Assessing the range of blasting-induced cracks in the surrounding rock of deeply buried tunnels based on the unified strength theory

Blasting-induced cracks in the rock surrounding deeply buried tunnels can result in water gushing and rock mass collapse,posing significant safety risks.However,previous theoretical studies on the range of blasting-induced cracks often ignore the impact of the in-situ stress,especially that of the intermediate principal stress.The particle displacement−crack radius relationship was established in this paper by utilizing the blasthole cavity expansion equation,and theoretical analytical formulas of the stress−displacement relationship and the crack radius were derived with unified strength theory to accurately assess the range of cracks in deep surrounding rock under a blasting load.Parameter analysis showed that the crushing zone size was positively correlated with in-situ stress,intermediate principal stress,and detonation pressure,whereas negatively correlated with Poisson ratio and decoupling coefficient.The dilatancy angle-crushing zone size relationship exhibited nonmonotonic behavior.The relationships in the crushing zone and the fracture zone exhibited opposite trends under the influence of only in-situ stress or intermediate principal stress.As the in-situ stress increased from 0 to 70 MPa,the rate of change in the crack range and the attenuation rate of the peak vibration velocity gradually slowed.

ANALYTICAL SOLUTIONS TO EXPANSION OF CYLINDRICAL CAVITY IN LINEAR SOFTENING SOIL

Based on the results of conventional triaxial compression tests for a soil, a trilinear elasto-plastic model is proposed to simulate the stress-strain softening curve. According to this curve, the constitutive relation between the bulk strain and two principal strains is established. By using Mohr-Coulomb’s yield criterion as the initial yield function with plastic ?ow phases stage and constructing the rational yield function for the strain softening phase stage, the analytical solutions to the stress, strain, and displacement ?elds for the expansion of cylindrical cavity are presented. Finally, a computational example is used to show the radii of di?erent stress zones and the corresponding internal pressure.

Expansion of spherical cavity of strain-softening materials with different elastic moduli of tension and compression

An expansion theory of spherical cavities in strain-softening materials with different moduli of tension and com-pression was presented. For geomaterials,two controlling parameters were introduced to take into account the different moduli and strain-softening properties. By means of elastic theory with different moduli and stress-softening models,general solutions cal-culating Tresca and Mohr-Coulomb materials' stress and displacement fields of expansion of spherical cavity were derived. The effects caused by different elastic moduli in tensile and compression and strain-softening rates on stress and displacement fields and development of plastic zone of expansion of cavity were analyzed. The results show that the ultimate expansion pressure,stress and displacement fields and development of plastic zone vary with the different elastic moduli and strain-softening prop-erties. If classical elastic theory is adopted and strain-softening properties are neglected,rather large errors may be the result.

Undrained semi-analytical solution for cylindrical cavity expansion in anisotropic soils under biaxial stress conditions

This paper presents an undrained semi-analytical elastoplastic solution for cylindrical cavity expansion in anisotropic soil under the biaxial stress conditions.The advanced simplified SANICLAY model is used to simulate the elastoplastic behavior of soil.The cavity expansion is treated as an initial value problem and solved as a system of eight first-order ordinary differential equations including four stress components and four anisotropic parameters.The results are validated by comparing the new solutions with existing ones.The distributions of stress components and anisotropic parameters around the cavity wall,the expansion process,the stress yield trajectory of a soil element and the shape and size of elastoplastic boundary are further investigated to explore the cavity expansion response of soils under biaxial in situ stresses.The results of extensive parameters analysis demonstrate that the circumferential position of the soil element and the anisotropy of the soils have noticeable impacts on the expansion response under biaxial in situ stresses.Since the present solution not only considers the anisotropy and anisotropy evolution of natural soil,but also eliminates the conventional assumption of uniform radial pressure,the solution is better than other theoretical solutions to explain the pressure test and pile installation effect of shallow saturated soil.

Influence of stress anisotropy on the cylindrical cavity expansion in undrained elastic-perfectly plastic soil

This work presents an analysis of the influence of stress anisotropy on cylindrical cavity expansions in an undrained elastic-perfectly plastic soil. This problem was formulated by assuming a large strain in both the elastic and plastic zones around the cavity and a plain strain condition during the cavity expansion process. The solutions for the limit pressure, stress, and excess pore pressure were obtained by introducing the anisotropic initial stress coefficient K_0 into the conventional cylindrical cavity expansion method.The proposed solutions were then used to interpret the piezocone penetration test, and the suitability of the solutions was verified by comparing the prediction with the piezocone penetration test data. Subsequently, parametric studies were carried out to investigate the influence of stress anisotropy on the stress, excess pores pressure distributions around an expanding cylindrical cavity, and limit pressure. The results show that the proposed cylindrical cavity expansion method under stress anisotropy is suitable and can be used to investigate the piezocone cone test. The present work improves upon the conventional theoretical framework of cavity expansion and can be applied to the determination of the stresses around axially loaded piles and around in-situ testing devices such as penetrometers.

Optimization of inter-helix spacing for helical piles in sand

The optimization of the inter-helix spacing is a key issue of the axial bearing capacity of helical piles.In this paper,based on the cavity expansion,an analytical approach considering the small-strain stiffness,strength,compressibility and stress level of sand around the helical pile was proposed to analyze the influence zone of the helices to determine the optimal inter-helix spacing in sand.The calculation results of the proposed method were verified using the centrifuge test data and finite element analysis for helical pile in Congleton HST95 sand.They were also compared with those using the Meyerhof pile foundation theory.The results show that the optimal inter-helix spacing based on Meyerhof pile foundation theory differs significantly from the measurement.The range of the influence zone for the helices in sand calculated by the cavity expansion theory matches with the data from literature.The calculation results with the proposed method are consistent with the range of the optimal spacing ratio inferred in the centrifuge tests.The results based on the two-dimensional(2D)finite element model(FEM)are also basically consistent with the calculated analytical solution.

砂土中能量桩单桩水平承载特性模型试验研究

为探究能量桩单桩水平承载特性,针对砂土中能量桩在水平荷载下的承载特性进行研究,基于模型试验,分析了水平荷载作用下能量桩在制冷和加热过程中的桩顶位移、桩前土压力以及桩身弯矩等的变化规律。研究结果表明:制冷会引起能量桩桩顶水平位移略微增大,增量为0.48%D(D为桩体直径),而加热会引起较大的桩顶水平位移,达到了2.38%D;制冷和加热在初始阶段会引起桩前土压力增大,初始增长阶段结束后,土压力变化较小,多为缓慢增长或基本不变。相较于初始土压力,制冷和加热结束时的土压力基本呈增长趋势,仅个别埋深处土压力减小。制冷过程中,埋深0%L~40%L(L为有效桩长)范围内的弯矩增大,埋深40%L~100%L位置处的弯矩变化较小;加热过程中,埋深0%L~60%L范围内的弯矩均有所增大,0%L~40%L位置处的弯矩增大最为明显。制冷和加热过程中均在20%L处产生了最大弯矩,最大弯矩的增加量分别为9.93%和10.32%。进一步基于圆孔扩张理论提出了弯矩计算的理论解,并与试验结果进行对比分析,理论计算值与实测值较为吻合。

Nonstationary plane contact problem in theory of elasticity for conformal cylindrical surfaces

A numerical–analytical approach is described to investigate the process of impact interaction between a long smooth rigid body and the surface of a circular cylindrical cavity in elastic space. A non-stationary mixed initial boundary value problem is formulated with a priori unknown boundaries moving with variable velocity. The problem is solved using the methods of the theory of integral transforms, expansion of desired variables into a Fourier series, and the quadrature method to reduce the problem to solving a system of linear algebraic equations at each time step. Some concrete numerical computations are presented.The cylindrical body mass and radius impact on the proile of the transient process of contact interaction has been analysed.

小孔扩张理论在原位测试中的应用研究进展

小孔扩张理论在原位测试理论分析方面具有显著的适用性和重要性。本文主要总结和阐述了小孔扩张理论在原位测试领域如静力触探(cone penetration test,CPT)、孔压静力触探(piezocone penetration test,CPTU)、旁压试验(pressuremeter test,PMT)等近年来的相关研究成果,具体包括锥贯阻力、孔隙水压力和基于CPT/PMT法的桩基承载力预测,以及相关土性参数(强度参数,如不排水抗剪强度、内摩擦角;状态参数,如超固结比与相对密度等)解译方面的应用。最后结合室内及现场试验的应用实例分析,对基于孔扩张理论在原位测试应用中所存在的局限性和不足作了相应的总结,并指出该理论未来还需进一步完善。

结构性土中圆柱孔扩张不排水解答及结构退化影响分析

圆孔扩张理论为桩基挤土位移预测和旁压试验结果分析等提供了理论依据,而现有解答中缺乏对土体结构影响的系统分析.基于考虑胶结作用的模型Cemented-CASM,推导了反映土体应力-应变关系的弹塑性刚度矩阵,在此基础上联立硬化法则和大应变理论,得到了不排水条件下结构性土中圆柱孔扩张问题的弹塑性解答.在不考虑土体结构性时,将退化解答与已有修正剑桥模型解答进行比较;在考虑结构性影响时,与旁压试验数值模拟结果比较,验证了解答的可靠性.通过参数分析说明了结构性及其退化对圆柱孔扩张过程的影响,结果表明:与重塑土相比,结构性土中扩孔引起的有效应力和孔隙水压力更大,而孔周塑性范围更小;随着结构的破坏,孔周土体表现出应变软化特征,径向应力随到孔壁距离的减小呈先增后减的变化趋势;土体结构完全破坏时,其有效应力与重塑土中趋于一致;土体结构性越强,相同扩孔压力或孔径变化下结构退化越快,软化特征越明显.

考虑粉土温度效应与排水状态的CPTu计算模型

温度变化对土体性质和行为的潜在影响已成为许多岩土工程设计和应用的重要组成部分。针对粉土中孔压静力触探试验(piezocone penetration test,简称CPTu)的温度效应及部分排水状态,提出了基于小孔扩张理论的计算模型和分析方法。采用一种能够表征粉土强度温度效应的本构模型,给出了完全不排水和排水条件下的解析解;以Bourke粉土为例,分析了温度对扩张压力的影响,揭示了扩张压力随温度升高而减小的规律。采用一种线性映射方法给出了部分排水条件下的小孔扩张半解析解,并基于物理模型试验的结果得出了排水状态与温度的相关关系,建立了考虑粉土温度效应与排水状态的CPTu计算模型。研究了不同贯入速率下温度对CPTu测试结果的影响,结果表明,温度升高导致锥尖阻力与锥肩孔压减小,且变化幅度随超固结比的增加而增大,通过试验结果与计算模型预测结果的对比验证了模型的可靠性。

部分排水条件下静力触探试验力学机理研究

在自然状态下,大部分土体的约束条件介于完全排水和不排水两者之间。在孔压静力触探试验(piezocone penetrationtest,CPTU)的贯入过程中,受探头尺寸、贯入速度和岩土材料等因素的影响,将发生部分排水现象。为研究排水条件对CPTU试验数据的影响,开展三轴压缩试验。引入应变增量比,建立考虑渐近状态的修正剑桥(Modified Cam-Clay,MCC)模型。推导考虑渐近状态MCC模型的柱孔扩张理论,提出CPTU测试数据的力学模型。通过数值模拟和模型槽试验,研究归一化贯入速度与排水系数的规律。结合CPTU数据的力学模型,获得应变增量比与排水系数的数理关系。最后以上海市苏州河地区深层排水调蓄管道系统工程的测试数据为背景,验证力学模型的正确性。结果表明:在部分排水条件下,利用考虑渐近状态的MCC模型,能够描述土体的应力-应变关系,合理解释CPTU贯入的力学机理。

饱和土不排水柱孔扩张计算的通用半解析解

基于修正剑桥模型建立的不排水柱孔扩张解答仅适用于正常固结和弱超固结饱和黏土,不适用于严重超固结土和颗粒材料。采用统一状态参数模型(CASM)和Rowe剪胀方程推导土的弹塑性应力应变关系,结合大应变理论并引入辅助变量,用拉格朗日分析法推导了弹塑性土体有效应力和超孔隙水压力的相似解,在此基础上结合弹塑性区的边界条件,最终建立通用的饱和土中不排水柱孔扩张半解析解。计算结果表明,选择合适的间距比和应力-状态参数,所得结果与修正剑桥模型结果一致,并且对严重超固结土的计算结果更加合理;通过修正参数取值,该半解析解可用于更多类别饱和土中的不排水柱孔扩张计算。

静压群桩挤土效应对邻近既有码头桩基影响数值分析

为研究软土地区静压群桩对周边建构筑物的不利影响,本文以浙江某近海光伏发电项目为背景,利用圆孔扩张法模拟沉桩挤土效应,基于硬化土(Hardening soil,HS)本构模型,建立了桩-土、桩-桩相互作用三维有限元模型,据此分析并探讨了沉桩顺序及遮栏效应对邻近既有桩基础的影响。结果表明,当不考虑沉桩顺序及遮拦效应时,既有桩基础最大变形为6.09 mm,桩基均处于弹性状态;当考虑沉桩顺序及遮栏效应后,群桩左侧土体位移有所减小。既有桩变形和内力均易受沉桩顺序和沉桩相对位置关系因素的影响,工程设计和施工应对沉桩顺序给予足够重视,对于本项目建议以沉桩顺序为逐排压桩顺序。

电渗增强桩模型试验与承载理论研究

为研究布桩方式、导电塑料排水板的布设形式对电渗增强桩电渗效果的影响,开展了电渗增强桩模型试验。试验得到了电渗平均排水量、电流、有效电势、桩-土界面电阻、桩周土体沉降、电渗前后桩周土的抗剪强度及电渗增强桩的承载力极限值等数据。数据分析发现:导电塑料排水板正方形排列条件与错位排列条件的电渗试验相比之下,正方形排列条件下的电渗效果更好,但错位排列条件经济效益更好且便于施工,因此仍需结合实际情况选择排列条件;正方形布桩与三角形布桩条件相比,电渗处理后平均排水量更大,桩的承载力和桩周土体抗剪强度也更大,因此正方形布桩条件下的电渗处理效果更好;结合圆孔扩张理论、二维电渗固结理论以及承载时效理论,推导得到电渗增强桩承载力理论;将理论计算值与试验实测值进行对比,发现计算误差在3.1%~5.6%。

基于柱面波展开的准远场快速测量方法研究

为解决常规暗室环境不满足大口径天线的测量需求、测试系统复杂以及测试效率低等问题,文中对天线测量中的高效测量方法进行了研究,重点研究了准远场快速测量方法,提出了一种基于柱面波展开理论的准远场变换算法。该算法适宜在准远场距离下对一维电尺寸大而另一维电尺寸小的天线进行测量,提高了此类天线的测试效率和现有暗室的测试能力。为了验证所提出的方法,利用电磁仿真软件设计了三个均匀分布的线性阵列。仿真和实物测试结果验证了所提出方法的正确性。

超固结黏土中不排水柱孔扩张弹塑性解及应用

为求得超固结黏土中考虑K0影响的柱孔不排水扩张精确解,该文基于黏土和砂土模型(CASM)屈服准则,采用经典的应力剪胀关系,充分考虑土体静止土压力参数K0和重度超固结比,运用非相关联流动法则进行应力空间转换,进而建立超固结黏土中考虑K0影响情况下柱孔不排水扩张问题的一阶偏微分方程组求解模型。根据弹塑性边界已知的应力和位移条件,通过数值求解方法确定柱孔扩张模型的精确解。对比修正剑桥模型(MCC)解,基于SMP准侧改进的修正剑桥模型(SMP-MCC)解及黏土和砂土统一硬化模型(CSUH)解进行参数分析表明:当土体OCR≤2时,该文方法较好地模拟土体单元屈服应力和破坏应力;当土体OCR>2时,该文方法克服了超固结黏土高估屈服应力和破坏应力;当K0由1.0变化到2.5时,归一化极限扩孔压力由5.4变化到3.2,归一化极限超静孔隙水压力由2.4变化到1.0。并通过现场实测数据验证了该文方法的实用性与正确性。

应用圆孔柱扩张理论对预制管桩的挤土效应分析

假定预制管桩在沉桩时的挤土过程是一个有初始孔径的圆柱形孔的扩张过程,初始孔径等于管桩的内径,最终孔径等于管桩外径,应用前人提出的圆孔扩张理论对管桩进行弹塑性分析,得到塑性区半径、土体位移等解析表达式,也对实际工程中常遇到的土塞效应对该理论应用的影响进行了讨论,并对某电厂扩建工程中预制管桩施工引起的土体位移进行计算,通过现场监测,验证了上述解析表达式的合理性,得出可以参考该组解析解来预测预制管桩施工的挤土效应的结论。

饱和软土单桩沉桩超孔隙水压力分析

通过分析工程桩沉桩过程中的实测资料,探讨了单桩桩周土体中产生的超孔隙水压力大小、分布规律及影响范围,得到桩周土中超孔隙水压力的分布随距离呈对数型衰减,影响范围约为30倍桩径。对实测值、理论值进行了比较,分析结果表明:从实测拟合直线中求得的塑性区半径代入圆柱孔扩张理论得到的估算值与实测值吻合较好。

不同拉压模量及软化特性材料的柱形孔扩张问题的统一解

对于具有不同的拉压模量及软化特性的岩土类材料,提出了不同拉压模量及软化特性的控制参数,采用双剪统一强度理论推导了柱形孔扩张问题的应力及位移的统一解。分析了模量、模型和软化等控制参数对柱形孔扩张时的扩张压力、塑性区开展规律及应力场的影响。结果表明:圆孔极限扩张压力、塑性区的发展规律、应力场、位移场等均随着模量控制参数、模型参数及软化参数的变化而变化,因此若采用经典的弹性理论、单一的模型参数及传统的不考虑应变软化来对岩土类的工程材料进行设计计算,必会带来较大的误差。