Several well-publicized cases of improper cleaning,disinfection or sterilization of contaminated reusable medical equipment that posed an increased risk of patientto-patient disease transmission were reported within t...Several well-publicized cases of improper cleaning,disinfection or sterilization of contaminated reusable medical equipment that posed an increased risk of patientto-patient disease transmission were reported within the past few years,resulting in the notification of approximately 20 000 patients.These medical errors,the specific infection-control standards they breached,and assessments of the risk of infection associated with each are discussed.Other topics discussed include the Food and Drug Administration’s(FDA)regulation of medical devices and infection-control products;the use of adulterated,misbranded,and investigational devices;consent decrees and associated Certificates of Medical Necessity;and informed patient consent.Focus is placed on liquid chemical sterilization,its history,and the FDA’s recent censure and discontinuation of a medical device labeled with this claim,namely,the STERIS System 1 processor.Recommendations are provided for healthcare facilities,regulatory agencies,manufacturers of reusable medical devices,and professional healthcare organizations and administrations to improve public health and prevent healthcareassociated infections.展开更多
Presently,the environmental pollution problem,especially that of the small and medium-sized enterprises,has become a bottleneck restricting the high-quality development of China’s economy.It is imperative to accelera...Presently,the environmental pollution problem,especially that of the small and medium-sized enterprises,has become a bottleneck restricting the high-quality development of China’s economy.It is imperative to accelerate the construction of a collaborative governance system with multiple subject participation.The behavior modes of Environmental Non-governmental Organizations(ENGOs),a key player in environmental care,in collaborating with core enterprises to control pollution from small and medium-sized suppliers should be explored.Therefore,we constructed a collaborative governance system consisting of ENGOs,focal firms and small and medium-sized suppliers.Then a two-stage game model was established to analyze the strategies of the governance system.Specifically,we studied the collaborative green cooperation strategy and antagonistic pressure supervision strategy between ENGOs and focal firms,analyzed factors influencing the strategic choices of each subject,and gave the advantages of the cooperation strategies through further comparisons.The results showed that:Under the cooperation strategy,ENGOs provided knowledge of environmental protection to the focal firms,then both the audit efforts of focal firms and the environmental protection efforts of small and medium-sized suppliers were effectively improved.Since ENGOs could not fully obtain the pollution information of small and medium-sized suppliers or accurately trace it from their downstream focal firms,it was difficult to drive the supply chain’s endogenous governance by this external monitoring of ENGOs,making the effect of pressure supervision strategy limited.The effectiveness of green cooperation strategy was positively correlated with the knowledge absorption capacity of focal firms,the unit product revenue,and the focal firms'violation penalties for small and medium-sized suppliers.When ENGOs'violation penalties for small and medium-sized suppliers were higher,or the reputation loss of focal firms was higher,more unfavorable conditions of green cooperation strategy could be achieved.Accordingly,ENGOs should choose to cooperate with focal firms with strong knowledge absorption ability and high profit per product;focal firms should learn environmental protection knowledge to improve the screening standards and review capabilities,and promote the achievement of green cooperation strategy conditions by strengthening active information disclosure;the government should promote the collaboration between ENGOs and focal firms by issuing environmental guidelines.展开更多
Ecological products belong to public products. According to the characteristic heterogeneity of public products, they can be classified into pure public products and quasi-public products including "common-pool g...Ecological products belong to public products. According to the characteristic heterogeneity of public products, they can be classified into pure public products and quasi-public products including "common-pool goods", "club goods" and "conditioned goods". Guided by the theory of public products supply and based on national conditions, this paper thinks that an ecological product supply model should be formed, which is led by the government and coordinated allocation of public resources between the government and the market in China. Some of the pure public goods are supplied by the government by the way of "environmental regulation + property rights market" and ecological compensation; some of the quasi-public goods are supplied by the market by the way of franchising and ecological purchasing.展开更多
In order to solve the problem of imbalance resource allocation and service income in the elderly care service industry,this article establishes three service income models in different situations for a single provider...In order to solve the problem of imbalance resource allocation and service income in the elderly care service industry,this article establishes three service income models in different situations for a single provider and a single integrator while considering the quality as well as government subsidies.The results showed that government subsidies can significantly improve quality efforts and service income with a mutual restriction between quality and service income.Government subsidies would have an impact on the quality,and they are more conducive to the service income of providers.When government subsidies are less than 80% of the service income,the incentive effect is better.展开更多
Poverty alleviation relocation is an important measure to realize the complete victory in the fight against poverty.This paper summarizes the achievements and experience of poverty alleviation relocation in Ankang Cit...Poverty alleviation relocation is an important measure to realize the complete victory in the fight against poverty.This paper summarizes the achievements and experience of poverty alleviation relocation in Ankang City,Shaanxi Province.They mainly include three aspects:party building,employment,and people's livelihood.Then,it analyzes the problems faced in the follow-up support of poverty alleviation relocation in Ankang City.From three aspects:focusing on the construction of grassroots organizations,promoting the employment of the relocated households,and improving the management and services of the resettlement community,it comes up with measures and recommendations for follow-up support work of Ankang City's poverty alleviation relocation,to ensure that the relocated households live and work in peace and contentment,and provide reference for Shaanxi Province and the western region to consolidate the achievements of poverty alleviation and promote the rural revitalization strategy.展开更多
以2010-2022年A股上市公司为样本,在供应链整合背景下考察环境、社会和治理(environment、social and governance,ESG)在供应链上的溢出效应.研究发现:供应商和客户ESG水平能够提升企业ESG水平;ESG的溢出效应主要通过管理知识资源、资...以2010-2022年A股上市公司为样本,在供应链整合背景下考察环境、社会和治理(environment、social and governance,ESG)在供应链上的溢出效应.研究发现:供应商和客户ESG水平能够提升企业ESG水平;ESG的溢出效应主要通过管理知识资源、资金资源和技术资源共享3个渠道发挥作用;对非国有企业和市场化程度较高的地区企业而言,ESG的溢出效应更为明显.该研究对执行我国维护供应链安全的战略决策有重要的参考价值,对推动上市公司高质量发展具有借鉴意义.展开更多
文摘Several well-publicized cases of improper cleaning,disinfection or sterilization of contaminated reusable medical equipment that posed an increased risk of patientto-patient disease transmission were reported within the past few years,resulting in the notification of approximately 20 000 patients.These medical errors,the specific infection-control standards they breached,and assessments of the risk of infection associated with each are discussed.Other topics discussed include the Food and Drug Administration’s(FDA)regulation of medical devices and infection-control products;the use of adulterated,misbranded,and investigational devices;consent decrees and associated Certificates of Medical Necessity;and informed patient consent.Focus is placed on liquid chemical sterilization,its history,and the FDA’s recent censure and discontinuation of a medical device labeled with this claim,namely,the STERIS System 1 processor.Recommendations are provided for healthcare facilities,regulatory agencies,manufacturers of reusable medical devices,and professional healthcare organizations and administrations to improve public health and prevent healthcareassociated infections.
文摘Presently,the environmental pollution problem,especially that of the small and medium-sized enterprises,has become a bottleneck restricting the high-quality development of China’s economy.It is imperative to accelerate the construction of a collaborative governance system with multiple subject participation.The behavior modes of Environmental Non-governmental Organizations(ENGOs),a key player in environmental care,in collaborating with core enterprises to control pollution from small and medium-sized suppliers should be explored.Therefore,we constructed a collaborative governance system consisting of ENGOs,focal firms and small and medium-sized suppliers.Then a two-stage game model was established to analyze the strategies of the governance system.Specifically,we studied the collaborative green cooperation strategy and antagonistic pressure supervision strategy between ENGOs and focal firms,analyzed factors influencing the strategic choices of each subject,and gave the advantages of the cooperation strategies through further comparisons.The results showed that:Under the cooperation strategy,ENGOs provided knowledge of environmental protection to the focal firms,then both the audit efforts of focal firms and the environmental protection efforts of small and medium-sized suppliers were effectively improved.Since ENGOs could not fully obtain the pollution information of small and medium-sized suppliers or accurately trace it from their downstream focal firms,it was difficult to drive the supply chain’s endogenous governance by this external monitoring of ENGOs,making the effect of pressure supervision strategy limited.The effectiveness of green cooperation strategy was positively correlated with the knowledge absorption capacity of focal firms,the unit product revenue,and the focal firms'violation penalties for small and medium-sized suppliers.When ENGOs'violation penalties for small and medium-sized suppliers were higher,or the reputation loss of focal firms was higher,more unfavorable conditions of green cooperation strategy could be achieved.Accordingly,ENGOs should choose to cooperate with focal firms with strong knowledge absorption ability and high profit per product;focal firms should learn environmental protection knowledge to improve the screening standards and review capabilities,and promote the achievement of green cooperation strategy conditions by strengthening active information disclosure;the government should promote the collaboration between ENGOs and focal firms by issuing environmental guidelines.
基金supported by the project of Social Science Planning Fund Program of Shandong province(Grant No.18CZKJ30)
文摘Ecological products belong to public products. According to the characteristic heterogeneity of public products, they can be classified into pure public products and quasi-public products including "common-pool goods", "club goods" and "conditioned goods". Guided by the theory of public products supply and based on national conditions, this paper thinks that an ecological product supply model should be formed, which is led by the government and coordinated allocation of public resources between the government and the market in China. Some of the pure public goods are supplied by the government by the way of "environmental regulation + property rights market" and ecological compensation; some of the quasi-public goods are supplied by the market by the way of franchising and ecological purchasing.
文摘In order to solve the problem of imbalance resource allocation and service income in the elderly care service industry,this article establishes three service income models in different situations for a single provider and a single integrator while considering the quality as well as government subsidies.The results showed that government subsidies can significantly improve quality efforts and service income with a mutual restriction between quality and service income.Government subsidies would have an impact on the quality,and they are more conducive to the service income of providers.When government subsidies are less than 80% of the service income,the incentive effect is better.
基金Supported by Major Theoretical and Practical Issues Research Project of Shaanxi Provincial Social Sciences in 2020(20FN-221).
文摘Poverty alleviation relocation is an important measure to realize the complete victory in the fight against poverty.This paper summarizes the achievements and experience of poverty alleviation relocation in Ankang City,Shaanxi Province.They mainly include three aspects:party building,employment,and people's livelihood.Then,it analyzes the problems faced in the follow-up support of poverty alleviation relocation in Ankang City.From three aspects:focusing on the construction of grassroots organizations,promoting the employment of the relocated households,and improving the management and services of the resettlement community,it comes up with measures and recommendations for follow-up support work of Ankang City's poverty alleviation relocation,to ensure that the relocated households live and work in peace and contentment,and provide reference for Shaanxi Province and the western region to consolidate the achievements of poverty alleviation and promote the rural revitalization strategy.
文摘以2010-2022年A股上市公司为样本,在供应链整合背景下考察环境、社会和治理(environment、social and governance,ESG)在供应链上的溢出效应.研究发现:供应商和客户ESG水平能够提升企业ESG水平;ESG的溢出效应主要通过管理知识资源、资金资源和技术资源共享3个渠道发挥作用;对非国有企业和市场化程度较高的地区企业而言,ESG的溢出效应更为明显.该研究对执行我国维护供应链安全的战略决策有重要的参考价值,对推动上市公司高质量发展具有借鉴意义.
