHOD FOR RELIABILITY ASSESSMENT OF SYSTEMS CONSISTING OF DIFFERENT SUCCESS FAILURE MODEL UNITS

Using the characteristic of addition of information quantity and the principle of equivalence of information quantity, this paper derives the general conversion formulae of the formation theory method conversion (synthesis) on the systems consisting of different success failure model units. According to the fundamental method of the unit reliability assessment, the general models of system reliability approximate lower limits are given. Finally, this paper analyses the application of the assessment method by examples, the assessment results are neither conservative nor radical and very satisfactory. The assessment method can be popularized to the systems which have fixed reliability structural models.

Factors of Failure of Community Interventions of PMTCT Activities in Haut Katanga in the Democratic Republic of Congo

The objective of the study was to identify the failure factors of community interventions in terms of HIV activities in the province of Haut-Katanga during the year 2016. Materials and Methods: The study was phenomenological of the factors, carried out in Haut Katanga. All health facilities (FOSAs) having integrated the prevention of transmission of HIV infection from mother to child (PMTCT) were included in the study. The collection was carried out through individual semi-structured interviews with PMTCT focal points, mentor mothers and people living with HIV (PLWHA) cared for in some of these health facilities (FOSAs). The number of participants was determined by the saturation of responses. Nvivo v.11 software was used for the analyses. The data of each woman was handled confidentially. The authorization of the ethics committee of the University of Kinshasa ESP/CE091/2015, the free and written consent, was obtained before collecting the information. Results: It was observed the socio-cultural factors of success and failure of the interventions: the social fear generated by contradictory messages in the sensitization of the community;the lack of an obvious strategy for the involvement of the partner;the weak coordination of community care activities between the central office of the health zone;the FOSA and the community worker: low interest in community care evidenced by weak accountability of FOSAs, community and program providers in this regard;that relates to community activities;coordination of care between care units;overload of the staff in charge of activities within the health structure and their low motivation;the low communication time devoted to people living with HIV in the FOSAs. Conclusion: The study shows that interventions that can improve the quality and outcomes of prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV (PMTCT) services can be directly linked to the program itself, as well as come from another or the community, which generally remains the weak link in which efforts are even less noticeable, at least as far as PMTCT is concerned. Integrating care data for the mother-child couple improve the continuum of services between the different care units as well as the quality of data management.

Study on the main factors that contribute to the success or failure of strategic alliances

Strategic alliance is an effective way for enterprise to realize its development and to enhance its competitiveness; however, the success rate of strategic alliances is less than fifty percent. According to this problem, this paper makes systematic research on the factors that relevant to the failure or success of strategic alliance based on comprehensive analysis on internal and external motivation for the formation of strategic alliance, the purpose of which is to give some references and supports for successfully constructing the strategic alliance.

Empirical Analysis of Software Success Rate Forecasting During Requirement Engineering Processes

Forecasting on success or failure of software has become an interesting and,in fact,an essential task in the software development industry.In order to explore the latest data on successes and failures,this research focused on certain questions such as is early phase of the software development life cycle better than later phases in predicting software success and avoiding high rework?What human factors contribute to success or failure of a software?What software practices are used by the industry practitioners to achieve high quality of software in their day-to-day work?In order to conduct this empirical analysis a total of 104 practitioners were recruited to determine how human factors,misinterpretation,and miscommunication of requirements and decision-making processes play their roles in software success forecasting.We discussed a potential relationship between forecasting of software success or failure and the development processes.We noticed that experienced participants had more confidence in their practices and responded to the questionnaire in this empirical study,and they were more likely to rate software success forecasting linking to the development processes.Our analysis also shows that cognitive bias is the central human factor that negatively affects forecasting of software success rate.The results of this empirical study also validated that requirements’misinterpretation and miscommunication were themain causes behind software systems’failure.It has been seen that reliable,relevant,and trustworthy sources of information help in decision-making to predict software systems’success in the software industry.This empirical study highlights a need for other software practitioners to avoid such bias while working on software projects.Future investigation can be performed to identify the other human factors that may impact software systems’success.

Shift, the Law of the Invention of Zero

After posing the axiom of linear algebra, the author develops how this allows the calculation of arbitrary base powers, which provides an instantaneous calculation of powers in a particular base such as base ten;first of all by developing the any base calculation of these powers, then by calculating triangles following the example of the “arithmetical” triangle of Pascal and showing how the formula of the binomial of Newton is driving the construction. The author also develops the consequences of the axiom of linear algebra for the decimal writing of numbers and the result that this provides for the calculation of infinite sums of the inverse of integers to successive powers. Then the implications of these new forms of calculation on calculator technologies, with in particular the storage of triangles which calculate powers in any base and the use of a multiplication table in a very large canonical base are discussed.

Signals in equity‑based crowdfunding and risk of failure

This study investigates signal validity in equity-based crowdfunding by examining whether signals that increase crowd participation are associated with higher postoffering success.Post-offering success is measured as the probability of survival.We use a hand-collected data set of 88 campaigns with over 64,000 investments and 742 updates from a well-established and leading German equity-based crowdfunding platform,Companisto.We find that indicating that the chief executive officer holds a university degree and a higher number of business-related updates are associated with a lower risk of failure,which is in line with recent research on offering success.The number of updates on external certification,promotions,and the team is associated with a higher risk of failure.In contrast to recent findings on offering success,we find that the equity share offered is positively related to post-offering success,whereas a high number of large investments or updates on campaign development are accompanied by a higher probability of failure.Our results provide guidance for entrepreneurs and investors regarding which signals are worth sending or using.Furthermore,these results suggest that investors are partly using wrong signals and challenge the rationality and wisdom of the crowd.

On Willa Cather's Sense of Values and Philosophy of Life——After Reading The Sculptors' Funeral

What is success? How is success measured? Willa Cather provides us two sets of values.To some people, success is measured in terms of money. To some success means choosing one’s own life and realizing one’s own values. In the novel The Sculptor’s Funeral Cather portrays an artist, who breaks the bondage of the old environment, and becomes a successful sculptor. However, he is regarded as a failure by his local people because the values by which they judge success are not the same.

A Comparative Study for Successful Treatment per Gender in a Specialized Smoking Cessation Unit in the Albacete University Hospital during Two Years

Objective： Analysis of abstinence rates of smokers per gender at 3, 6, 9 and 12 months in a Smoking Cessation Unit from January 2008 to December 2009. Methods： Descriptive retrospective study. Analysis of socio-demographic variables, smoking patterns, associated comorbidities, continuous abstinence rates, success, relapses, failure and dropping out. Results： 278 smokers started treatment （33%）; 55.4% males and 44.6% females （mean age of 48.3 and 44.06 years, respectively）. The main associated comorbidities were： psychiatric （38.7%）, cardiovascular （dyslipemia 25%） and respiratory （COPD （chronic obstructive pulmonary disease） 9.7%） in females; cardiovascular （dyslipemia 34.4%）, psychiatric （34.4%） and respiratory （COPD 19.5%） in males. VRN （Varenicline） was prescribed in 40.2% males and 32.2% females; NRT （nicotine replacement therapy） was used in 46.6% and 38.7%, respectively; bupropion was employed in 6.5% and 21.8%, respectively. Psychological counseling was offered only to 7.8% males and 8.1% females. The continuous abstinence rates in males at 3, 6, 9 and 12 months were 51.3%, 37.7%, 32.5% and 30.5%, respectively, and were 45.2%, 29.8%, 25.0% and 24.2% for females. Failure was 9.7% for females and 18.8% for males. Success was more frequent for those on VRN （n = 41 males; n = 12 females）. No relapses were indicated for 42 females and 71 males. The percentage of relapses was higher at 3 months （29.0% females, 19.5% males）. Conclusions： The study observed differences in treating abstinence between genders （in the abstinence rates and failure index）. This implies having to consider incorporating the gender variable into the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of smoking.

国际研发伙伴地理特征与创新成功和创新失败——“多多益善”还是“舍近求远”?

基于2015—2021年161家中国高技术产业企业的观测数据,以地理特征为核心,科学度量研发伙伴的地理邻近性和地理多样性,运用双变量Probit模型检验和比较不同情境下研发伙伴选择对创新成功和创新失败的影响,拓展经济地理学和知识基础观理论在国际研发伙伴选择中的应用。结果表明:(1)研发伙伴地理邻近性和多样性均会对创新成功和创新失败产生正向影响;(2)地理邻近性较高的研发伙伴对创新成功的促进作用更强,地理邻近性较低的研发伙伴对创新失败的促进作用更强;(3)地理多样性较低的研发伙伴对创新成功的促进作用更强,地理多样性较高的研发伙伴对创新成功和创新失败均有显著正向影响,但影响差异不明显。

分阶段式呼吸肌训练对提高呼吸衰竭患者无创通气撤机成功率的影响

目的探究分阶段式呼吸肌训练对提高呼吸衰竭患者无创通气撤机成功率的影响。方法选取2020年1月—2022年12月在南京医科大学附属淮安第一医院呼吸与危重症医学科(pulmonary and critical care medicine,PCCM)治疗的102例呼吸衰竭患者为研究对象。采用随机数字表法将患者分为对照组和观察组,每组51例。对照组实施常规护理干预,观察组在对照组基础上实施分阶段式呼吸肌训练。分别于干预前和干预2周后比较2组患者撤机成功率、机械通气时间及呼吸肌力水平及氧合指数情况。结果干预2周后,观察组撤机成功率高于对照组,且机械通气时间短于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);干预后,2组最大口腔吸气压(MIP)、最大口腔呼气压(MEP)及氧合指数均高于干预前,且观察组高于同期对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论分阶段式呼吸肌训练在临床护理中效果较好,可促进呼吸衰竭患者呼吸肌力恢复,改善膈肌功能,缩短机械通气时间,提高撤机成功率。

基于方药中辨证论治五步法之“必先五胜”辨治慢性肾衰竭

“必先五胜”是方药中教授创立的辨证论治五步法中最关键一步,具有承辨证启论治的作用。应用“必先五胜”辨治慢性肾衰竭,一方面,可承上以审清病机之本,明确原发与继发,辨病位之本;明确真假异同,辨病性之本;审度病情轻重缓急,辨病势之本。另一方面,启下以确立扶正补虚为主、兼以祛邪的治疗原则,并创立治疗慢性肾衰竭的脾、肾系列方药。应用此法辨治慢性肾衰竭经临床观察疗效佳,以此法制定的慢性肾衰竭的证治体系被中国中医科学院西苑医院肾病科及其传承人广泛应用。

串联系统小样本可靠度直接评估方法

建立了一种串联系统小样本可靠度直接评估方法,能够根据子系统的可靠度置信限直接给出串联系统的可靠度置信限,解决了目前常用的LM法和MML法等传统方法需将信息量较大的连续型分布的子系统试验数据转换为信息量较小的成败型数据,造成试验信息大量丢失,导致可靠度评估精度不高或偏于危险的问题。在此基础上,针对工程上许多成败型试验转计量型试验的机构都是正态分布串联系统的情况,建立了正态分布串联系统小样本可靠度直接评估方法,该方法能够根据子系统的小样本计量型数据对串联系统可靠度进行高精度评估。大量的Monte Carlo模拟验证和实例计算结果表明,传统方法在小样本情况下误差较大,甚至无法满足置信度要求,本文方法则不仅能够满足置信度要求,而且评估精度更高。此外,本文方法对工程上常用的指数分布、 Weibull分布和正态分布等连续分布均适用。

美国在1979年伊斯兰革命中的情报失误及其启示

[研究目的]研究1979年伊斯兰革命过程中美国情报工作的失误表现与成因能够为中国在对外事务研判和情报分析等方面提供更多借鉴和参考。[研究方法]主要使用文献分析法对美国相关外交档案展开梳理,从情报周期的各个阶段展开分析,系统梳理事前威胁研判、情报搜集和情报分析、情报分发等多个环节的失误成因和内在的逻辑关系。[研究结论]美国在这次伊朗国内政局变动中存在情报失误的情况,启示我们应提升战略情报预警能力,及时研判风险等级,情报消费者也应该注重保持中立,不断优化情报分发机制,才能避免类似失误。

有创-无创序贯机械通气治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并呼吸衰竭患者的效果

目的:探讨有创-无创序贯机械通气治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)合并呼吸衰竭患者的效果。方法:回顾性分析2022年6月至2023年6月该院收治的66例COPD合并呼吸衰竭患者的临床资料,按照机械通气方法的不同将其分为观察组和对照组各33例。对照组采取有创机械通气治疗,观察组采取有创-无创序贯机械通气治疗。比较两组总机械通气时间、有创机械通气时间、住院时间,治疗前后动脉血气指标[动脉血氧分压(PaO_(2))、动脉血二氧化碳分压(PaCO_(2))、pH值]、心功能损伤指标[肌酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB)、心肌肌钙蛋白I(cTnI)]水平,治疗2周内脱机成功率及并发症发生率。结果:治疗后,观察组总机械通气时间、有创机械通气时间和住院时间均短于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);治疗后,观察组PaO_(2)水平、pH值均高于对照组,PaCO_(2)水平低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组脱机成功率为96.97%(32/33),高于对照组的75.76%(25/33),并发症发生率为6.06%(2/33),低于对照组的24.24%(8/33),差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:有创-无创序贯机械通气用于COPD合并呼吸衰竭患者中能够缩短机械通气时间和住院时间,改善患者血气指标和心功能,提高脱机成功率,并降低并发症发生率,效果优于常规有创机械通气治疗。

大革命失败后的学生形象建塑——以华北地区为中心的考察

大革命失败后,原本在人们心目中爱国、进步的学生却走向了分化与迷茫,其形象也变得模糊,前途的不确定性使学生重新组织起来,亟待重塑形象。以华北地区为中心的研究表明,学生形象建塑并非学生自身单独所为,而是内外合力的共同结果,各势力、各群体在其中都有不同程度的影响与作为。在中国共产党的引导下,学生与其他诸社会群体一道,支持了中国革命的持续向前发展。

基于贝叶斯网络多馈入直流系统相继换相失败概率推断

大规模多馈入高压直流各回路之间紧密复杂的耦合可能恶化高压直流换相条件,增加了多馈入高压直流系统发生相继换相失败的风险。该文基于贝叶斯网络理论,以换流母线电压降、直流电流变化率和谐波畸变率这三大影响因素作为相继换相失败的证据指标,分别建立3个证据指标的证据概率函数和相继换相失败免疫因子,根据这些证据建立多馈入直流系统相继换相失败的贝叶斯网络,推断多馈入直流输电系统相继换相失败的概率。依据该文所提出的多馈入直流系统相继换相失败的概率推断方法和相关性的风险分析,可预警多馈入直流系统相继换相失败风险,也可提出多馈入直流相继换相失败的抑制措施。

重新认识《马氏文通》助字卷的得失

《马氏文通》问世130年来,学界对其助字卷的评价仅限于肯定和褒扬。本文从系统性角度发现,该书助字卷为上古语气词构建了聚合系统、功能系统和叠助系统,但也存在四个重要不足。一是错将汉语语气词等同于印欧语的动词形态的功能。二是不清楚字句应有语气的形式手段为何物。三是没有明确区分字句应有语气和助字所表语气,更未明确二者关系。四是仅将语气词的功能分为信疑两个范畴。这四个不足对古今语气词研究至今仍然具有不可小觑的影响。

连续换相失败对大电网功角稳定影响分析

连续换相失败对交直流大电网的安全稳定运行存在严重威胁,容易引发跨大区电网的连锁故障。采用理论分析和实际电网仿真相结合的方式研究连续换相失败对交流系统功角稳定性的影响。首先从交直流系统无功功率交换的角度,分析连续换相失败的形成原因。然后以简化的三区域交直流互联系统为例,基于等面积法则分析连续换相失败过程中交流系统同步发电机相对功角的变化情况。最后,仿真分析当绍兴换流站发生连续换相失败时,送端电网和受端电网功角变化情况。仿真结果表明,连续换相失败在短时间内对交流系统造成多次能量冲击,长时间的连续换相失败会造成交流系统功角失稳。

Application of fiberoptic bronchscopy in patients with acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease during sequential weaning of invasive-noninvasive mechanical ventilation

BACKGROUND:Early withdrawal of invasive mechanical ventilation(IMV) followed by noninvasive MV(NIMV) is a new strategy for changing modes of treatment in patients with acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(AECOPD) with acute respiratory failure(ARF).Using pulmonary infection control window(PIC window) as the switch point for transferring from invasive to noninvasive MV,the time for early extubation can be more accurately judged,and therapy efficacy can be improved.This study aimed to prospectively investigate the clinical effectiveness of fiberoptic bronchscopy(FOB) in patients with AECOPD during sequential weaning of invasive-noninvasive MV.METHODS:Since July 2006 to January 2011,106 AECOPD patients with ARF were treated with comprehensive medication and IMV after hospitalization.Patients were randomly divided into two groups according to whether fiberoptic bronchoscope is used(group A,n=54) or not(group B,n=52) during sequential weaning from invasive to noninvasive MV.In group A,for sputum suction and bronchoalveolar lavage(BAL),a fiberoptic bronchoscope was put into the airway from the outside of an endotracheal tube,which was accompanied with uninterrupted use of a ventilator.After achieving PIC window,patients of both groups changed to NIMV mode,and weaned from ventilation.The following listed indices were used to compare between the groups after treatment:1) the occurrence time of PIC,the duration of MV,the length of ICU stay,the success rate of weaning from MV for the first time,the rate of reventilatJon and the occurrence rate of ventilator-associated pneumonia(VAP);2) the convenience and safety of FOB manipulation.The results were compared using Student's f test and the Chi-square test.RESULTS:The occurrence time of PIC was(5.01 ±1.49) d,(5.87±1.87) d in groups A and B,respectively(P<0.05);the duration of MV was(6.98±1.84) d,(8.69±2.41) d in groups A and B,respectively(P<0.01);the length of ICU stay was(9.25±1.84) d,(11.10±2.63) d in groups A and B,respectively(P<0.01);the success rate of weaning for the first time was 96.30%,76.92%in groups A and B,respectively(P<0.01);the rate of reventilation was 5.56%,19.23%in groups A and B,respectively(P<0.05);and the occurrence rate of VAP was 3.70%,23.07%in groups A and B,respectively(P<0.01).Moreover,it was easy and safe to manipulate FOB,and no side effect was observed.CONCLUSIONS:The application of FOB in patients with AECOPD during sequential weaning of invasive-noninvasive MV is effective in ICU.It can decrease the duration of MV and the length of ICU stay,increase the success rate from weaning MV for the first time,reduce the rate of reventilation and the occurrence rate of VAP.In addition,such a method is convenient and safe in patients of this kind.