Effect of temperature, chloride ions and sulfide ions on the electrochemical properties of 316L stainless steel in simulated cooling water

The influence of temperature, chloride ions and sulfide ions on the anticorrosion behavior of 316L stainless steel in simulated cooling water was studied by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and anodic polarization curves. The results show that the film resistance increases with the solution temperature but decreases after 8 days’ immersion, which indicates that the film formed at higher temperature has inferior anticorrosion behavior; Chloride ions and sulfide ions have remarkable effects on the electrochemical property of 316L stainless steel in simulated cooling water and the pitting potential declines with the concentration of chloride ions; the passivation current has no obvious effect; the rise of the concentration of sulfide ions obviously increases the passivation current, but the pitting potential changes little, which indicates that the two types of ions may have different effects on destructing passive film of stainless steel. The critical concentration of chloride ions causing anodic potential curve’s change in simulated cooling water is 250 mg/L for 316 L stainless. The effect of sulfide ions on the corrosion resistance behavior of stainless steel is increasing the passivation current density Ip. The addition of 6 mg/L sulfide ions to the solution makes Ip of 316 L increase by 0.5 times.

Design and analysis of a high loss density motor cooling system with water cold plates

Aiming at reducing the difficulty of cooling the interior of high-density motors,this study proposed the placement of a water cold plate cooling structure between the axial laminations of the motor stator.The effect of the cooling water flow,thickness of the plate,and motor loss density on the cooling effect of the water cold plate were studied.To compare the cooling performance of water cold plate and outer spiral water jacket cooling structures,a high-speed permanent magnet motor with a high loss density was used to establish two motor models with the two cooling structures.Consequently,the cooling effects of the two models were analyzed using the finite element method under the same loss density,coolant flow,and main dimensions.The results were as follows.(1)The maximum and average temperatures of the water cold plate structure were reduced by 25.5%and 30.5%,respectively,compared to that of the outer spiral water jacket motor;(2)Compared with the outer spiral water jacket structure,the water cold plate structure can reduce the overall mass and volume of the motor.Considering a 100 kW high-speed permanent magnet motor as an example,a water cold plate cooling system was designed,and the temperature distribution is analyzed,with the result indicating that the cooling structure satisfied the cooling requirements of the high loss density motor.

The mechanics and deformation of high temperature steel frame rapidly cooled by spray water in fire fighting

A finite element is established for analyzing the dynamical mechanics and deformation of steel frame at high temperature when it is rapidly cooled down by spray water in fire fighting, The simulation result shows that remarkable mechanical coupling effects are produced in the process, and the sectional stress in rapid cooling down is found considerably larger than that in heating-up. Meanwhile, the stress and deformation of a beam mainly related to cooling rate and location are much larger than those of a column in rapid cooling, In fire fighting, the structure on the first or second floor was more dangerous than those on other floors in rapid cooling, These results could provide a theoretical reference for the design of steel structure and fire fighting.

Flow Field and Temperature Field of Water-Cooling-Type Magnetic Coupling

At present, the water-cooling simulation of the water-cooled magnetic coupler is based on the water-cooled motor and the hydraulic coupler, which cannot accurately characterize the temperature distribution of the rotating watercooled coupling of the coupler. Focusing on rotating water cooling radiating, the present paper proposes simulating the water cooling temperature field as well as the flow field through the method of combining fluid-solid coupled heat transfer and MRF(Multiphase Reference Frame). In addition, taking an 800 kW magnetic coupling as an example, the paper optimizes the shape, number, cooling water inlet speed? and so on? of the cooling channel. Considering factors such as the complete machine’s temperature, and drag torque, it is proved that the cooling e ect is best when there are 36 involute curved channels and when the inlet speed is 3 m/s. Further, through experiments, the actual temperature values at six di erent positions when 50 kW and 70 kW thermal losses di er are measured. The measured values agree with the simulation results, proving the correctness of the proposed method. Further, data have been collected during the entire experimental procedure? and the variation in the coupling’s temperature is analyzed in depth, with the objective of laying a foundation for the estimation of the inner temperature rise as well as for the optimization of the structural design.

Analysis on thermophoretic deposit of fine particle on water wall of 10 MW high temperature gas-cooled reactor

The water wall is an important part of the passive natural circulation residual heat removal system in a high temperature gas-cooled reactor. The maximum temperatures of the pressure shell and the water wall are calcu- lated using annular vertical closed cavity model. Fine particles can deposit on the water wall due to the thermophore- sis effect. This deposit can affect heat transfer. The thermophoretic deposit efficiency is calculated by using Batch and Shen’s formula fitted for both laminar flow and turbulent flow. The calculated results indicate that natural convection is turbulent in the closed cavity. The transient thermophoretic deposit efficiency rises with the increase of the pressure shell’s temperature. Its maximum value is 14%.

Soft-Sensing Method of Water Temperature Measurement for Controlled Cooling System

Aiming at the water temperature measuring problem for controlled cooling system of rolling plant,a new water temperature measuring method based on soft-sensing method with a water temperature model of on-line self correction parameter was built.A water temperature compensation factor model was also built to improve coiling temperature control precision.It was proved that the model meets production requirements.The soft-sensing technique has extensive applications in the field of metal forming.

Influence of CO_(2) inleakage on the slight-alkalization of generator internal cooling water

The slight-alkalization of generator internal cooling water(GICW)is widely used to inhibit the corrosion of hollow copper conductor and thereby ensure the safe operation of the generator.CO_(2) inleakage is increasingly identified as a potential security risk for GICW system.In this paper,the influence of CO_(2) inleakage on the slight-alkalization of GICW was theoretically discussed.Based on the equilibriums of the CO_(2)-NaOH-H_(2)O system,CO_(2) inleakage saturation was derived to quantify the amount of the dissolved CO_(2) in GICW.This parameter can be directly calculated with the measured conductivity and the[Na+]of GICW.The influence of CO_(2) inleakage on the slight-alkalization conditioning of GICW and the measurement of its water quality parameters were then analyzed.The more severe the inleakage,the narrower the water quality operation ranges of GICW,resulting in the more difficult the slight-alkalization conditioning of GICW.The temperature calibrations of the conductivity and the pH value of GICW show nonlinear correlations with the amount of CO_(2) inleakage and the NaOH dosage.This study provides insights into the influence of CO_(2) inleakage on the slight-alkalization of GICW,which can serve as the theoretical basis for the actual slight-alkalization when CO_(2) inleakage occurs.

The Effect of Warm Water and Its Weak Negative Feedback on the Rapid Intensification of Typhoon Hato(2017)

Typhoon Hato (2017) went through a rapid intensification (RI) process before making landfall in Zhuhai,Guangdong Province, as the observational data shows. Within 24 hours, its minimum sea level pressure deepened by35hPa and its maximum sustained wind speed increased by 20m s-1. According to satellite observations, Hato encountered a large area of warm water and two warm core rings before the RI process, and the average sea surface temperature cooling (SSTC) induced by Hato was only around 0.73℃. Air-sea coupled simulations were implemented to investigate the specific impact of the warm water on its RI process. The results showed that the warm water played an important role by facilitating the RI process by around 20%. Sea surface temperature budget analysis showed that the SSTC induced by mixing mechanism was not obvious due to the warm water. Besides, the cold advection hardly caused any SSTC, either. Therefore, the SSTC induced by Hato was much weaker compared with that in general cases. The negative feedback between ocean and Hato was restrained and abundant heat and moisture were sufficiently supplied to Hato. The warm water helped heat flux increase by around 20%, too. Therefore, the warm water influenced the structure and the intensity of Hato. Although there might be other factors that also participated in the RI process, this study focused on air-sea interaction in tropical cyclone forecast and discussed the impact of warm water on the intensity and structure of a tropical cyclone.

Comparison of the effects of cold water and ice ingestion on endurance cycling capacity in the heat

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of pre-cooling and fluid replacement with either crushed ice or cold water.Methods: On 2 separate occasions, in a counterbalanced order, 9 recreationally-trained males ingested 1.25 g/kg(80–100 g) of either crushed ice(0.5℃)or cold water(4℃) every 5 min for 30 min before exercise. They also ingested 2.0 g/kg(130–160 g) of the same treatment drink at 15 min, 30 min, and45 min after the commencement of cycling to exhaustion at 60%VO_(2max) until voluntary exhaustion in a hot environment(35℃ and 30% relative humidity).Results: The cycling time to exhaustion in the crushed ice trial(50.0 ± 12.2 min) was longer than the cold water trial(42.2 ± 10.1 min; p = 0.02).Although the rectal temperature fell by 0.37℃± 0.03℃(p = 0.01) at the end of the resting period after the crushed ice ingestion, the rates of rise in rectal temperature during the exercise period were not significantly different between these 2 conditions(crushed ice: 0.23℃± 0.07℃, 5 min;cold water: 0.22℃± 0.07℃, 5 min; p = 0.94).Conclusion: Crushed ice ingestion before and during exercise in a hot environment may be a preferred and effective approach for minimizing thermal strain, and for improving endurance performance as compared with cold water ingestion.

Cooling System Design and Thermal Analysis of Modular Stator Hybrid Excitation Synchronous Motor

Hybrid excitation synchronous motor has the advantages of uniform and adjustable electromagnetic field, wide speed range and high power density. It has broad application prospects in new energy electric vehicles, wind power generation and other fields. This paper introduces the basic structure of hybrid excitation motor with modular stator, and analyzes the operation principle of hybrid excitation motor. The cooling structure of the water-cooled plate is designed, and the effects of the thickness of the water-cooled plate and the number of water channels in the water-cooled plate on the heat dissipation capacity of the water-cooled plate are analyzed by theoretical and computational fluid dynamics methods. The effects of different water cooling plate structures on water velocity, pressure drop, water pump power consumption and heat dissipation capacity were compared and analyzed. The influence of different inlet flow velocity on the maximum temperature rise of each part of the motor is analyzed, and the temperature of each part of the motor under the optimal water flow is analyzed. The influence of the traditional spiral water jacket cooling structure and the water-cooled plate cooling structure on the maximum temperature rise of the motor components is compared and analyzed. The results show that the water-cooled plate cooling structure is more suitable for the modular stator motor studied in this paper. Based on the water-cooled plate cooling structure, the air-water composite cooling structure is designed, and the effects of the air-water composite cooling structure and the water-cooled plate cooling structure on the maximum temperature rise of each component of the motor are compared and analyzed. The results show that the maximum temperature rise of each component of the motor is reduced under the air-water composite cooling structure.

Comparative Study of Transpiration in Cooling Effect of Tree Species in the Atmosphere

Trees create microclimate under their crowns in comparison to the outside ambient atmosphere, which is a result of physical as well as physiological functions of the tree. The cooling produced by trees varies with species due to variation in several anatomical, structural and physiological attributes of the species. Transpiration is one of the most significant physiological functions performed by plants, which affects cooling produced by a tree under its shade. When solar energy impinges on the leaf, water emerges from its surface through transpiration taking the latent heat to convert it into water vapour. This leads to a rise in humidity of the atmosphere and reduction in temperature of the leaf. To remain leaf in equilibrium, it takes heat from the surrounding atmosphere resulting in reduction in temperature of surroundings. Since, transpiration takes place through stomata which are normally located on the ventral side of the leaf, this reduction in temperature is more experienced beneath the crown of the tree. Therefore, the present study was carried out to analyze the role of transpiration in cooling effect of five forestry tree species. The cooling produced by tree species under their shades has been found positively correlated to the transpiration rate whereas the rate of transpiration has responded positively to the ambient temperature and water conductance. However, no definite relationship has been found between frequency of open stomata and the rate of transpiration.

Analysis of Alkaline Foam to Water Temperature Model

Factors affecting bath water temperature model include the shape and size of a bath, people’s gesture, volume, individual temperature adaptation as well as body movement in the bath. In addition, the bathroom space, ambient temperature and bath materials will also affect changes of the water temperature to a certain extent. In this paper, the cooling function and linear regression method are used and the MATLAB software is also used to simulate the model of water temperature, alkaline bath foams that obtained can accelerate changes in water temperature.

Experimental Study on Deterioration of Concrete Strength under Different Sub-high Temperature Cycles

Tests were carried out to study the strength deterioration of concrete cooled in air or by water after sub-high temperature at different level and varying with cycles. It is proved that the cross-shaped cracks turned up and extended little by little on the surface of specimen subjected to repeat sub-high temperature, the splitting failure is characterized by cross-shaped cracks after 30 cycles, the concrete strengths decrease rapidly at early stage and to be steady subsequently with the increase of the temperature cycles, the splitting-tensile strength is more sensitive to temperature cycles than the compressive strength, the decline of concrete strength is mainly controlled by the maximum temperature having reached, the ultrasonic velocity in concrete is also declined. On the basis of test results, the mechanisms of sub-high temperature to the strength deterioration of concrete are analyzed.The formulas for calculating the compressive and splitting-tensile strength of concrete relating to the variation of temperature are proposed.

Temperature Tolerance of Large Yellow Croaker,Pseudosciaena Crocea(Richardson)Associated with Summer Season

L ethal temperature tolerance was determined for about 8 cm, age 0 Pseudosciaena crocea using both slow heating and rapid transfer protocol. The acclimatization temperature was 28 ℃ with summer season, lethal temperature ( LT50 value ) of slow heating protocol ( CTMax ) was 35.0 ℃, and the upper and lower incipient lethal temperatures of rapid transfer protocol were 34.2 ℃ and 17.5 ℃ respectively.

Design of a DC Busbar for the ITER PF Converter

The DC busbar is an important component for the ITER PF converter module to connect the converter and the reactor. This paper analyzes different cross-sections and different thermodynamic properties under natural-cooling and water-cooling conditions, and simulation is carried out by the software of the finite element method （FEM）. The result of the analysis shows that the water-cooling method is the better choice for the DC busbar.

适应锅炉调峰运行的水冷壁高温腐蚀预测模型

随着可再生能源大规模并网,传统火电机组作为调配能源的地位显著增强,这对锅炉灵活调峰运行的安全稳定性提出了更高要求。本文耦合烟气侧与工质侧传热,结合管壁温计算,形成水冷壁壁温分布耦合计算方法。同时,建立了用于确定还原性气氛下的燃料硫释放以及含硫组分的相互转化过程的SO_(x)生成模型。综合炉膛数值模拟、水冷壁壁温耦合计算以及包含时间维度的管壁高温腐蚀模型,提出了一种适应锅炉调峰运行的水冷壁高温腐蚀预测模型并基于Matlab GUI开发了对应软件。选取一台超临界600MW四角切圆燃煤锅炉为研究对象,结果表明:采用壁温耦合计算模型和SO_(x)生成模型得到水冷壁的壁温分布和近壁面H_(2)S浓度分布准确度高,为水冷壁高温腐蚀的准确预测提供了良好基础。不同负荷下水冷壁高温腐蚀特征存在差异,壁面腐蚀程度整体上随负荷降低而降低。100%BMCR与75%THA负荷下前墙水冷壁燃烧器与SOFA之间的区域腐蚀最为严重,最大年腐蚀深度分别为276μm和233μm;50%THA与35%BMCR负荷下高温腐蚀深度在燃烧器区域的上部迅速增加至最大值,分别为224μm和256μm。多工况运行水冷壁高温腐蚀状态表现为各工况腐蚀状态的时空叠加。运用水冷壁高温腐蚀预测模型可实现通过锅炉运行参数和运行时间预测多工况下水冷壁高温腐蚀状态程度的时空分布。

锅炉水冷壁管失效分析

锅炉水冷壁管材料为20G钢,在320℃和10.3 MPa下使用约5年后外表面出现鼓包并泄漏。对失效的水冷壁管进行了宏观检查、化学成分分析、力学性能检测、金相检验、腐蚀产物分析及锅炉水质检测。结果表明:水冷壁管失效是由于锅炉水碱性超标从而发生高温碱腐蚀所致。

Cooling and Optimization in the Groove of the Outer Rotor HubMotor

The external rotor hub motor adopts direct drive mode,no deceleration drive device,and has a compact structure.Its axial size is smaller than that of a deceleration-driven hub motor,which greatly reduces the weight of the vehicle and increases the cruising range of the vehicle.Because of the limited special working environment and performance requirements,the hub motor has a small internal space and a large heat generation,so it puts forward higher requirements for heat dissipation capacity.For the external rotor hub motor,a new type of in-tank watercooled structure of hub motor was proposed to improve its cooling effect and performance.Firstly,the threedimensional finite element model of the motor is established to analyze the characteristics of motor loss and temperature field distribution.Secondly,the cooling performance of different cooling structures in the tank was studied.Finally,the thermal network model and three-dimensional finite element analysis were used to optimize the water-cooled structure in the tank,and the power density of themotor was improved by improving the cooling performance under the condition of volume limitation of the hub motor.The results show that the cooling effect of the proposed water-cooled structure in the tank is significant under the condition of constant power density.Compared to natural ventilation,the maximum temperature was reduced by 33.13°C and the cooling effect was increased by about 27.7%.

数据中心冷却系统研究及应用进展

为加速实现数据中心节能降耗的目标,在合理、高效、最大化地利用自然冷源的同时,更不能忽视机械制冷系统本身能效的提升。加强自然冷却与机械制冷的协同,降低数据中心PUE,充分发挥安全稳定、高效运行的数据中心冷却系统自身能效至关重要。本文通过对气流组织、供/回水温度和冷却系统部件及形式3个方面的研究梳理,总结分析数据中心冷却系统节能提效有关技术研究与应用进展,从而为绿色、高效数据中心冷却系统的研发提供参考和借鉴。

玄武岩纤维再生混凝土高温水冷损伤试验研究

为研究消防喷水灭火对纤维再生混凝土力学特性的影响,以玄武岩纤维(BF)体积掺量和历经最高温度为变化参数,共设计90个玄武岩纤维再生混凝土(BFRC)标准立方体试块,进行高温喷水冷却和抗压强度—声发射(AE)试验,探讨BF体积掺量和历经最高温度对BFRC力学性能的影响。结果表明,当温度升到1 000℃,试块表面脱落,骨料全部露出,试块的完整性遭到严重破坏;试块的剩余抗压强度在温度为200~400℃时下降趋缓,抵抗高温的效果明显;BFRC的高温喷水冷却受压损伤过程可分为初期压密与裂纹萌生阶段、裂纹扩展汇集阶段和峰后破坏阶段,各阶段的声发射振铃累计计数具有明显差异;拟合得到消防喷水灭火后BFRC抗压强度计算公式,可为评估不同BF体积掺量及历经最高温度对BFRC抗压强度的影响提供参考。